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Muthumbi EM, Mwanzu A, Mbae C, Bigogo G, Karani A, Mwarumba S, Verani JR, Kariuki S, Scott JAG. The epidemiology of fecal carriage of nontyphoidal Salmonella among healthy children and adults in three sites in Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011716. [PMID: 37883602 PMCID: PMC10629669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the importance of non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) disease in Africa, epidemiologic data on carriage and transmission are few. These data are important to understand the transmission of NTS in Africa and to design control strategies. METHOD To estimate the prevalence of stool carriage of NTS in Kenya, we conducted a cross-sectional study in Kilifi, Nairobi, and Siaya, sites with a low, moderate and high incidence of invasive NTS disease, respectively. At each site, we randomly selected 100 participants in each age-group of 0-11 months, 12-59 months, 5-14 years, 15-54 years and ≥55 years. We collected stool, venous blood (for hemoglobin and malaria rapid tests), anthropometric measurements, and administered a questionnaire on Water Access Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) practices. Stool samples were cultured on selective agar for Salmonella; suspect isolates underwent serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. RESULT Overall, 53 (3.5%) isolates of NTS were cultured from 1497 samples. Age-adjusted prevalence was 13.1% (95%CI 8.8-17.4) in Kilifi, 0.4% (95%CI 0-1.3) in Nairobi, and 0.9% (95%CI 0-2.0) in Siaya. Prevalence was highest among those aged 15-54 years (6.2%). Of 53 isolates; 5 were S. Enteritidis, 1 was S. Typhimurium. No S. Typhi was isolated. None of the risk factors were associated with carriage of NTS. All isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics tested, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and co-trimoxazole. CONCLUSION Prevalence of fecal carriage was high in Kilifi, an area of low incidence of invasive NTS disease and was low in areas of higher incidence in Nairobi and Siaya. The age-prevalence, risk factors, geographical and serotype distribution of NTS in carriage differs from invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M. Muthumbi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alfred Mwanzu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Cecilia Mbae
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Centre for Microbiology Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Godfrey Bigogo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Angela Karani
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Salim Mwarumba
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Jennifer R. Verani
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Health Protection, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Centre for Microbiology Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - J. Anthony G. Scott
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Chatterjee R, Chowdhury AR, Mukherjee D, Chakravortty D. From Eberthella typhi to Salmonella Typhi: The Fascinating Journey of the Virulence and Pathogenicity of Salmonella Typhi. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:25674-25697. [PMID: 37521659 PMCID: PMC10373206 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), the invasive typhoidal serovar of Salmonella enterica that causes typhoid fever in humans, is a severe threat to global health. It is one of the major causes of high morbidity and mortality in developing countries. According to recent WHO estimates, approximately 11-21 million typhoid fever illnesses occur annually worldwide, accounting for 0.12-0.16 million deaths. Salmonella infection can spread to healthy individuals by the consumption of contaminated food and water. Typhoid fever in humans sometimes is accompanied by several other critical extraintestinal complications related to the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, pulmonary system, and hepatobiliary system. Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-1 and Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-2 are the two genomic segments containing genes encoding virulent factors that regulate its invasion and systemic pathogenesis. This Review aims to shed light on a comparative analysis of the virulence and pathogenesis of the typhoidal and nontyphoidal serovars of S. enterica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Chatterjee
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Debapriya Mukherjee
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
- Centre
for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
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Gal-Mor O. Persistent Infection and Long-Term Carriage of Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal Salmonellae. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32:e00088-18. [PMID: 30487167 PMCID: PMC6302356 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00088-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of pathogenic bacteria to affect higher organisms and cause disease is one of the most dramatic properties of microorganisms. Some pathogens can establish transient colonization only, but others are capable of infecting their host for many years or even for a lifetime. Long-term infection is called persistence, and this phenotype is fundamental for the biology of important human pathogens, including Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Salmonella enterica Both typhoidal and nontyphoidal serovars of the species Salmonella enterica can cause persistent infection in humans; however, as these two Salmonella groups cause clinically distinct diseases, the characteristics of their persistent infections in humans differ significantly. Here, following a general summary of Salmonella pathogenicity, host specificity, epidemiology, and laboratory diagnosis, I review the current knowledge about Salmonella persistence and discuss the relevant epidemiology of persistence (including carrier rate, duration of shedding, and host and pathogen risk factors), the host response to Salmonella persistence, Salmonella genes involved in this lifestyle, as well as genetic and phenotypic changes acquired during prolonged infection within the host. Additionally, I highlight differences between the persistence of typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella strains in humans and summarize the current gaps and limitations in our understanding, diagnosis, and curing of persistent Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Gal-Mor
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Rubio MS, Penha Fº RAC, Almeida AM, Barbosa FO, Berchieri Jr A. Duplex Real-Time PCR Using Sybr Green I for Quantification and Differential Diagnosis between Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MS Rubio
