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De Luca LA, Laurin M, Menani JV. Control of fluid intake in dehydrated rats and evolution of sodium appetite. Physiol Behav 2024; 284:114642. [PMID: 39032667 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the present work is to examine from a new perspective the existence of causal factors not predicted by the classical theory that thirst and sodium appetite are two distinct motivations. For example, we ask why water deprivation induces sodium appetite, thirst is not "water appetite", and intracellular dehydration potentially causes sodium appetite. Contrary to the classical theory, we suggest that thirst first, and sodium appetite second, designate a temporal sequence underlying the same motivation. The single motivation becomes an "intervenient variable" a concept borrowed from the literature, fully explained in the text, between causes of dehydration (extracellular, intracellular, or both together), and respective behavioral responses subserved by hindbrain-dependent inhibition (e.g., lateral parabrachial nucleus) and forebrain facilitation (e.g., angiotensin II). A corollary is homology between rat sodium appetite and marine teleost thirst-like motivation that we name "protodipsia". The homology argument rests on similarities between behavior (salty water intake) and respective neuroanatomical as well as functional mechanisms. Tetrapod origin in a marine environment provides additional support for the homology. The single motivation hypothesis is also consistent with ingestive behaviors in nature given similarities (e.g., thirst producing brackish water intake) between the behavior of the laboratory rat and wild animals, rodents included. The hypotheses of single motivation and homology might explain why hyperosmotic rats, or eventually any other hyperosmotic tetrapod, shows paradoxical signs of sodium appetite. They might also explain how ingestive behaviors determined by dehydration and subserved by hindbrain inhibitory mechanisms contributed to tetrapod transition from sea to land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurival A De Luca
- Department of Physiology & Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14801-903 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Michel Laurin
- CR2P, UMR 7207, CNRS/MNHN/SU, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bâtiment de Géologie, CP 48, F-75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - José Vanderlei Menani
- Department of Physiology & Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14801-903 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Tseng YC, Yan JJ, Furukawa F, Hwang PP. Did Acidic Stress Resistance in Vertebrates Evolve as Na + /H + Exchanger-Mediated Ammonia Excretion in Fish? Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900161. [PMID: 32163625 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
How vertebrates evolved different traits for acid excretion to maintain body fluid pH homeostasis is largely unknown. The evolution of Na+ /H+ exchanger (NHE)-mediated NH4 + excretion in fishes is reported, and the coevolution with increased ammoniagenesis and accompanying gluconeogenesis is speculated to benefit vertebrates in terms of both internal homeostasis and energy metabolism response to acidic stress. The findings provide new insights into our understanding of the possible adaptation of fishes to progressing global environmental acidification. In human kidney, titratable H+ and NH4 + comprise the two main components of net acid excretion. V-type H+ -ATPase-mediated H+ excretion may have developed in stenohaline lampreys when they initially invaded freshwater from marine habitats, but this trait is lost in most fishes. Instead, increased reliance on NHE-mediated NH4 + excretion is gradually developed and intensified during fish evolution. Further investigations on more species will be needed to support the hypothesis. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/vZuObtfm-34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Che Tseng
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Jiun Yan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Fumiya Furukawa
- Kitasato University, School of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo, 2520373, Japan
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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Edwards SL, Arnold J, Blair SD, Pray M, Bradley R, Erikson O, Walsh PJ. Ammonia excretion in the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) and responses of an Rhc glycoprotein. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R769-78. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00355.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hagfishes, the most ancient of the extant craniates, demonstrate a high tolerance for a number of unfavorable environmental conditions, including elevated ammonia. Proposed mechanisms of ammonia excretion in aquatic organisms include vesicular NH4+ transport and release by exocytosis in marine crabs, and passive NH3 diffusion, active NH4+ transport, and paracellular leakage of NH3 or NH4+ across the gills of fishes. Recently, an emerging paradigm suggests that Rhesus glycoproteins play a vital role in ammonia transport in both aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates. This study has identified an Rh glycoprotein ortholog from the gills of Atlantic hagfish. The hagfish Rhcg shares a 56–60% amino acid identity to other vertebrate Rhcg cDNAs. Sequence information was used to produce an anti-hagfish Rhcg (hRhcg) antibody. We have used hRhcg to localize protein expression to epithelial cells of the gill and the skin. In addition, we have quantified hRhcg expression following exposure to elevated plasma ammonia levels. Animals exposed to a 3 mmol/kg NH4Cl load resulted in significantly elevated plasma ammonia concentrations compared with controls for up to 4 h postinjection. This correlated with net ammonia excretion rates that were also significantly elevated for up to 4 h postinjection. Rhcg mRNA expression in both the gill and skin was significantly elevated by 15 min and 1 h, respectively, and hRhcg protein expression in gills was significantly elevated at 2, 4, and 8 h postinjection. These results demonstrate a potential role for Rhcg in the excretion of ammonia in the Atlantic hagfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Edwards
