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Penha Filho RAC, Ferreira JC, Galetti R, Kanashiro AMI, Berchieri A, da Costa Darini AL. The rise of multidrug resistant Salmonella isolates in healthy chickens in Brazil by successful establishment of plasmid IncHI2A carrying several antibiotic resistance genes. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:469-474. [PMID: 36607526 PMCID: PMC9944584 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00893-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is an important global issue in food-producing animals. The present study evaluated antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles in Salmonella spp. isolates from chickens in Brazil. Identification of serotypes, virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, and plasmid profiles were performed. Three different serovars were found, S. Schwarzengrund, S. Newport and S. Kentucky. All isolates were considered Multidrug- resistance (MDR). Among the 32 Salmonella spp. isolates analysed, 29 isolates carried blaCTX-M-2 gene and showed the insertion sequence ISCR1 and a class 1 integron structure upstream from blaCTX-M-2. This gene was harboured in large IncHI2A plasmids with approximately 280kb. Furthermore, 30 isolates harboured tetA and tetB genes and 25 also harboured qnrB. The virulence genes invA, misL, orfL, spiC and pipD were detected in all isolates. The study shows a high prevalence of MDR Salmonella isolates disseminated in poultry farms. The association of the replicon IncHI2A with the resistance genes found, elevate the risk of foodborne disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Antonio Casarin Penha Filho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Joseane Cristina Ferreira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Renata Galetti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | | | - Angelo Berchieri
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia da Costa Darini
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
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2
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Góes V, Monte DFM, Saraiva MDMS, Maria de Almeida A, Cabrera JM, Rodrigues Alves LB, Ferreira TS, Lima TSD, Benevides VP, Barrow PA, Freitas Neto OCD, Berchieri A. Salmonella Heidelberg side-step gene loss of respiratory requirements in chicken infection model. Microb Pathog 2022; 171:105725. [PMID: 36007847 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Among the important recent observations involving anaerobic respiration was that an electron acceptor produced as a result of an inflammatory response to Salmonella Typhimurium generates a growth advantage over the competing microbiota in the lumen. In this regard, anaerobically, salmonellae can oxidize thiosulphate (S2O32-) converting it into tetrathionate (S4O62-), the process by which it is encoded by ttr gene cluster (ttrSRttrBCA). Another important pathway under aerobic or anaerobic conditions is the 1,2-propanediol-utilization mediated by the pdu gene cluster that promotes Salmonella expansion during colitis. Therefore, we sought to compare in this study, whether Salmonella Heidelberg strains lacking the ttrA, ttrApduA, and ttrACBSR genes experience a disadvantage during cecal colonization in broiler chicks. In contrast to expectations, we found that the gene loss in S. Heidelberg potentially confers an increase in fitness in the chicken infection model. These data argue that S. Heidelberg may trigger an alternative pathway involving the use of an alternative electron acceptor, conferring a growth advantage for S. Heidelberg in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Góes
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel F M Monte
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Adriana Maria de Almeida
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Memrava Cabrera
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Bocchini Rodrigues Alves
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Taísa Santiago Ferreira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Tulio Spina de Lima
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Valdinete P Benevides
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Paul A Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Oliveiro Caetano de Freitas Neto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Angelo Berchieri
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
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Foster N, Tang Y, Berchieri A, Geng S, Jiao X, Barrow P. Revisiting Persistent Salmonella Infection and the Carrier State: What Do We Know? Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101299. [PMID: 34684248 PMCID: PMC8537056 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One characteristic of the few Salmonella enterica serovars that produce typhoid-like infections is that disease-free persistent infection can occur for months or years in a small number of individuals post-convalescence. The bacteria continue to be shed intermittently which is a key component of the epidemiology of these infections. Persistent chronic infection occurs despite high levels of circulating specific IgG. We have reviewed the information on the basis for persistence in S. Typhi, S. Dublin, S. Gallinarum, S. Pullorum, S. Abortusovis and also S. Typhimurium in mice as a model of persistence. Persistence appears to occur in macrophages in the spleen and liver with shedding either from the gall bladder and gut or the reproductive tract. The involvement of host genetic background in defining persistence is clear from studies with the mouse but less so with human and poultry infections. There is increasing evidence that the organisms (i) modulate the host response away from the typical Th1-type response normally associated with immune clearance of an acute infection to Th2-type or an anti-inflammatory response, and that (ii) the bacteria modulate transformation of macrophage from M1 to M2 type. The bacterial factors involved in this are not yet fully understood. There are early indications that it might be possible to remodulate the response back towards a Th1 response by using cytokine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Foster
- SRUC Aberdeen Campus, Craibstone Estate, Ferguson Building, Aberdeen AB21 9YA, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Ying Tang
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Angelo Berchieri
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Univ Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil;
| | - Shizhong Geng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.G.); (X.J.)
