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Arrieta-Bolaños E, Madrigal-Sánchez JJ, Stein JE, Órlich-Pérez P, Moreira-Espinoza MJ, Paredes-Carias E, Vanegas-Padilla Y, Salazar-Sánchez L, Madrigal JA, Marsh SGE, Shaw BE. High-resolution HLA allele and haplotype frequencies in majority and minority populations of Costa Rica and Nicaragua: Differential admixture proportions in neighboring countries. HLA 2019; 91:514-529. [PMID: 29687625 DOI: 10.1111/tan.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The HLA system shows the most extensive polymorphism in the human genome. Allelic and haplotypic frequencies of HLA genes vary dramatically across human populations. Due to a complex history of migration, populations in Latin America show a broad variety of admixture proportions, usually varying not only between countries, but also within countries. Knowledge of HLA allele and haplotype frequencies is essential for medical fields such as transplantation, but also serves as a means to assess genetic diversity and ancestry in human populations. Here, we have determined high-resolution HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DRB1 allele and haplotype frequencies in a sample of 713 healthy subjects from three Mestizo populations, one population of African descent, and Amerindians of five different groups from Costa Rica and Nicaragua and compared their profiles to a large set of indigenous populations from Iberia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Americas. Our results show a great degree of allelic and haplotypic diversity within and across these populations, with most extended haplotypes being private. Mestizo populations show alleles and haplotypes of putative European, Amerindian, and Sub-Saharan African origin, albeit with differential proportions. Despite some degree of gene flow, Amerindians and Afro-descendants show great similarity to other Amerindian and West African populations, respectively. This is the first comprehensive study reporting high-resolution HLA diversity in Central America, and its results will shed light into the genetic history of this region while also supporting the development of medical programs for organ and stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Arrieta-Bolaños
- Institute for Experimental Cellular Therapy, University Hospital, Essen, Germany.,Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.,Centro de Investigaciones en Hematología y Trastornos Afines (CIHATA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | - J E Stein
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - P Órlich-Pérez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Hematología y Trastornos Afines (CIHATA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,División de Banco de Células Madre, Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital San Juan de Dios, San José, Costa Rica
| | - M J Moreira-Espinoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua
| | - E Paredes-Carias
- Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua
| | - Y Vanegas-Padilla
- Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua
| | - L Salazar-Sánchez
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - J A Madrigal
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.,Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - S G E Marsh
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.,Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - B E Shaw
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.,Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
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Arrieta-Bolaños E, Madrigal-Sánchez JJ, Stein JE, Órlich-Pérez P, Arrieta-Molina G, Salazar-Sánchez L, Madrigal JA, Marsh SGE, Shaw BE. 5-Locus high-resolution HLA allele and haplotype frequencies in Costa Ricans from the Central Valley. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:413-414. [PMID: 31128906 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A total of 221 Costa Rican Mestizos from the Central Valley were genotyped at high-resolution for the human leukocyte antigen loci HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, and -DQB1 using sequence-based typing methods. The respective allele and extended haplotype frequencies, as well as Hardy-Weinberg proportions were calculated. The most frequent extended haplotype identified was A*24:02:01-B*40:02:01-C*03:05-DRB1*08:02:01-DQB1*04:02:01, with an estimated frequency of 2.04%. No deviation from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium was detected at any of the loci studied. The HLA genotypic data of the population sample reported here are available publicly in the Allele Frequencies Net Database under the population name "Costa Rica Central Valley Mestizo" and the identifier AFN3606.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Arrieta-Bolaños
- Institute for Experimental Cellular Therapy, University Hospital, Essen, Germany; Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK; Centro de Investigaciones en Hematología y Trastornos Afines (CIHATA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
| | | | - Jeremy E Stein
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Priscilla Órlich-Pérez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Hematología y Trastornos Afines (CIHATA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; División de Banco de Células Madre, Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital San Juan de Dios, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | | | - J Alejandro Madrigal
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Steven G E Marsh
