Haplotype Analysis of the Stromelysin-1 (MMP3) and Gelatinase B (MMP9) Genes in Relation to Coronary Heart Disease

Impact of MMP-9 Genetic Polymorphism and Concentration on the Development of Coronary Artery Disease in Ukrainian Population

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the leading causes of death in Europe. It is known that atherosclerosis is the primary risk factor of CAD development. MMP-9 is involved in all stages of atherosclerosis and thus may contribute to CAD emergence. To investigate the influence of MMP-9 on the (CAD) development 25 patients with intact coronary arteries (CA), 40 patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and 63 patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) were enrolled in the study. Real-time PCR was carried out for genotyping on the rs17567-polymorphic locus, and ELISA study was performed to measure the MMP-9 plasma concentration. It was found the lower risk of MI occurrence for AG-carriers ( $P_a=0.023$ ; ORa = 0.299, 95% CI = 0.106–0.848) in Ukrainian population.

The association between Matrix Metallo-proteinases-9 (MMP-9) gene family polymorphisms and risk of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 (C1562T), MMP-9 (R279Q), MMP-9 (P574R) and MMP-9 (R668Q) polymorphisms and risk of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD).

Methods

After a systematic literature search, pooled odds ratio (OR) and their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the strength of the association.

Results

We identified 40 studies with 11,792 cases and 8280 controls for C1562T, 7 case-control studies with 5525 cases and 2497 controls for R279Q, 2 studies with 1272 cases and 785 controls for P574R, and 2 studies with 1272 cases and 785 controls for R668Q. MMP-9 (C1562T) polymorphism was associated with increased risk of CAD under dominant model (OR = 1.41, P < 0.001), recessive model (OR = 1.59, P < 0.001), allelic model (OR = 1.38, P < 0.001), TT vs. CC model (OR = 1.70, P < 0.001), and CT vs. CC model (OR = 1.35, P < 0.001). Moreover, the subgroup analysis based on the continent of the study populations in this SNP indicated strong significant association in Asians but not in Europeans. Subgroup analysis was not performed in Africa, America and Oceania, due to lack of sufficient data.

Conclusions

Our meta-analysis revealed that MMP-9 (C1562T) SNP conferred a susceptibility risk for CAD in the overall analysis and Asian population. The overall analysis and subgroup analysis of the other three SNPs reject the association between MMP-9 polymorphisms and the risk of CAD. Although the results should interpret with caution because of small sample size of included studies in these three SNPs.

Association between matrix metalloproteinase 9 C-1562T polymorphism and the risk of coronary artery disease: an update systematic review and meta-analysis

Polymorphism (rs3918242) in the MMP9 gene has been reported to be associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). This study aims to investigate a more accurate estimation of the relationship between CAD and rs3918242 polymorphism by a meta-analysis method. We systematically searched studies on the association of rs3918242 polymorphism and CAD in PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Wanfang Data and CNKI. We used Stata 12.0 and RevMan 5.3 software to perform the meta-analyses. A total of 37 case-control studies involving 13,035 CAD patients and 11,372 non-CAD controls were included. A statistically significant association between rs3918242 polymorphism and CAD was observed in allelic model (Odds ratio (OR) 1.34; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20–1.50; p < 0.00001), recessive model (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.17–1.75; p = 0.0004), and in dominant model ( OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.20–1.53; p < 0.00001). Moreover, we also found that there is a statistically significant association between rs3918242 polymorphism and myocardial infarction (MI) in Asians with allelic model (OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.29–2.14; p < 0.0001), recessive model (OR 2.29; 95% CI 1.44–3.63; p = 0.004), and dominant (OR 1.74; 95% CI 1.29–2.35; p = 0.0003) model. A similar result in Caucasians with allelic model (OR 1.14; 95% CI 1.02–1.27; p = 0.02), and in dominant (OR 1.17; 95% CI 1.04–1.32; p = 0.01) model. Our meta-analysis suggested that the MMP9 T allele is a risk factor for CAD and MI.

Association of R279Q and C1562T polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinase 9 gene and increased risk for myocardial infarction in patients with premature coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND

A number of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene polymorphisms has been identified which may be probably related to premature myocardial infarction (MI).