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.G.); (X.J.)
| | - Paul Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK;
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Souza AIS, Saraiva MMS, Casas MRT, Oliveira GM, Cardozo MV, Benevides VP, Barbosa FO, Freitas Neto OC, Almeida AM, Berchieri A. High occurrence of β-lactamase-producing Salmonella Heidelberg from poultry origin. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230676. [PMID: 32231395 PMCID: PMC7108700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Heidelberg is commonly reported in foodborne outbreaks around the world, and chickens and poultry products are known as important source of these pathogen. Multidrug-resistant S. Heidelberg strains are disseminated into poultry production chair, which can lead to severe clinical infections in humans and of difficult to treat. This study aimed at evaluating the β-lactam susceptibility and genotypic relatedness of Salmonella Heidelberg at Brazilian poultry production chain. Sixty-two S. Heidelberg strains from poultry production chain (poultry, poultry meat and poultry farm) were used. All strains were evaluated to antimicrobial susceptibility by diffusion disk test, as well as β-lactam resistance genes. Genotypic relatedness was assessed by Pulsed-Field Gel Eletrophoresis, using Xba1 restriction enzyme. Forty-one strains were characterized as multidrug-resistant according to phenotype characterization. The resistance susceptibility revealed 31 distinct profiles, with higher prevalence of streptomycin (61/62), nalidixic acid (50/62), tetracycline (43/62) and β-lactam drugs (37/62). blaCMY-2 was the more frequent β-lactamase gene found (38/62); other resistance genes found were blaCTX-M (2/62), blaSHV (3/62) and blaTEM-1 (38/62). No carbapenemase genes was found. The Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis showed 58 different profiles. Strains with a larger number of antimicrobial resistance were grouped into ten major clusters apart from others. The spread of resistance by ampC continues to rise, thereby turning concern to public health, since the β-lactam antimicrobials are used as a therapeutic treatment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I S Souza
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Avian Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology Postgraduation Program, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro M S Saraiva
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Avian Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monique R T Casas
- Nucleus of Enteric Diseases and Infections by Special Pathogens of the Center for Bacteriology of the Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo M Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Avian Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marita V Cardozo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valdinete P Benevides
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Avian Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology Postgraduation Program, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda O Barbosa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Avian Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- Veterinary Medicine Postgraduation Program, School of Agricultural ad Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana M Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Avian Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angelo Berchieri
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Avian Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Colom J, Batista D, Baig A, Tang Y, Liu S, Yuan F, Belkhiri A, Marcelino L, Barbosa F, Rubio M, Atterbury R, Berchieri A, Barrow P. Sex pilus specific bacteriophage to drive bacterial population towards antibiotic sensitivity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12616. [PMID: 31471549 PMCID: PMC6717204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is now a major global problem largely resulting from the overuse of antibiotics in humans and livestock. In some AMR bacteria, resistance is encoded by conjugative plasmids expressing sex-pili that can readily spread resistance through bacterial populations. The aim of this study was to use sex pilus-specific (SPS) phage to reduce the carriage of AMR plasmids. Here, we demonstrate that SPS phage can kill AMR Escherichia coli and select for AMR plasmid loss in vitro. For the first time, we also demonstrate that SPS phage can both prevent the spread of AMR Salmonella Enteritidis infection in chickens and shift the bacterial population towards antibiotic sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Colom
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Diego Batista
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Abiyad Baig
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ying Tang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Siyang Liu
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Fangzhong Yuan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Aouatif Belkhiri
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Lucas Marcelino
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Barbosa
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Marcela Rubio
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Robert Atterbury
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Angelo Berchieri
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Paul Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK.
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Alves Batista DF, de Freitas Neto OC, Maria de Almeida A, Maboni G, de Carvalho TF, de Carvalho TP, Barrow PA, Berchieri A. Evaluation of pathogenicity of Salmonella Gallinarum strains harbouring deletions in genes whose orthologues are conserved pseudogenes in S. Pullorum. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200585. [PMID: 30028856 PMCID: PMC6054384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The diseases caused by Salmonella Gallinarum and S. Pullorum in chickens known as fowl typhoid and pullorum disease, respectively, pose a great threat to the poultry industry mainly in developing countries, since they have already been controlled in the developed ones. These bacteria are very similar at the genomic level but develop distinct host-pathogen relationships with chickens. Therefore, a deep understanding of the molecular mechanisms whereby S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum interact with the host could lead to the development of new approaches to control and, perhaps, eradicate both diseases from the chicken flocks worldwide. Based on our previous study, it was hypothesised that metabolism-related pseudogenes, fixed in S. Pullorum genomes, could play a role in the distinct host-pathogen interaction with susceptible chickens. To test this idea, three genes (idnT, idnO and ccmH) of S. Gallinarum str. 287/91, which are pseudogenes on the S. Pullorum chromosomes, were inactivated by mutations. These genetically engineered strains grew well on the solid media without any colony morphology difference. In addition, similar growth curves were obtained by cultivation in M9 minimal medium containing D-gluconate as the sole carbon source. Infection of chickens with idnTO mutants led to increased numbers of bacteria in the livers and spleens at 5 days post-infection, but with slightly decreased heterophil infiltration in the spleens when compared to the wild-type strain. On the other hand, no significant phenotypic change was caused by mutation to ccmH genes. Apart from the above-mentioned alterations, all S. Gallinarum strains provoked similar infections, since mortality, clinical signs, macroscopic alterations and immune response were similar to the infected chickens. Therefore, according to the model applied to this study, mutation to the idnTO and ccmH genes showed minor impact on the fowl typhoid pathogenesis and so they may be relics from the ancestor genome. Our data hints at a more complex mechanism driving the distinct host-pathogen interaction of S. Gallinarum/Pullorum with chickens than differential inactivation of a few genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Felipe Alves Batista
