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Harris KA, Clark JD, Elmore RD, Harper CA. Spatial Ecology and Resource Selection of Eastern Box Turtles. J Wildl Manage 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie A. Harris
- University of Tennessee, Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries 2431 Joe Johnson Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Joseph D. Clark
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Southern Appalachian Research Branch, University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - R. Dwayne Elmore
- Oklahoma State University, Natural Resource Ecology and Management 008 C Agricultural Hall Stillwater OK 74078 USA
| | - Craig A. Harper
- University of Tennessee, Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries 2431 Joe Johnson Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
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Kong W, Xia H, Zhang Y. Minimum sampling area for the monitoring of herb diversity in riparian zone of temperate rivers, China. Ecol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-016-1363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Felipe-Lucia MR, Martín-López B, Lavorel S, Berraquero-Díaz L, Escalera-Reyes J, Comín FA. Ecosystem Services Flows: Why Stakeholders' Power Relationships Matter. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26201000 PMCID: PMC4511803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecosystem services framework has enabled the broader public to acknowledge the benefits nature provides to different stakeholders. However, not all stakeholders benefit equally from these services. Rather, power relationships are a key factor influencing the access of individuals or groups to ecosystem services. In this paper, we propose an adaptation of the “cascade” framework for ecosystem services to integrate the analysis of ecological interactions among ecosystem services and stakeholders’ interactions, reflecting power relationships that mediate ecosystem services flows. We illustrate its application using the floodplain of the River Piedra (Spain) as a case study. First, we used structural equation modelling (SEM) to model the dependence relationships among ecosystem services. Second, we performed semi-structured interviews to identify formal power relationships among stakeholders. Third, we depicted ecosystem services according to stakeholders’ ability to use, manage or impair ecosystem services in order to expose how power relationships mediate access to ecosystem services. Our results revealed that the strongest power was held by those stakeholders who managed (although did not use) those keystone ecosystem properties and services that determine the provision of other services (i.e., intermediate regulating and final services). In contrast, non-empowered stakeholders were only able to access the remaining non-excludable and non-rival ecosystem services (i.e., some of the cultural services, freshwater supply, water quality, and biological control). In addition, land stewardship, access rights, and governance appeared as critical factors determining the status of ecosystem services. Finally, we stress the need to analyse the role of stakeholders and their relationships to foster equal access to ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- María R. Felipe-Lucia
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología-CSIC, Av. Nuestra Señora de la Victoria, s/n, 22700 Jaca, Huesca, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Berta Martín-López
- Social-Ecological Systems Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Edificio de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Lavorel
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, BP 53, 38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Luis Berraquero-Díaz
- Social and Participatory Action Research Group (GISAP), Department of Social Anthropology, Basic Psychology, and Public Health, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera Utrera, km. 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Escalera-Reyes
- Social and Participatory Action Research Group (GISAP), Department of Social Anthropology, Basic Psychology, and Public Health, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera Utrera, km. 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco A. Comín
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología-CSIC, Av. Montañana 1005, 50192, Zaragoza, Spain
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Si X, Kays R, Ding P. How long is enough to detect terrestrial animals? Estimating the minimum trapping effort on camera traps. PeerJ 2014; 2:e374. [PMID: 24868493 PMCID: PMC4017883 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Camera traps is an important wildlife inventory tool for estimating species diversity at a site. Knowing what minimum trapping effort is needed to detect target species is also important to designing efficient studies, considering both the number of camera locations, and survey length. Here, we take advantage of a two-year camera trapping dataset from a small (24-ha) study plot in Gutianshan National Nature Reserve, eastern China to estimate the minimum trapping effort actually needed to sample the wildlife community. We also evaluated the relative value of adding new camera sites or running cameras for a longer period at one site. The full dataset includes 1727 independent photographs captured during 13,824 camera days, documenting 10 resident terrestrial species of birds and mammals. Our rarefaction analysis shows that a minimum of 931 camera days would be needed to detect the resident species sufficiently in the plot, and c. 8700 camera days to detect all 10 resident species. In terms of detecting a diversity of species, the optimal sampling period for one camera site was c. 40, or long enough to record about 20 independent photographs. Our analysis of evaluating the increasing number of additional camera sites shows that rotating cameras to new sites would be more efficient for measuring species richness than leaving cameras at fewer sites for a longer period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfeng Si
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Roland Kays
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences & NC State University , Raleigh, NC , USA
| | - Ping Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China
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Abstract
SynopsisIn SW Asia 260 species of Centaurea in 38 sections are recognised. Species numbers are highest in S and E Turkey and adjacent Iran and Iraq. East Iran and Afghanistan are poor in species. The number of sections is largest in NE Turkey (and adjacent Transcaucasia). Two hundred and one species are restricted to the area under study; the greatest number of narrow endemics is found in S and E Turkey. The subgenera and sections show quite different patterns of distribution and centres of diversity. The data presented point to E Anatolia and adjacent areas as the foremost centre of evolution for the genus and make probable a relatively recent speciation; an important secondary centre is S Turkey (and of course several other Mediterranean countries too). Some notes are added on the morphological variation in the genus and possible factors influencing its evolution.