OBJECTIVE

We assessed the relationship between the two polymorphisms of the MMP9 gene including R279Q and C1562T and occurrence of premature MI.

METHODS

The study has two phases including a case-control study as the first phase and cohort study as the second phase. Initially, 1000 patients with premature coronary artery disease were classified into MI and non-MI groups. Genotyping of the polymorphism was conducted by PCRRFLP and high-resolution melting techniques. Given the two conditions of patients residing in Tehran and faced with their first episode of MI, 640 of 1000 study samples previously followed up with a median follow-up time of 45.74 months were assessed in a retrospective cohort phase regarding long-term major adverse cardiac events (MACE).

RESULTS

The prevalence of wild, heterozygous, and mutant genotypes of R279Q polymorphism in MI group was 14.5%, 57.3%, and 28.2% and in non-MI group was 36.9%, 38.4%, and 24.7%, respectively, with a considerable difference (P<.001). There was a significant difference in the prevalence of wild, heterozygous, and mutant genotypes of C1562T polymorphisms in MI group (12.4%, 41.2%, and 46.4%, respectively) and in non-MI group (46.8%, 38.6%, and 14.7%, respectively; P<.001). No difference was found in total MACE-free survival rate between genotypes of R279Q and C1562T polymorphisms.

CONCLUSION

C1562T and R279Q polymorphisms are associated with the susceptibility to premature MI, but cannot predict long-term cardiac events in these patients.

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 Gene-1562C>T Gene Polymorphism and Coronary Artery Disease in the Chinese Han Population: A Meta-Analysis of 5468 Subjects

BACKGROUND

Multiple studies indicate that the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)-1562C>T gene polymorphism may be associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Chinese Han population. However, a clear consensus has yet to be established.

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS

A meta-analysis of 5468 subjects from 10 separate studies was performed to explore the possible relationship between the MMP-9-1562C>T gene polymorphism and CAD within the Chinese Han population. Pooled odds ratio (ORs) for the association and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were evaluated by a random or fixed-effect model.

RESULTS

Our analysis confirms the association between the MMP-9-1562C>T gene polymorphism and an increased risk of CAD within the Chinese Han population under allelic (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.25-2.04, P = 0.0002), recessive (OR: 3.05, 95% CI: 1.67-5.56, P = 0.0003), dominant (OR: 2.23, 95% CI: 1.49-3.35, P = 0.0001), homozygous (OR: 3.41, 95% CI: 1.87-6.23, P < 0.0001), heterozygous (OR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.40-2.93, P = 0.0002), and additive genetic models (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.33-2.39, P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

In the Chinese Han population, the MMP-9-1562C>T gene polymorphism is correlated with an increased risk of CAD. Therefore, Han Chinese carriers of the -1562T allele may be at an increased risk of CAD.

Pivotal Role of Serum- and Glucocorticoid-Inducible Kinase 1 in Vascular Inflammation and Atherogenesis

Objective—

Atherosclerosis, an inflammatory disease of arterial vessel walls, requires migration and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9–dependent invasion of monocytes/macrophages into the vascular wall. MMP-9 expression is stimulated by transcription factor nuclear factor-κB, which is regulated by inhibitor κB (IκB) and thus IκB kinase. Regulators of nuclear factor-κB include serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1). The present study explored involvement of SGK1 in vascular inflammation and atherogenesis.