- Post Graduate Program in Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), campus at Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Oliveiro Caetano de Freitas Neto
- Post Graduate Program in Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), campus at Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Adriana Maria de Almeida
- Post Graduate Program in Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), campus at Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Grazieli Maboni
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiane Furtado de Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thaynara Parente de Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paul Andrew Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Angelo Berchieri
- Post Graduate Program in Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), campus at Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rubio MDS, Penha Filho RAC, Almeida AMD, Berchieri A. Development of a multiplex qPCR in real time for quantification and differential diagnosis of Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Pullorum. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:644-651. [PMID: 28589774 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1339866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Currently there are 2659 Salmonella serovars. The host-specific biovars Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinarum cause systemic infections in food-producing and wild birds. Fast diagnosis is crucial to control the dissemination in avian environments. The present work describes the development of a multiplex qPCR in real time using a low-cost DNA dye (SYBr Green) to identify and quantify these biovars. Primers were chosen based on genomic regions of difference (RoD) and optimized to control dimers. Primers pSGP detect both host-specific biovars but not other serovars and pSG and pSP differentiate biovars. Three amplicons showed different melting temperatures (Tm), allowing differentiation. The pSGP amplicon (97 bp) showed Tm of 78°C for both biovars. The pSG amplicon (273 bp) showed a Tm of 86.2°C for S. Gallinarum and pSP amplicon (260 bp) dissociated at 84.8°C for S. Pullorum identification. The multiplex qPCR in real time showed high sensitivity and was capable of quantifying 108-101 CFU of these biovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela da Silva Rubio
- a School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences , São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Maria de Almeida
- a School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences , São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Angelo Berchieri
- a School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences , São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP) , São Paulo , Brazil
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Celis-Estupiñan ALDP, Batista DFA, Cardozo MV, Secundo de Souza AI, Rodrigues Alves LB, Maria de Almeida A, Barrow PA, Berchieri A, Caetano de Freitas Neto O. Further investigations on the epidemiology of fowl typhoid in Brazil. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:416-425. [PMID: 28277779 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1299922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) causes fowl typhoid (FT), a disease responsible for economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. FT has been considered to be under control in Brazil; nevertheless, since 2012 it has frequently been identified in poultry farming of several Brazilian states. The present study was aimed at assessing (i) the pathogenicity of a SG strain recently isolated from an FT outbreak affecting chickens of both white and brown layers; (ii) the transmission of SG through eggs and hatching; (iii) the effects of antibiotic therapy on SG persistence in poultry tissues and on its vertical transmission and (iv) the genetic profiles of strains isolated over 27 years by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis. Clinical signs, mortality and gross pathologies were very marked amongst brown-egg layers. In contrast, clinical manifestation of FT and mortality were barely present amongst the white-egg layers, although bacteria could be re-isolated from their tissues up to 35 days after infection. No bacteria were re-isolated from the laid eggs, so vertical transmission was not achieved, although newly hatched uninfected chicks became infected spontaneously after hatching. Antibiotic therapy was shown to be effective at reducing mortality, but was not able to clear infection or to favour SG transmission via eggs. Our pulsed field gel electrophoresis results revealed an endemic SG clone that may have been circulating in the Brazilian poultry flocks in the south and southeast regions for more than 20 years. The results suggest that the industrial incubation of SG-contaminated eggs could be one of the factors responsible for the spread of FT in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny Lucia Del Pilar Celis-Estupiñan
- a Department of Veterinary Pathology from the School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences , Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV/Unesp) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Diego Felipe Alves Batista
- a Department of Veterinary Pathology from the School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences , Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV/Unesp) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Marita Vedovelli Cardozo
- a Department of Veterinary Pathology from the School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences , Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV/Unesp) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Andrei Itajahy Secundo de Souza
- a Department of Veterinary Pathology from the School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences , Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV/Unesp) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Lucas Bocchini Rodrigues Alves
- a Department of Veterinary Pathology from the School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences , Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV/Unesp) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Adriana Maria de Almeida
- a Department of Veterinary Pathology from the School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences , Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV/Unesp) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Paul Andrew Barrow
- b School of Veterinary Medicine and Science , The University of Nottingham , Loughborough , UK
| | - Angelo Berchieri
- a Department of Veterinary Pathology from the School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences , Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV/Unesp) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Oliveiro Caetano de Freitas Neto
- a Department of Veterinary Pathology from the School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences , Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV/Unesp) , São Paulo , Brazil.,c Department of Veterinary Sciences , Federal University of Paraiba , Paraíba , Brazil