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Bronwen E Shaw
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK; Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
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3
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Glen WB, Peterseim MMW, Badilla R, Znoyko I, Bourg A, Wilson R, Hardiman G, Wolff D, Martinez J. A high prevalence of biallelic RPE65 mutations in Costa Rican children with Leber congenital amaurosis and early-onset retinal dystrophy. Ophthalmic Genet 2019; 40:110-117. [PMID: 30870047 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2019.1582069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and early-onset retinal dystrophy (EORD), are primary causes of inherited childhood blindness. Both are autosomal recessive diseases, with mutations in more than 25 genes explaining approximately ~70% of cases. However, the genetic cause for many cases remains unclear. Sequencing studies from genetically isolated populations with increased prevalence of a disorder has proven useful for rare variant studies, making Costa Rica an ideal place to study LCA/EORD genetics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-eight affected children (25 LCA, three EORD) and their immediate family members, totaling 52 individuals (30 affected) from 22 families, were sequenced. Whole exome sequencing was performed on all affected individuals. Available parents were analyzed either by whole exome sequencing (WES) or Sanger sequencing to determine transmission. RESULTS All affected individuals demonstrated compound heterozygous or homozygous mutations in known Inherited Retinal Disease (IRD) associated genes. Twelve variants were identified in at least one individual in three genes, RDH12, RPE65, and USH2A. Four recurrent RPE65 mutations were observed in 97% of individuals and 95% of families. All patients with LCA and two of the three individuals with EORD had biallelic mutations in RPE65; one child with EORD had a homozygous RDH12 mutation. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the majority of LCA/EORD in Costa Rica is due to four founder mutations in RPE65 which have been maintained in this genetically isolated population. This finding is of great clinical significance due to the availability of gene therapy recently approved in the US and European Union for patients with biallelic RPE65 defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bailey Glen
- a Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Medical University of South Carolina.,b Center for Genomic Medicine , Medical University of South Carolina
| | | | - Ramses Badilla
- d Genetics and Metabolism , National Children's Hospital , San José , Costa Rica.,e Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social
| | - Iya Znoyko
- a Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Andre Bourg
- f Department of Medicine , Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Robert Wilson
- a Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Medical University of South Carolina.,b Center for Genomic Medicine , Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Gary Hardiman
- b Center for Genomic Medicine , Medical University of South Carolina.,f Department of Medicine , Medical University of South Carolina.,g Institute for Global Food Security , Queen's University Belfast
| | - Daynna Wolff
- a Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Joaquin Martinez
- e Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social.,h Division of Ophthalmology , National Children's Hospital , San José , Costa Rica
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4
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Azofeifa J, Ruiz-Narváez EA, Leal A, Gerlovin H, Rosero-Bixby L. Amerindian ancestry and extended longevity in Nicoya, Costa Rica. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 30. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Azofeifa
- Escuela de Biología; Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio; San Pedro 2060 San José Costa Rica
| | - Edward A. Ruiz-Narváez
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, L-7; Boston Massachusetts 02118
- Department of Epidemiology; Boston University School of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts 02118
| | - Alejandro Leal
- Escuela de Biología; Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio; San Pedro 2060 San José Costa Rica
| | - Hanna Gerlovin
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, L-7; Boston Massachusetts 02118
- Department of Biostatistics; Boston University School of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts 02118
| | - Luis Rosero-Bixby
- Emeritus Professor, Escuela de Estadística and Centro Centroamericano de Población; Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio; San Pedro 2060 San José Costa Rica
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Summaries of plenary, symposia, and oral sessions at the XXII World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark, 12-16 October 2014. Psychiatr Genet 2015; 26:1-47. [PMID: 26565519 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The XXII World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics, sponsored by the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 12-16 October 2014. A total of 883 participants gathered to discuss the latest findings in the field. The following report was written by student and postdoctoral attendees. Each was assigned one or more sessions as a rapporteur. This manuscript represents topics covered in most, but not all of the oral presentations during the conference, and contains some of the major notable new findings reported.