Approach and Results—

Gene-targeted apolipoprotein E (ApoE)–deficient mice without ( apoe −/− sgk1 +/+ ) or with ( apoe −/− sgk1 −/− ) additional SGK1 knockout received 16-week cholesterol-rich diet. According to immunohistochemistry atherosclerotic lesions in aorta and carotid artery, vascular CD45 + leukocyte infiltration, Mac-3 + macrophage infiltration, vascular smooth muscle cell content, MMP-2, and MMP-9 positive areas in atherosclerotic tissue were significantly less in apoe −/− sgk1 −/− mice than in apoe −/− sgk1 +/+ mice. As determined by Boyden chamber, thioglycollate-induced peritonitis and air pouch model, migration of SGK1-deficient CD11b + F4/80 + macrophages was significantly diminished in vitro and in vivo. Zymographic MMP-2 and MMP-9 production, MMP-9 activity and invasion through matrigel in vitro were significantly less in sgk1 −/− than in sgk1 +/+ macrophages and in control plasmid–transfected or inactive K127N SGK1-transfected than in constitutively active S422D SGK1-transfected THP-1 cells. Confocal microscopy revealed reduced macrophage number and macrophage MMP-9 content in plaques of apoe −/− sgk1 −/− mice. In THP-1 cells, MMP-inhibitor GM6001 (25 μmol/L) abrogated S422D SGK1-induced MMP-9 production and invasion. According to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, MMP-9 transcript levels were significantly reduced in sgk1 −/− macrophages and strongly upregulated in S422D SGK1-transfected THP-1 cells compared with control plasmid–transfected or K127N SGK1-transfected THP-1 cells. According to immunoblotting and confocal microscopy, phosphorylation of IκB kinase and inhibitor κB and nuclear translocation of p50 were significantly lower in sgk1 −/− macrophages than in sgk1 +/+ macrophages and significantly higher in S422D SGK1-transfected THP-1 cells than in control plasmid–transfected or K127N SGK1-transfected THP-1 cells. Treatment of S422D SGK1-transfected THP-1 cells with IκB kinase-inhibitor BMS-345541 (10 μmol/L) abolished S422D SGK1-induced increase of MMP-9 transcription and gelatinase activity.

Conclusions—

SGK1 plays a pivotal role in vascular inflammation during atherogenesis. SGK1 participates in the regulation of monocyte/macrophage migration and MMP-9 transcription via regulation of nuclear factor-κB.

Association between -1562C>T polymorphism in the promoter region of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis

AIMS

The present study was undertaken to determine the association between -1562C>T polymorphism in the promoter region of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and coronary artery disease (CAD) risk.

METHODS

This meta-analysis was on the basis of 26 studies that included 12,776 cases and 6371 controls, heterogeneity of which was assessed by the Q-statistic test and the I(2)-statistic test. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by sequentially omitting any single study and recalculating the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Funnel plots and Egger's test were performed to test the potential publication bias. All data were analyzed by using STATA version 12.0.

RESULTS

We found that -1562C>T polymorphism did not contribute to the risk of CAD in the overall results. But the stratified analysis by ethnicity indicated that -1562C>T polymorphism might decrease susceptibility to CAD in Asians (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88-1.00; ph=0.956 for CC vs. CT+TT).

CONCLUSIONS

Our meta-analysis supports the fact that -1562C>T polymorphism may have association with CAD risk in Asian populations. But further larger studies are required to confirm our findings.

Matrix metalloproteinases in coronary artery disease

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are a family of zinc-containing endoproteinases that degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) components. MMP have important roles in the development, physiology and pathology of cardiovascular system. Metalloproteases also play key roles in adverse cardiovascular remodeling, atherosclerotic plaque formation and plaque instability, vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and restenosis that lead to coronary artery disease (CAD), and progressive heart failure. The study of MMP in developing animal model cardiovascular systems has been helpful in deciphering numerous pathologic conditions in humans. Increased peripheral blood MMP-2 and MMP-9 in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) may be useful as noninvasive tests for detection of plaque vulnerability. MMP function can be modulated by certain pharmacological drugs that can be exploited for treatment of ACS. CAD is a polygenic disease and hundreds of genes contribute toward its predisposition. A large number of sequence variations in MMP genes have been identified. Case-control association studies have highlighted their potential association with CAD and its clinical manifestations. Although results thus far are inconsistent, meta-analysis has demonstrated that MMP-3 Glu45Lys and MMP-9 1562C/T gene polymorphisms were associated with CAD risk.

Meta-analysis of MMP9-562C/T and the risk of coronary heart disease

INTRODUCTION

Previous case-control studies have suggested that the -1562C/T and R279Q polymorphisms of the matrix metalloproteinase 9 gene (MMP9) are associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). However, other studies do not confirm these relationships. The objective is to assess these relationships using meta-analysis.

METHODS

Databases, including PubMed and ScienceDirect, were searched to access the genetic association studies. Then data were extracted. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Moreover, subgroup and sensitive analysis were performed.