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Secundo de Souza AI, Freitas Neto OCD, Batista DFA, Estupinan ALDPC, Almeida AMD, Barrow PA, Berchieri A. ERIC-PCR genotyping of field isolates ofSalmonella entericasubsp.entericaserovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:475-9. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1086975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Barrow PA, Berchieri A, Freitas Neto OCD, Lovell M. The contribution of aerobic and anaerobic respiration to intestinal colonization and virulence forSalmonella typhimuriumin the chicken. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:401-7. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1062841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ferreira JC, Penha Filho RAC, Andrade LN, Berchieri A, Darini ALC. IncI1/ST113 and IncI1/ST114 conjugative plasmids carrying blaCTX-M-8 in Escherichia coli isolated from poultry in Brazil. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 80:304-6. [PMID: 25284375 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from poultry in Brazil showed blaCTX-M-8 gene. IS10 was found upstream of blaCTX-M-8, harbored on plasmids IncI1, ST113/ST114 subtypes. Genomic relationship revealed a heterogeneous E. coli population. The gene blaCTX-M-8 is established in South America in food-producing animals, which represent risk of dissemination for other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseane Cristina Ferreira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto-University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Neves Andrade
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto-University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Angelo Berchieri
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences-São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Costa Darini
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto-University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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Ferreira JC, Penha Filho RAC, Andrade LN, Berchieri A, Darini ALC. Detection of chromosomal bla(CTX-M-2) in diverse Escherichia coli isolates from healthy broiler chickens. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O623-6. [PMID: 24438126 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The rise of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in food-producing animals is a growing concern for public health. We investigated ESBL producers isolated from broiler chickens in Brazil and characterized 19 CTX-M-2-producing E. coli. The ISCR1 was detected upstream of the chromosome-located gene bla(CTX-M-2), associated with sul-1 type integron structure. CTX-M-2-producing E. coli exhibited different PFGE-types and phylogenetic groups, showing a non-clonal dissemination. The sequence types found (ST93, ST155 and ST2309) have been associated with humans and animals worldwide. Herein, we report the chromosomal location of bla(CTX-M-2) on E. coli, highlighting the risks of multidrug-resistant bacteria in food-producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Ferreira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo University (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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13
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de Freitas Neto OC, Setta A, Imre A, Bukovinski A, Elazomi A, Kaiser P, Berchieri A, Barrow P, Jones M. A flagellated motile Salmonella Gallinarum mutant (SG Fla+) elicits a pro-inflammatory response from avian epithelial cells and macrophages and is less virulent to chickens. Vet Microbiol 2013; 165:425-33. [PMID: 23664623 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (SG) is a non-flagellated bacterium which causes fowl typhoid, a systemic disease associated with high mortality in birds. It has been suggested that the absence of flagella in SG is advantageous in the early stages of systemic infection through absence of TLR-5 activation. In order to investigate this hypothesis in more detail a flagellated and motile SG mutant (SG Fla(+)) was constructed. The presence of flagella increased invasiveness for chicken kidney cells (CKC) while its presence did not alter survival in HD11 macrophages. SG Fla(+) induced higher levels of CXCLi2, IL-6 and iNOS mRNA expression in CKC than the SG parent strain. The expression of genes responsible for immune response mediators in infected HD11 macrophages were not related to the presence of flagella. Mortality rates were lower in birds challenged with SG Fla(+) when compared with the SG parent. SG Fla(+) was recovered from caecal contents which showed pathological changes suggestive of inflammation and suggested increased colonization ability.
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Batista DFA, de Freitas Neto OC, Lopes PD, de Almeida AM, Barrow PA, Berchieri A. Polymerase chain reaction assay based on ratA gene allows differentiation between Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:259-62. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713479361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinarum are classified as biovars of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum. These salmonellae are the causative agents of Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid, respectively, and are widely distributed throughout the world. Although many developed countries have eradicated these diseases from commercial poultry, they are still the cause of significant economic loss in developing countries. When serovar Gallinarum is isolated, it is difficult to immediately differentiate between biovars because they are antigenically identical by serotyping. However, they cause distinct diseases with different epidemiology, and therefore it is important to differentiate them. This may be done biochemically but takes 2 to 3 days. In the present study, S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum whole genomes were compared, and 1 genomic region of difference, which is part of the ratA gene, was chosen as a molecular marker for a polymerase chain reaction assay to differentiate rapidly between these organisms. In all, 26 strains of S. Gallinarum and 17 S. Pullorum strains were tested and successfully differentiated by the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Felipe Alves Batista
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (Batista, Freitas Neto, Lopes, Almeida, Berchieri Jr)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK (Barrow)
| | - Oliveiro Caetano de Freitas Neto
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (Batista, Freitas Neto, Lopes, Almeida, Berchieri Jr)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK (Barrow)
| | - Priscila Diniz Lopes
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (Batista, Freitas Neto, Lopes, Almeida, Berchieri Jr)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK (Barrow)
| | - Adriana Maria de Almeida
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (Batista, Freitas Neto, Lopes, Almeida, Berchieri Jr)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK (Barrow)
| | - Paul Andrew Barrow
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (Batista, Freitas Neto, Lopes, Almeida, Berchieri Jr)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK (Barrow)
| | - Angelo Berchieri
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (Batista, Freitas Neto, Lopes, Almeida, Berchieri Jr)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK (Barrow)