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Whittaker RH. Dominance and Diversity in Land Plant Communities: Numerical relations of species express the importance of competition in community function and evolution. Science 2010; 147:250-60. [PMID: 17788203 DOI: 10.1126/science.147.3655.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Most plant communities consist of several or many species which compete for light, water, and nutrients. Species in a given community may be ranked by their relative success in competition; productivity seems to be the best measure of their success or importance in the community. Curves of decreasing productivity connect the few most important species (the dominants) with a larger number of species of intermediate importance (whose number primarily determines the community's diversity or richness in species) and a smaller number of rare species. These curves are of varied forms and are believed to express different patterns of competition and niche differentiation in communities. It is probably true of plants, as of animals, that no two species in a stable community occupy the same niche. Evolution of niche differentiation makes possible the occurrence together of many plant species which are partial, rather than direct, competitors. Species tend to evolve also toward habitat differentiation, toward scattering of their centers of maximum population density in relation to environmental gradients, so that few species are competing with one another in their population centers. Evolution of both niche and habitat differentiation permits many species to exist together in communities as partial competitors, with distributions broadly and continuously overlapping, forming the landscape's many intergrading communities.
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HOLLOWAY JD, JARDINE N. Two approaches to zoogeography: a study based on the distributions of butterflies, birds and bats in the Indo-Australian area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1968.tb00975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sampling design and the shape of species–area curves on the regional scale. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lennon JJ, Koleff P, GreenwooD JJD, Gaston KJ. The geographical structure of British bird distributions: diversity, spatial turnover and scale. J Anim Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.0021-8790.2001.00563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
The relationship between the number of species and the area sampled is one of the oldest and best-documented patterns in community ecology. Several theoretical models and field data from a wide range of plant and animal taxa suggest that the slope, z, of a graph of the logarithm of species richness against the logarithm of area is roughly constant, with z approximately 0.25. We collected replicated and randomized plant data at 11 spatial scales from 0.01 to 10(8) square meters in Great Britain which show that the slope of the log-log plot is not constant, but varies systematically with spatial scale, and from habitat to habitat at the same spatial scale. Values of z were low (0.1 to 0.2) at small scales (<100 square meters), high (0.4 to 0.5) at intermediate scales (1 hectare to 10 square kilometers), and low again (0.1 to 0.2) for the largest scale transitions (e.g., East Berks to all of Berkshire). Instead of one process determining changes in species richness across a wide range of scales, different processes might determine plant biodiversity at different spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Crawley
- Department of Biology, Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK.
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Huber-Sannwald E, Jackson RB. Heterogeneous Soil-Resource Distribution and Plant Responses — from Individual-Plant Growth to Ecosystem Functioning. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56849-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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McIntosh RP. Concept and Terminology of Homogeneity and Heterogeneity in Ecology. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3062-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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The species-area relation for archipelago biotas: Islands as samples from a species pool. POPUL ECOL 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02515600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kayar SR, Banchero N. Distribution of capillaries and diffusion distances in guinea pig myocardium. Pflugers Arch 1983; 396:350-2. [PMID: 6844140 DOI: 10.1007/bf01063941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A frequency distribution of distances from random points to the nearest capillary was generated from high-magnification photomicrographs of thin sections of the myocardium of seven guinea pigs. Individual mean capillary densities taken from regions viewed in transverse section ranged from approximately 1800 to 2500 capillaries/mm2. Mean (R) and maximal (R95) diffusion distances measured by the closest individual method ranged from R = 6.6 to 8.7 microns and R95 = 11 to 18 microns. Further mathematical analysis of the frequency distributions of diffusion distances indicated that the capillaries of the myocardium are distributed in an ordered array.