RESULTS

The meta-analysis of the -1562C/T polymorphism included 12 studies with 8,336 cases and 3,984 controls. The -1562T allele was significantly associated with CHD (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.08-1.45, p = 0.004). There was heterogeneity among the 12 studies (I2 = 61%, p = 0.003). The overall results were consistent and were not changed substantially by the removal of any data set. The meta-analysis of the R279Q polymorphism, including 6 studies with 6,983 cases and 3,282 controls, showed that the R279Q polymorphism was not associated with CHD (p = 0.16).

CONCLUSIONS

The synthesis of available evidence supports the fact that the MMP9 -1562C/T polymorphism is a risk factor for CHD.

Genetic polymorphism of MMP family and coronary disease susceptibility: a meta-analysis

The issue that genetic polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family is in association with coronary disease is controversial. So we did a meta-analysis to clarify it clearly. We made a literature search of PubMed, the Web of Science, and Cochrane Collaboration's database to identify eligible reports. The methodological quality of each included studies was assessed. We calculated the pooled ORs with their 95%CI for each genetic polymorphism in STATA 11 software. Separate analysis was performed to address the consistency of results across the subgroup with different continents. A total of 39 studies were included, with a sample of 42269 individuals. This meta-analysis provided evidence that genetic polymorphism of MMP1-1607 1G/2G, MMP3-Gly45lys, MMP3-376 G/C, MMP3-1171 5A/6A, MMP9-1562 C/T and MMP9-R279Q have a small to medium effect on incidence of coronary disease. There was no evidence that MMP1-519 A/G, MMP1-340 T/C and MMP2-1306 C/T polymorphism could increase risk of coronary disease. Results from subgroup analysis supported a relation between MMP3-1711 5A allele, MMP9-1562 C allele and coronary disease especially in Asian population. The results provide moderate association between the six common genetic polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase family and coronary disease. However, the challenge for researcher is identifying separate effect on different races.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms of matrix metallopeptidase 3 and risk of gliomas in a Chinese Han population

Matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs) play an important role in central nervous system tumor growth, invasion and spreading. The currently available data provide clear evidence for the involvement of MMP3 in the pathophysiology of glioma. The study aims to explore the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the MMP3 gene with glioma risk. Three haplotype tagging and additional two promoter SNPs were genotyped among 766 glioma patients and 824 cancer-free controls from East China. None of these polymorphisms alone had a significant effect on risk of gliomas. However, when three promoter polymorphisms were evaluated together by the number of putative risk of genotypes (i.e., rs645419AA, 632478CA+AA, rs522616AA), a statistically significantly increased risk of gliomas was associated with the combined genotypes with two to three risk genotypes, compared with those with zero to one risk genotypes (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.32; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03-1.68). This increased risk was also more pronounced among adults (adjusted OR = 1.14, 95%CI = 1.02-1.27), males (adjusted OR = 1.19, 95%CI = 1.05-1.36), smokers (adjusted OR = 1.28, 95%CI = 1.07-1.52), subjects with no family history of cancer (adjusted OR = 1.21, 95%CI = 1.07-1.37), and patients with nonastrocytic gliomas (adjusted OR = 1.23, 95%CI = 1.06-1.43). In summary, our results suggest that any one of MMP3 variants may not have a substantial effect on glioma risk, but a joint effect of MMP3 promoter polymorphisms may contribute to risk of gliomas, particularly for adult gliomas.

Adaptive genetic variation and heart disease risk

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Obesity, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease are complex and determined by both genetic and environmental factors and their inter-relationships. Many associations from genome-wide association studies and candidate gene approaches have described a multitude of polymorphisms associating with lipid and obesity phenotypes but identified genetic variants account for only a small fraction of phenotypic variation.

RECENT FINDINGS

That many genotype-phenotype associations involve variants under positive selection and that those variants respond to environmental cues together suggest prominent roles for both genetic adaptation and their interactions with the environment. Adaptive genetic variations interacting with environment modulate disease susceptibility but the level to which those variants contribute to dyslipidemia and obesity and how environmental factors, especially diet, alter the genetic association is not yet completely known.

SUMMARY

It is evident that genetic variants under positive selection make important contributions to obesity and heart disease risk. Advances in resequencing the entire human genome will enable accurate identification of adaptive variants. Considering interactions between environmental factors and genotypes will empower both genome-wide association studies and characterization of the relationship between positive selection and the obese and dyslipidemic conditions.