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Berchieri A, Murphy CK, Marston K, Barrow PA. Observations on the persistence and vertical transmission ofSalmonella entericaserovars Pullorum and Gallinarum in chickens: Effect of bacterial and host genetic background. Avian Pathol 2010; 30:221-31. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450120054631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Berchieri A, Wigley P, Page K, Murphy CK, Barrow PA. Further studies on vertical transmission and persistence ofSalmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis phage type 4 in chickens. Avian Pathol 2010; 30:297-310. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450120066304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Paiva JB, Penha Filho RAC, Pereira EA, Lemos MVF, Barrow PA, Lovell MA, Berchieri A. The contribution of genes required for anaerobic respiration to the virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum for chickens. Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40:994-1001. [PMID: 24031452 PMCID: PMC3768590 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220090004000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum (SG) is an intracellular pathogen of chickens. To survive, to invade and to multiply in the intestinal tract and intracellularly it depends on its ability to produce energy in anaerobic conditions. The fumarate reductase (frdABCD), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) reductase (dmsABC), and nitrate reductase (narGHIJ) operons in Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) encode enzymes involved in anaerobic respiration to the electron acceptors fumarate, DMSO, TMAO, and nitrate, respectively. They are regulated in response to nitrate and oxygen availability and changes in cell growth rate. In this study mortality rates of chickens challenged with mutants of Salmonella Gallinarum, which were defective in utilising anaerobic electron acceptors, were assessed in comparison to group of bird challenged with wild strain. The greatest degree of attenuation was observed with mutations affecting nitrate reductase (napA, narG) with additional attenuations induced by a mutation affecting fumarate reductase (frdA) and a double mutant (dmsA torC) affecting DMSO and TMAO reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Paiva
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias , Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP , Brasil
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Inoue AY, Berchieri A, Bernardino A, Paiva JB, Sterzo EV. Passive immunity of progeny from broiler breeders vaccinated with oil-emulsion bacterin against Salmonella enteritidis. Avian Dis 2009; 52:567-71. [PMID: 19166046 DOI: 10.1637/8096-082707-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Young poultry are very susceptible to Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infections because of the absence of complete intestinal flora colonization and an immature immune system. This study evaluated the role of passive immunity on the resistance of young birds against early infections caused by SE. The progeny of broiler breeders vaccinated with an oil-emulsion bacterin was compared to the progeny of unvaccinated birds. Efficacy was determined by challenging birds at 1 and 14 days of age with SE Nal Spc strain, phage type 4. After challenge at 1 day of age, the progeny of vaccinated birds presented a significantly lower number (log10) of SE Nal Spc reisolation (P < 0.05) in liver (2.21), spleen (2.31), and cecal contents (2.85) compared with control groups (2.76, 3.02, and 6.03, respectively). The examination of the internal organs, 3 days after infection, revealed that 28% of the birds (7/25) from vaccinated breeders were positive, whereas 100% (25/25) of the chicks derived from unvaccinated birds were positive. Birds challenged at 14 days of age presented a lower number of positive samples compared with those challenged at 1 day of age, and the progeny of vaccinated birds presented statistically lower numbers (log10) of colony-forming units/ml of SE Nal Spc only in the cecal contents compared with nonvaccinated breeder progeny (2.11 vs. 2.94). Age seems to influence the susceptibility of birds to SE infections: in control groups, the number of positive birds at 14 days of age (9/25) was lower when compared with the group infected at 1 day of age (25/25). The number of positive fecal samples of the progeny of vaccinated birds was significantly lower (36) than those of the control group (108) after challenge at 1 day of age. Unchallenged progeny of vaccinated birds presented passive antibodies detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) up to 21 days of age. On the other hand, antibodies of the control group were detected by ELISA 14 days after challenge. These results show a significant contribution of breeder vaccination by increasing the resistance of the progeny against early SE infections. However, the bacteria were not completely eliminated, suggesting that additional procedures are needed to effectively control SE infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Inoue
- Fort Dodge Animal Health, Rua Luiz Fernando Rodriguez, 1701, CEP 13064-798, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Iba AM, Berchieri A. Studies on the use of a formic acid‐propionic acid mixture (Bio‐add™) to control experimentalSalmonellainfection in broiler chickens. Avian Pathol 2007; 24:303-11. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459508419071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Berchieri A, Barrow PA. The antibacterial effects forSalmonellaEnteritidis phage type 4 of different chemical disinfectants and cleaning agents tested under different conditions. Avian Pathol 2007; 25:663-73. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459608419173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Berchieri A, Iba AM, Barrow P. Examination by ELISA of sera obtained from chicken breeder and layer flocks showing evidence of fowl typhoid or pullorum disease. Avian Pathol 2007; 24:411-20. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459508419081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Freitas Neto OC, Arroyave W, Alessi AC, Fagliari JJ, Berchieri A. Infection of commercial laying hens with Salmonella Gallinarum: clinical, anatomopathological and haematological studies. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2007000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - AC Alessi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil
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Berchieri A, Turco WCP, Paiva JB, Oliveira GH, Sterzo EV. Evaluation of isopathic treatment of Salmonella enteritidis in poultry. HOMEOPATHY 2006; 95:94-7. [PMID: 16569625 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonellosis is a common problem worldwide in commercially reared poultry. It is associated with human Salmonellosis. No fully satisfactory method of control is available. METHOD Nosodes to an antibiotic-resistant strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in D30 (30X) potency were prepared. One day old chicks (N = 180) were divided into four groups: two control and two different preparations of the nosode. Treatments were administered in drinking water for 10 days. The birds were challenged by a broth culture of the same Salmonella, by mouth, on day 17. Cloacal swabs were taken twice weekly for Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. RESULTS Birds receiving active treatment were less likely to grow the strain of Salmonella from cloacal swabs compared to control. CONCLUSION Isopathy is low cost and non-toxic. It may have a role to play in the widespread problem of Salmonella in poultry. Further research should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berchieri
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 14870-000 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Wigley P, Hulme SD, Powers C, Beal RK, Berchieri A, Smith A, Barrow P. Infection of the reproductive tract and eggs with Salmonella enterica serovar pullorum in the chicken is associated with suppression of cellular immunity at sexual maturity. Infect Immun 2005; 73:2986-90. [PMID: 15845505 PMCID: PMC1087364 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.5.2986-2990.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum causes persistent infections in laying hens. Splenic macrophages are the main site of persistence. At sexual maturity, numbers of bacteria increase and spread to the reproductive tract, which may result in vertical transmission to eggs or chicks. In this study we demonstrate that both male and female chickens may develop a carrier state following infection but that the increases in bacterial numbers and spread to the reproductive tract are phenomena restricted to hens, indicating that such changes are likely to be related to the onset of egg laying. The immunological responses during the carrier state and through the onset of laying in hens were determined. These indicate that chickens produce both humoral and T-cell responses to infection, but at the onset of laying both the T-cell response to Salmonella and nonspecific responses to mitogenic stimulation fall sharply in both infected and noninfected birds. The fall in T-cell responsiveness coincided with the increase in numbers of Salmonella serovar Pullorum and its spread to the reproductive tract. Three weeks after the onset of egg laying, T-cell responsiveness began to increase and bacterial numbers declined. Specific antibody levels changed little at the onset of laying but increased following the rise in bacterial numbers in a manner reminiscent of a secondary antibody response to rechallenge. These findings indicate that a nonspecific suppression of cellular responses occurs at the onset of laying and plays a major role the ability of Salmonella serovar Pullorum to infect the reproductive tract, leading to transmission to eggs. The loss of T-cell activity at the point of laying also has implications for Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection and transmission to eggs, along with its control by vaccination offering a "window of opportunity" in which infection may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wigley