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Valerio D, Raventos H, Schmeidler J, Beeri MS, Villalobos LM, Bolaños P, Carrión-Baralt JR, Fornaguera J, Silverman JM. Association of apolipoprotein E-e4 and dementia declines with age. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 22:957-60. [PMID: 24731780 PMCID: PMC4163532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the association of dementia with apolipoprotein E-e4 (APOE-e4) and its interaction with age in a nonagenarian Costa Rican group (N-sample) and a general elderly contrast group (GE-sample). METHODS In both case-control studies, participants were cognitively intact or diagnosed with dementia. The N-sample (N = 112) was at least age 90 years; the GE-sample (N = 98) was at least age 65 years. RESULTS Dementia and APOE-e4 were not significantly associated in the N-sample, but were in the GE-sample. There was a significant interaction of age with APOE-e4 in the N-sample, but not in the GE-sample. Descriptively dividing the N-sample at the median (age 93 years) showed a group interaction: APOE-e4 was more associated with dementia in the younger N-sample than in the older N-sample, where six of seven APOE-e4 carriers were cognitively intact. CONCLUSIONS The results support the reduction in association of APOE-e4 with dementia in extreme old age, consistent with a survivor effect model for successful cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Valerio
- Hospital Nacional de Geriatría y Gerontología de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica,School of Medicine, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, CR
| | - Henriette Raventos
- Centro de Investigación en Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, CR,Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, CR
| | - James Schmeidler
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michal S. Beeri
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lara Mora Villalobos
- Centro de Investigación en Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, CR
| | | | - José R. Carrión-Baralt
- Gerontology Program, Department of Human Development, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | - Jaime Fornaguera
- Centro de Investigación en Neurociencias, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, CR
| | - Jeremy M. Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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Carmiol N, Peralta JM, Almasy L, Contreras J, Pacheco A, Escamilla MA, Knowles EEM, Raventós H, Glahn DC. Shared genetic factors influence risk for bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorders. Eur Psychiatry 2013; 29:282-7. [PMID: 24321773 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorder (AUD) have a high rate of comorbidity, more than 50% of individuals with bipolar disorder also receive a diagnosis of AUD in their lifetimes. Although both disorders are heritable, it is unclear if the same genetic factors mediate risk for bipolar disorder and AUD. We examined 733 Costa Rican individuals from 61 bipolar pedigrees. Based on a best estimate process, 32% of the sample met criteria for bipolar disorder, 17% had a lifetime AUD diagnosis, 32% met criteria for lifetime nicotine dependence, and 21% had an anxiety disorder. AUD, nicotine dependence and anxiety disorders were relatively more common among individuals with bipolar disorder than in their non-bipolar relatives. All illnesses were shown to be heritable and bipolar disorder was genetically correlated with AUD, nicotine dependence and anxiety disorders. The genetic correlation between bipolar and AUD remained when controlling for anxiety, suggesting that unique genetic factors influence the risk for comorbid bipolar and AUD independent of anxiety. Our findings provide evidence for shared genetic effects on bipolar disorder and AUD risk. Demonstrating that common genetic factors influence these independent diagnostic constructs could help to refine our diagnostic nosology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Carmiol
- Centro de Investigación en Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - J M Peralta
- Centro de Investigación en Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - L Almasy
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J Contreras
- Centro de Investigación en Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - A Pacheco
- Centro de Investigación en Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - M A Escamilla
- Center of Excellence for Neurosciences, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - E E M Knowles
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - H Raventós
- Centro de Investigación en Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - D C Glahn
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Campos-Sánchez R, Raventós H, Barrantes R. Ancestry Informative Markers Clarify the Regional Admixture Variation in the Costa Rican Population. Hum Biol 2013; 85:721-40. [DOI: 10.3378/027.085.0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Melton PE, Baldi NF, Barrantes R, Crawford MH. Microevolution, migration, and the population structure of five Amerindian populations from Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Am J Hum Biol 2013; 25:480-90. [PMID: 23559443 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research examines the coevolution of languages and uniparental genetic marker (mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA] and nonrecombining Y-chromosome [NRY]) variation within five Lower Central American (Rama, Chorotega, Maléku, Zapatón-Huetar, and Abrojo-Guaymí) Amerindian groups. This pattern occurred since European contact. METHODS We examined mtDNA sequence variation from the hypervariable region 1 (HVS-1) and NRY genetic variation using short tandem repeat (STR) loci (DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, and DYS439) and NRY haplogroups (Q1a3a, Q1a3*, C3b, R1b1b2, E1b1, G2a2, and I) identified through single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Phylogenetic analysis included multidimensional scaling (MDS), heterozygosity versus rii , and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). RESULTS Eighteen mtDNA haplotypes were characterized in 131 participants with 94.6% of these assigned to the Amerindian mtDNA subclades, A2 and B2. The Amerindian NRY haplogroup, Q1a3a, was present in all five groups and ranged from 85% (Zapatón-Huetar) to 35% (Chorotega). Four populations (Rama, Chorotega, Zapatón-Huetar, and Abrojo-Guaymí) were also characterized by the presence of NRY haplogroup R1b1b2 indicative of western European admixture. Seventy NRY STR haplotypes were identified of which 69 (97%) were population specific. MDS plots demonstrated genetic similarities between Mesoamericans and northern Chibchan Amerindian populations, absent in mtDNA analyses, which is further supported by heterozygosity versus rii results. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that although these linguistically related populations in geographic proximity demonstrate a high degree of paternal genetic differentiation, recent demographic events have dramatically altered the paternal genetic structure of the regions Amerindian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip E Melton