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Kayar SR, Archer PG, Lechner AJ, Banchero N. The closest-individual method in the analysis of the distribution of capillaries. Microvasc Res 1982; 24:326-41. [PMID: 7154987 DOI: 10.1016/0026-2862(82)90020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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HUBÁLEK ZDENEK. COEFFICIENTS OF ASSOCIATION AND SIMILARITY, BASED ON BINARY (PRESENCE-ABSENCE) DATA: AN EVALUATION. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1982.tb00376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kayar SR, Lechner AJ, Banchero N. The distribution of diffusion distances in the gastrocnemius muscle of various mammals during maturation. Pflugers Arch 1982; 394:124-9. [PMID: 7122218 DOI: 10.1007/bf00582913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Large changes in fiber size, capillary density and capillary/fiber architecture occur during maturation of mammalian skeletal muscle. To examine the effect of these changes on oxygen diffusion distance, the mean (R) and maximal (R95) distances from the capillary to the tissue were measured in the gastrocnemius of maturing guinea pigs, rats and dogs. Hyperbolic relationships between capillary density and R and between capillary density and R95 were found for the combined data from these three species. The R and R95 increased with decreasing CD in growing guinea pigs and rats, but they remained constant in dogs. Statistical analyses showed that the capillaries in this muscle in all three species tended to be distributed in ordered arrays. These anatomical measurements are discussed in relation to their potential physiological impact on oxygen delivery to tissues.
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Hawkins S, Hartnoll R. A study of the small-scale relationship between species number and area on a rocky shore. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-3524(80)80058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Goodall DW, West NE. A comparison of techniques for assessing dispersion patterns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00052010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ludwig JA, Goodall DW. A comparison of paired- with blocked-quadrat variance methods for the analysis of spatial pattern. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00141298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Foin TC, Jain SK. Ecosystems Analysis and Population Biology: Lessons for the Development of Community Ecology. Bioscience 1977. [DOI: 10.2307/1297813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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DISTANGLE: A FORTRAN program to analyze and simulate spacing behavior of animals. Behav Res Methods 1977. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03202261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Nixon DE. Dynamics of Spatial Pattern for the Gastrotrich Tetranchyroderma bunti in the Surface Sand of High Energy Beaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1002/iroh.19760610208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Forman RTT, Galli AE, Leck CF. Forest size and avian diversity in New Jersey woodlots with some land use implications. Oecologia 1976; 26:1-8. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00345649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/1976] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kobayashi S. The species-area relation II. A second model for continuous sampling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02511066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
It is the quantitative study of the central nervous system to enumerate neurone populations. Since neurones are generally arranged in non-random patterns the conventional method of counting with a square lattice graticule in the ocular of the microscope is severely restricted. Appropriately tailored methods of (a) counting, or (b) estimating the density of a neurone population must therefore be used. Four types of neuronal distribution pattern are discussed and morphometric methods adapted to them are presented, as follows: (1) Where the whole population is circumscribed, as in the anterior horn motor neurones of the cord, direct counting is feasible. Only those cells whose nucleoli are visible should be included; this diminishes the bias in favour of large cells, and if one corrects for the fact that larger neurones have larger nucleoli the bias can be eliminated completely. (2) Where neurones are situated on an "interface", as Purkinje cells are, the length of its profile (in this instance the boundary between the molecular and granular zones) is estimated by superimposing parallel lines on the microscopical image and counting intersections as these lines cross the interface. The number of Purkinje cells in each particular field is counted at the same time. A "linear dinsity" (PL) is then calculated from the formula pl = 2n/pid where n is the quotient of (a) the number of cells counted along (b) an estimated length of profile, and d is the distance between the parallel lines of the graticule. For comparative studies between cerebella of different sizes a correction factor is easily introduced. Those who prefer to work on photomicrographs can use a mapping wheel to measure a length of profile and then proceed as before. (3) Where neurones are organised in a curving band, as in the dentate nucleus, another form of cell density can be established. The microscope is focused on a neurone at random, and the distance from this cell to its nearest neighbour is measured, preferably by means of a screw-micrometer eyepiece. The mean value r of a number of such measurements is substituted in a formula which gives the "areal density" of the neurone population: pa = 1/4r2. This method can be applied to photomicrographs by using a pair of dividers and/or an accurate rule to measure the set of r values. (4) In large collections of neurones, e.g., in the thalamus, three methods are available: (a) the nearest neighbour method; (b) a conventional squared graticule count, and (c) a count of cells intersected by a line probe as in Haug's (1972) technique (fig. 5), or a modified form of Strong's (1966) transect method.
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Goodall DW. A new method for the analysis of spatial pattern by random pairing of quadrats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02389719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Werger MJA. The place of the Zürich-Montpellier method in vegetation science. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02851406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shaukat SS, Qadir SA. Multivariate analysis of the vegetation of calcarious hills around Karachi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02350623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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MORGAN WB, MOSS RP. GEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY: THE CONCEPT OF THE COMMUNITY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ENVIRONMENT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1965. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1965.tb00522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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The Use of Statistics in Phytosociology. ADV ECOL RES 1964. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Goodman LA, Kruskal WH. Measures of Association for Cross Classifications. II: Further Discussion and References. J Am Stat Assoc 1959. [DOI: 10.1080/01621459.1959.10501503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Iversen J. Über die Korrelationen zwischen den Pflanzenarten in einem grönländischen talgebiet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1954. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00299578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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