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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Wigley P, Berchieri A, Page KL, Smith AL, Barrow PA. Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum persists in splenic macrophages and in the reproductive tract during persistent, disease-free carriage in chickens. Infect Immun 2001; 69:7873-9. [PMID: 11705970 PMCID: PMC98884 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.12.7873-7879.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2000] [Accepted: 08/16/2001] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum is worldwide a poultry pathogen of considerable economic importance, particularly in those countries with a developing poultry industry. In addition to the characteristic high mortality rates among young chicks, one of the features of Salmonella serovar Pullorum infection is that it persists for long periods in convalescent chicks in the absence of clinical disease. This can lead to colonization of the reproductive tract of chickens and at sexual maturity can result in infected progeny through transovarian transmission to eggs. The sites of Salmonella serovar Pullorum persistence in convalescent birds are not known, and the mechanisms of persistence are not understood. Here we show that Salmonella serovar Pullorum can persist in both the spleen and the reproductive tract for over 40 weeks following experimental infection in chickens. During the period of sexual maturity, Salmonella serovar Pullorum colonized both the ovary and the oviduct of hens and led to 6% of laid eggs being infected by Salmonella serovar Pullorum. The colonization of several different sites of the reproductive tract suggests that Salmonella serovar Pullorum may employ more than one mechanism of egg infection. Persistence occurred despite a strong humoral response, suggesting an intracellular site of infection. By use of a Salmonella serovar Pullorum strain containing a plasmid stably expressing green fluorescent protein, we demonstrated that the main site of carriage in the spleen is within macrophages. This raises interesting questions about the biology of Salmonella serovar Pullorum, including why there is an increase in bacterial numbers when birds become sexually mature and in particular how Salmonella serovar Pullorum avoids clearance by macrophages and whether it modulates the immune system in other ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wigley
- Division of Environmental Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom.
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26
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Pinheiro LA, De Oliveira GH, Berchieri A. Experimental Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum infection in two commercial varieties of laying hens. Avian Pathol 2001; 30:129-33. [PMID: 19184886 DOI: 10.1080/03079450120044524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was carried out to investigate the biology of Salmonella Pullorum in two varieties of laying hens, from 5 days of age up to 9 months. One variety was resistant to systemic salmonellosis (light layers producing white eggs) and the other was considered susceptible (brown layers producing brown eggs). The brown birds were more affected by the infection, showing signs of clinical disease in the first month of life. Later, these signs disappeared, but postmortem examination revealed persistent gross pathological changes in the liver, spleen, heart and ovary. The rapid agglutination test detected reactors throughout the experiment, with the strongest agglutination from 1 to 7 months post-infection. S . Pullorum was isolated from some of the organs and the eggs laid throughout the experiment. The relationship between white birds and S . Pullorum was less intense, and there were no noticeable signs of disease. There were few gross pathological changes, and the bacteria were isolated infrequently and only for a brief period after infection, although contaminated eggs were laid by these birds. The strongest serological response in the white chickens occurred between the second and the fifth month post-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Pinheiro
- Animal Pathology Department, Faculdade de Cieinsertion markncias Agrarias e Veterinarias, UNESP, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellani, s/n., 14870.000 Jaboticabal SP, Brazil
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To study the ability of two strains of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium to colonize the human intestine. METHODS: A single human subject ingested separately two strains of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium isolated from a pig and a chicken. The feces were cultured on selective medium. Prior to ingestion no vancomycin-resistant cocci were present in the feces. Ingestion of 104-105 CFU resulted in either no colonization or isolation only after enrichment. Ingestion of 107 CFU of one strain resulted in colonization for a period of nearly 3 weeks, with fecal counts at times in excess of 106 CFU/g. Ingestion of similar numbers of the other strain and reingestion of the first strain resulted in excretion in the feces for much shorter periods. When the fecal count of the ingested strains was greater than 104-105 CFU/g, the strains were isolated from swabs taken from perianal skin. CONCLUSIONS: Vancomycin-resistant E. faecium strains from pigs and poultry are able to colonize the human gut and the perianal skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Berchieri
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jabotiçabal, Brazil
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Barrow P, Lovell M, Berchieri A. Use of lytic bacteriophage for control of experimental Escherichia coli septicemia and meningitis in chickens and calves. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1998; 5:294-8. [PMID: 9605979 PMCID: PMC104512 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.5.3.294-298.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/1997] [Accepted: 02/03/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A lytic bacteriophage, which was previously isolated from sewage and which attaches to the K1 capsular antigen, has been used to prevent septicemia and a meningitis-like infection in chickens caused by a K1+ bacteremic strain of Escherichia coli. Protection was obtained even when administration of the phage was delayed until signs of disease appeared. The phage was able to multiply in the blood. In newly borne colostrum-deprived calves given the E. coli orally, intramuscular inoculation of phage delayed appearance of the bacterium in the blood and lengthened life span. With some provisos there is considerable potential for this approach to bacterial-disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Barrow
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Berkshire, United Kingdom.