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil
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Rubio MDS, Penha Filho RAC, Almeida AMD, Berchieri A. Development of a multiplex qPCR in real time for quantification and differential diagnosis of Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Pullorum. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:644-651. [PMID: 28589774 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1339866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Currently there are 2659 Salmonella serovars. The host-specific biovars Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinarum cause systemic infections in food-producing and wild birds. Fast diagnosis is crucial to control the dissemination in avian environments. The present work describes the development of a multiplex qPCR in real time using a low-cost DNA dye (SYBr Green) to identify and quantify these biovars. Primers were chosen based on genomic regions of difference (RoD) and optimized to control dimers. Primers pSGP detect both host-specific biovars but not other serovars and pSG and pSP differentiate biovars. Three amplicons showed different melting temperatures (Tm), allowing differentiation. The pSGP amplicon (97 bp) showed Tm of 78°C for both biovars. The pSG amplicon (273 bp) showed a Tm of 86.2°C for S. Gallinarum and pSP amplicon (260 bp) dissociated at 84.8°C for S. Pullorum identification. The multiplex qPCR in real time showed high sensitivity and was capable of quantifying 108-101 CFU of these biovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela da Silva Rubio
- a School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences , São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Maria de Almeida
- a School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences , São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Angelo Berchieri
- a School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences , São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP) , São Paulo , Brazil
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Tang F, Pang DW, Chen Z, Shao JB, Xiong LH, Xiang YP, Xiong Y, Wu K, Ai HW, Zhang H, Zheng XL, Lv JR, Liu WY, Hu HB, Mei H, Zhang Z, Sun H, Xiang Y, Sun ZY. Visual and efficient immunosensor technique for advancing biomedical applications of quantum dots on Salmonella detection and isolation. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:4688-4698. [PMID: 26853517 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07424j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It is a great challenge in nanotechnology for fluorescent nanobioprobes to be applied to visually detect and directly isolate pathogens in situ. A novel and visual immunosensor technique for efficient detection and isolation of Salmonella was established here by applying fluorescent nanobioprobes on a specially-designed cellulose-based swab (a solid-phase enrichment system). The selective and chromogenic medium used on this swab can achieve the ultrasensitive amplification of target bacteria and form chromogenic colonies in situ based on a simple biochemical reaction. More importantly, because this swab can serve as an attachment site for the targeted pathogens to immobilize and immunologically capture nanobioprobes, our mAb-conjugated QD bioprobes were successfully applied on the solid-phase enrichment system to capture the fluorescence of targeted colonies under a designed excitation light instrument based on blue light-emitting diodes combined with stereomicroscopy or laser scanning confocal microscopy. Compared with the traditional methods using 4-7 days to isolate Salmonella from the bacterial mixture, this method took only 2 days to do this, and the process of initial screening and preliminary diagnosis can be completed in only one and a half days. Furthermore, the limit of detection can reach as low as 10(1) cells per mL Salmonella on the background of 10(5) cells per mL non-Salmonella (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis or Citrobacter freundii, respectively) in experimental samples, and even in human anal ones. The visual and efficient immunosensor technique may be proved to be a favorable alternative for screening and isolating Salmonella in a large number of samples related to public health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China. and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Virology, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Microbiological Laboratory, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430015, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Bo Shao
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Hong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Virology, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China and Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ping Xiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Microbiological Laboratory, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430015, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wu
- Jiangan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430017, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wu Ai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Microbiological Laboratory, Qiaokou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Zheng
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Rui Lv
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Yong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Bing Hu
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Mei
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zi-Yong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