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
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10
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Josse AR, Da Costa LA, Campos H, El-Sohemy A. Associations between polymorphisms in the AHR and CYP1A1-CYP1A2 gene regions and habitual caffeine consumption. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:665-71. [PMID: 22854411 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.038794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) from populations of European descent identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1A2 (CYP1A1-CYP1A2) genes that are associated with habitual caffeine and coffee consumption. OBJECTIVE We examined whether these SNPs (AHR: rs6968865 and rs4410790; CYP1A1-CYP1A2: rs2472297 and rs2470893) and 6 additional tag SNPs in the AHR gene were associated with habitual caffeine consumption in a Costa Rican population. DESIGN Subjects were from a case-control study of gene-diet interactions and myocardial infarction. Subjects with hypertension or missing information on smoking, caffeine intake, or genotype were excluded. Subjects were genotyped by using polymerase chain reaction with mass spectrometry-based detection, and caffeine intake was assessed by using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. RESULTS Compared with subjects who consumed <100 mg caffeine/d, subjects who consumed >400 mg caffeine/d were more likely to be carriers of the T, C, or T allele for rs6968865, rs4410790, and rs2472297, respectively. The corresponding ORs and 95% CIs were 1.41 (1.03, 1.93), 1.41 (1.04, 1.92), and 1.55 (1.01, 2.36). Multivariate-adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for rs6968865 were 1.44 (1.03, 2.00) for all subjects, 1.75 (1.16, 2.65) for nonsmokers, 1.15 (0.58, 2.30) for current smokers, 2.42 (1.45, 4.04) for subjects >57 y old, and 1.00 (0.65, 1.56) for subjects ≤57 y old. A similar effect modification was observed for rs4410790 but not for rs2472297. CONCLUSION Our findings show that previous associations between SNPs in AHR and CYP1A1-CYP1A2 and caffeine and coffee consumption from GWASs in European populations are also observed in an ethnically distinct Costa Rican population, but age and smoking are important effect modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Josse
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Abstract
A less favorable cardiovascular risk factor profile but paradoxically lower cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have been observed in Hispanics--a pattern often referred to as the Hispanic paradox. It has been proposed that the specific genetic susceptibility of this admixed population and gene-environment interactions may partly explain the paradox. During the past few years, there have been major advances in the identification of genetic risk factors using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for cardiovascular disease, especially in Caucasians. However, no GWAS of cardiovascular disease have been reported in Hispanics. In the Costa Rican Heart Study, we reported both the consistency and disparity of genetic effects on risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) between Hispanics and other ethnic groups. We demonstrated that the improvement in the identified genetic markers on discrimination of CHD in Hispanics was modest. Future genetic research on Hispanics should consider the diversity in genetic structure, lifestyle, and socioeconomics among various subpopulations and comprehensively evaluate potential gene-environment interactions in relation to cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Greenwood TA, Beeri MS, Schmeidler J, Valerio D, Raventós H, Mora-Villalobos L, Camacho K, Carrión-Baralt JR, Angelo G, Almasy L, Sano M, Silverman JM. Heritability of cognitive functions in families of successful cognitive aging probands from the Central Valley of Costa Rica. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 27:897-907. [PMID: 21908911 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-110782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We sought to identify cognitive phenotypes for family/genetic studies of successful cognitive aging (SCA; maintaining intact cognitive functioning while living to late old age). We administered a battery of neuropsychological tests to nondemented nonagenarians (n = 65; mean age = 93.4 ± 3.0) and their offspring (n = 188; mean age = 66.4 ± 5.0) from the Central Valley of Costa Rica. After covarying for age, gender, and years of education, as necessary, heritability was calculated for cognitive functions at three pre-defined levels of complexity: specific neuropsychological functions (e.g., delayed recall, sequencing), three higher level cognitive domains (memory, executive functions, attention), and an overall neuropsychological summary. The highest heritability was for delayed recall (h² = 0.74, se = 0.14, p < 0.0001) but significant heritabilities involving memory were also observed for immediate recall (h² = 0.50), memory as a cognitive domain (h² = 0.53), and the overall neuropsychological summary (h² = 0.42). Heritabilities for sequencing (h² = 0.42), fluency (h² = 0.39), abstraction (h² = 0.36), and the executive functions cognitive domain (h² = 0.35) were also significant. In contrast, the attention domain and memory recognition were not significantly heritable in these families. Among the heritable specific cognitive functions, a strong pleiotropic effect (i.e., evidence that these may be influenced by the same gene or set of genes) for delayed and immediate recall was identified (bivariate statistic = 0.934, p < 0.0001) and more modest but significant effects were found for four additional bivariate relationships. The results support the heritability of good cognitive function in old age and the utilization of several levels of phenotypes, and they suggest that several measures involving memory may be especially useful for family/genetic studies of SCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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