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Martin G, Barrow PA, Berchieri A, Methner U, Meyer H. [Inhibition phenomena between Salmonella strains--a new aspect of salmonella infection control in poultry]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1996; 103:468-72. [PMID: 9081820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Freshly hatched chickens show a very high susceptibility to Salmonella infections and control measures are therefore frequently focused on the period shortly after hatching. Experimental investigations using one strain against itself, differentiated by different antibiotic resistance markers, have shown that colonisation with Salmonella prevents the establishment of subsequently inoculated challenge organisms in the chicken gut. The inhibition effect lasts for several days and is detectable even when a challenge dose of 10(8) organisms is used. It is dependent of the breed of bird. Chickens colonised with Salmonella shed a subsequently inoculated challenge strain with significant lower numbers for several weeks than do non colonised control birds. The phenomenon is strain specific but not serovarspecific as has been shown in investigations using different strains of the same and other serovars for colonisation and challenge. The phenomenon shows a large variability between strains. Using other Enterobacteriaceae strains comparable inhibition against Salmonella was not observed. One important topic for further investigation is the capability of Salmonella live vaccines given orally to establish a protection effect, based on the inhibition phenomenon in the first few days of live, developing into a long-lasting immunity when birds reach immunological maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Martin
- Bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschultz und Veterinärmedizin, Fachbereich Bakterielle Tierseuchen und Bekämpfung von Zoonosen, Jena
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Berchieri A, Barrow PA. Reduction in incidence of experimental fowl typhoid by incorporation of a commercial formic acid preparation (Bio-Add) into poultry feed. Poult Sci 1996; 75:339-41. [PMID: 8778726 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0750339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The experiment described evaluated the effect of a commercial in-feed preparation (Bio-Add) involving a mixture of formic acid and propionic acid on the incidence of experimental fowl typhoid in groups of 41 and 42 1-wk-old Rhode Island Red chickens. The chickens were infected through contact with 12 identical chickens that had been inoculated orally with 10(8) cfu of Salmonella gallinarum strain 9. The incidence of mortality and morbidity due to fowl typhoid was 31/41 (76%) in birds given untreated feed and 14/42 (33%) in birds given feed treated with Bio-Add.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berchieri
- Division of Environmental Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, United Kingdom
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Barrow PA, Berchieri A, al-Haddad O. Serological response of chickens to infection with Salmonella gallinarum-S. pullorum detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Avian Dis 1992; 36:227-36. [PMID: 1385699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The serological response to Salmonella pullorum and S. gallinarum infection in chickens was studied with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In broiler chickens, a more virulent strain of S. pullorum produced a significantly lower serum IgG titer than did a less virulent strain. In laying hens, the serum and egg-yolk IgG titers were very similar. In chickens infected with S. gallinarum, high IgG titers persisted for 30 weeks. In chickens reinfected with this strain, each reinfection was followed by transitory increases in IgG lasting no longer than 2 weeks. Serum samples from Brazil taken from a laying flock with evidence of fowl typhoid showed much higher antibody levels than did those from three uninfected flocks. Using lipopolysaccharide as the detecting antigen, infections caused by these salmonellae could be differentiated from those caused by other groups. Incorporation of the appropriate flagella antigen in the ELISA allowed differentiation between infections caused by S. pullorum and S. enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Barrow
- AFRC-Institute for Animal Health, Houghton Laboratory, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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Barrow PA, Berchieri A, Al-Haddad O. Serological Response of Chickens to Infection with Salmonella gallinarum-S. pullorum Detected by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Avian Dis 1992. [DOI: 10.2307/1591495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Barrow PA, Lovell MA, Berchieri A. The use of two live attenuated vaccines to immunize egg‐laying hens againstSalmonella enteritidisphage type 4. Avian Pathol 1991; 20:681-92. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459108418807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
The intra-generic inhibition of bacterial growth observed previously in vivo and in vitro with strains of Salmonella, Citrobacter and E. coli was studied in vitro using S. typhimurium strain F98. There was complete inhibition of multiplication of S. typhimurium when it was added to stationary-phase broth cultures of different Salmonella serotypes, but only partial inhibition when added to broth cultures of E. coli. The degree of inhibition between different mutants of F98 was affected by the numbers of bacteria of the inhibiting strain, but this was not the only factor, since exponential-phase bacterial cells were less inhibitory than stationary-phase cells. The inhibitory effect was produced at temperatures between 20 degrees C and 40 degrees C. The complete inhibition of growth observed between F98 mutants was abolished by ampicillin, rifampicin and streptomycin, but not by nalidixic acid. Inhibition was also prevented by separating the two cultures by a dialysis membrane. A TnphoA insertion mutant of F98 was produced which did not show inhibition in vitro but was still inhibitory in vivo. It is suggested that this complete inhibition of bacterial multiplication between organisms of the same genus, which is greater than that produced between organisms from different genera, is mediated by a cell surface protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berchieri