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Andrews JR, Ryan ET. Diagnostics for invasive Salmonella infections: Current challenges and future directions. Vaccine 2015; 33 Suppl 3:C8-15. [PMID: 25937611 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Invasive Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi or Paratyphi A, B, C, or invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes, is an immensely important disease cluster for which reliable, rapid diagnostic tests are not available. Blood culture remains the gold standard but is insensitive, slow, and resource-intensive. Existing molecular diagnostics have poor sensitivity due to the low organism burden in bodily fluids. Commercially available serologic tests for typhoidal Salmonella have had limited sensitivity and specificity. In high burden, resource-limited settings, reliance on clinical diagnosis or inaccurate tests often results in frequent, unnecessary treatment, which contributes selective pressure for the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. This practice also results in inadequate therapy for other etiologies of acute febrile illnesses, including leptospirosis and rickettsial infections. A number of novel serologic, molecular, transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches to diagnostics are under development. Target product profiles that outline specific needs may focus development and investment, and establish benchmarks for accuracy, cost, speed, and portability of new diagnostics. Of note, a critical barrier to diagnostic assay rollout will be the low cost and low perceived harm of empiric therapy on behalf of providers and patients, which leaves few perceived incentives to utilize diagnostics. Approaches that align incentives with societal goals of limiting inappropriate antimicrobial use, such as subsidizing diagnostics, may be essential for stimulating development and uptake of such assays in resource-limited settings. New diagnostics for invasive Salmonellosis should be developed and deployed alongside diagnostics for alternative etiologies of acute febrile illnesses to improve targeted use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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Yeung CY, Liu CC, Tseng YT, Tsai KC, Hsieh MA, Chan WT, Liu HL, Lee HC, Hou SY. Rapid identification of Salmonella
using Hektoen enteric agar and 16s ribosomal DNA probe-gold nanoparticle immunochromatography assay in clinical faecal specimens. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 58:311-7. [PMID: 24286606 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.-Y. Yeung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition; Department of Pediatrics; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemical Engineering; National Taipei University of Technology; Taipei Taiwan
- Department on Nursing; Mackay College of Medicine; Nursing and Management; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medicine; Mackay Medical College; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - C.-C. Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemical Engineering; National Taipei University of Technology; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Preventive Medicine; National Defense Medical Center; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Y.-T. Tseng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemical Engineering; National Taipei University of Technology; Taipei Taiwan
| | - K.-C. Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - M.-A. Hsieh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - W.-T. Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition; Department of Pediatrics; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemical Engineering; National Taipei University of Technology; Taipei Taiwan
| | - H.-L. Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemical Engineering; National Taipei University of Technology; Taipei Taiwan
| | - H.-C. Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition; Department of Pediatrics; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - S.-Y. Hou
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemical Engineering; National Taipei University of Technology; Taipei Taiwan
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Rectal swabs are suitable for quantifying the carriage load of KPC-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:1474-9. [PMID: 23295937 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01275-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is more convenient and practical to collect rectal swabs than stool specimens to study carriage of colon pathogens. In this study, we examined the ability to use rectal swabs rather than stool specimens to quantify Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). We used a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay to determine the concentration of the bla(KPC) gene relative to the concentration of 16S rRNA genes and a quantitative culture-based method to quantify CRE relative to total aerobic bacteria. Our results demonstrated that rectal swabs are suitable for quantifying the concentration of KPC-producing CRE and that qPCR showed higher correlation between rectal swabs and stool specimens than the culture-based method.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diarrheal disease causes substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide; however, defining the microbiologic causes are challenging due to the large number of potential enteropathogens that require testing, insensitivity of existing conventional methods, the frequent occurrence of mixed infections, and high rates of background carriage in many communities. RECENT FINDINGS Here we review recent detection methods for enteropathogens with a particular focus on nucleic acid amplification assays. SUMMARY Nucleic acid amplification assays with high sensitivity and throughput now allow screening for multiple enteropathogens in stool samples. Interpretation will be complicated by high rates of mixed infections and background carriage in many communities. Therefore, new detection techniques, including quantitative methods, will need to be utilized in conjunction with the clinical context and careful study design. These methods should yield new insights into the causes and epidemiology of diarrhea.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights and discusses important publications over the past 12 months providing new insights on invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease. RECENT FINDINGS There have been informative new estimates of the burden of iNTS in Asia and in high-resource, low-incidence settings. Important information has emerged in the last year about the relationships between HIV, malaria, iNTS and typhoid fever in adults and children in Africa. HIV causes susceptibility to iNTS disease, but has been shown to be protective against typhoid fever. Clinical guidelines for presumptive diagnosis frequently fail to identify iNTS disease in Africa, and there remains a need for improved diagnostic tools. Experimental studies in humans have helped us to understand the intracellular pathogenesis of iNTS and to direct the search for appropriate protein vaccine targets. SUMMARY The most important remaining gap in our knowledge is probably an understanding of how NTS is transmitted, and the nature of the relationship between diarrhoeal disease, carriage and invasive disease in Africa, so that diagnostic and prevention tools can be appropriately directed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melita A Gordon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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