- AFRC Institute for Animal Health, Houghton Laboratory, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, UK
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Abstract
Bacteriophages lytic for Salmonella typhimurium were isolated in considerable numbers from chickens experimentally infected with S. typhimurium, and in much lower numbers from the chicken feed. Lytic phages were also regularly isolated from human sewerage systems. One of these was used to inoculate S. typhimurium--infected two day-old chickens orally and via the feed. The phage took longer to establish in the caeca than did the Salmonella and it disappeared when the caecal S. typhimurium counts fell to 10(6) CFU/ml. No neutralizing antibodies to the phage were detected in the serum of these chickens. In a second experiment, five of 30 chickens similarly infected with S. typhimurium were inoculated with the phage. Within 3 days, the phage was isolated from 72% of the "in-contact" birds. A second phage, isolated from sewage, when inoculated into newly-hatched chickens simultaneously with any of 3 strains of S. typhimurium, produced a considerable reduction in mortality in the birds. This effect was only produced by inoculation of high concentrations of phage (greater than 10(10) PFU/ml). The phage produced reductions in the viable numbers of S. typhimurium in the crop, small intestine and caeca for up to 12 h after inoculation, with smaller reductions in bacterial numbers in the liver at 24 and 48 h after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berchieri
- AFRC Institute for Animal Health, Houghton Laboratory, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Barrow
- AFRC, Institute for Animal Health, Houghton Laboratory Houghton, Cambridgeshire, UK
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Berchieri A, Barrow PA. Further studies on the inhibition of colonization of the chicken alimentary tract with Salmonella typhimurium by pre-colonization with an avirulent mutant. Epidemiol Infect 1990; 104:427-41. [PMID: 2140794 PMCID: PMC2271784 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800047440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral administration to newly hatched chickens or to chicks up to 5 days of age with an avirulent, rough, spectinomycin-resistant mutant of Salmonella typhimurium strain F98 inhibited the colonization of a nalidixic acid-resistant mutant of the same strain administered by the same route 1 day later. The second strain passed rapidly through the alimentary tract and persisted in the caeca of only a few chickens. Resistance to colonization did not develop until 24 h after inoculation of the first strain but was still evident if the second strain was inoculated up to 7 days later. Resistance occurred in 5 different breeds of chicken and in chickens reared on 5 different diets. Protection was evident against a very high challenge dose and could be produced by the introduction of small numbers of the first strain. Pre-colonization of chicks with the first strain of F98 reduced faecal excretion of the second strain over many weeks, whether chickens were challenged directly or by contact with other infected chickens. The rough strain F98 produced protection against only a few S. typhimurium strains and not against other serotypes. However, strains of S. infantis and S. heidelberg, chosen because they colonized the chicken alimentary tract better than did F98, produced inhibition of a wider range of serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berchieri
- AFRC Institute for Animal Health, Houghton Laboratory, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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Barrow PA, Hassan JO, Berchieri A. Reduction in faecal excretion of Salmonella typhimurium strain F98 in chickens vaccinated with live and killed S. typhimurium organisms. Epidemiol Infect 1990; 104:413-26. [PMID: 2189743 PMCID: PMC2271771 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800047439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chickens given orally at 4 days of age a smooth spectinomycin resistant mutant (Spcr) of Salmonella typhimurium strain F98 excreted the organism in their faeces for approximately 4 weeks. Following oral administration of a nalidixic acid resistant (Nalr) mutant of the same strain 4 weeks later when the chickens had virtually cleared themselves of the first infection, these chickens excreted far fewer salmonella organisms and for a shorter time than did a previously uninfected control group of chickens which were infected at the same time with the Nalr mutant. Chickens inoculated intramuscularly at 4 days developed a similar immunity to challenge and also excreted the immunizing strain in their faeces. In contrast intramuscular inoculation or incorporation into the food of formalin-killed S. typhimurium organisms had little lasting effect on the faecal excretion of the challenge strain. Two attenuated mutants of strain F98 Nalr were produced: one was a rough strain produced by lytic bacteriophage and the other was an aro A auxotrophic mutant which had been cured of the 85 kilobase-pair virulence-associated plasmid. These mutants were avirulent for chickens, mice, calves and man and when ingested by human volunteers did not persist in the faeces. When inoculated intramuscularly into chickens they produced an early reduction in faecal excretion of the challenge strain (Spcr) which was not maintained. Oral administration of both strains produced reductions in faecal excretion of the challenge strain. This was much more noticeable with the rough strain which was itself excreted for a much longer period than the parent strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Barrow
- AFRC Institute for Animal Health, Houghton Laboratory, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire
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Barrow PA, Lovell MA, Berchieri A. Immunisation of laying hens against Salmonella enteritidis with live attenuated vaccines. Vet Rec 1990; 126:241-2. [PMID: 2181778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P A Barrow
- Institute for Animal Health, Houghton Laboratory, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire
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