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine; and
| | - Justin Arnold
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine; and
| | - Salvatore D. Blair
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine; and
| | - Margaret Pray
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine; and
| | - Rachel Bradley
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine; and
| | - Olivia Erikson
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine; and
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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BLOOM DD, LOVEJOY NR. Molecular phylogenetics reveals a pattern of biome conservatism in New World anchovies (family Engraulidae). J Evol Biol 2012; 25:701-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Robertson JD. Chemical composition of the body fluids andmuscle of the hagfish Myxine glutinosa and the rabbit-fish Chimaera monstrosa. J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb06012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Whitear
- a Department of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy , University College , London
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Bartels H, Potter IC. Cellular composition and ultrastructure of the gill epithelium of larval and adult lampreys. J Exp Biol 2004; 207:3447-62. [PMID: 15339941 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYLampreys, one of the only two surviving groups of agnathan (jawless)vertebrates, contain several anadromous species that, during their life cycle,thus migrate from fresh to seawater and back to freshwater. Lampreys have independently evolved the same overall osmoregulatory mechanisms as the gnathostomatous (jawed) and distantly related teleost fishes. Lamprey gills thus likewise play a central role in taking up and secreting monovalent ions. However, the ultrastructural characteristics and distribution of their epithelial cell types [ammocoete mitochondria-rich (MR) cell, intercalated MR cell, chloride cell and pavement cell] differ in several respects from those of teleosts. The ultrastructural characteristics of these cells are distinctive and closely resemble those of certain ion-transporting epithelia in other vertebrates, for which the function has been determined. The data on each cell type, together with the stage in the life cycle at which it is found, i.e. whether in fresh or seawater, enable the following proposals to be made regarding the ways in which lampreys use their gill epithelial cells for osmoregulating in hypo- and hypertonic environments. In freshwater, the intercalated MR cell takes up Cl– and secretes H+,thereby facilitating the uptake of Na+ through pavement cells. In seawater, the chloride cell uses a secondarily active transcellular transport of Cl– to provide the driving force for the passive movement of Na+ through leaky paracellular pathways between these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Bartels
- Anatomische Anstalt, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336 München, Germany.
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Edwards SL, Claiborne JB, Morrison-Shetlar AI, Toop T. Expression of Na(+) / H(+) exchanger mRNA in the gills of the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) in response to metabolic acidosis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2001; 130:81-91. [PMID: 11672685 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sodium/proton exchangers (NHE) are transmembrane proteins that facilitate the exchange of a Na(+) ion for a H(+) ion across cellular membranes. The NHE are present in the gills of fishes and are believed to function in acid-base regulation by driving the extrusion of protons across the branchial epithelium in exchange for Na(+) in the water. In this study, we have used reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect the presence of a branchial NHE in the gills of the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa. The subsequent partial cDNA sequence shares homology with other vertebrate and invertebrate NHE isoforms. In addition, using semi-quantitative, multiplex RT-PCR we demonstrate that mRNA expression of hagfish gill NHE is upregulated following an induced metabolic acidosis. Expression was increased to 4.4 times basal levels at 2-h post-infusion and had decreased to 1.6 times basal by 6 h. Expression had returned to basal levels by 24-h post-infusion. The inference from this study is that a gill NHE which is potentially important in acid-base regulation has been present in the vertebrate lineage since before the divergence of the hagfishes from the main vertebrate line.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Edwards
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA.
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Kirschner LB. Extrarenal Mechanisms in Hydromineral and Acid‐Base Regulation in Aquatic Vertebrates. Compr Physiol 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp130109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
The origin and early evolution of the vertebrates took place in exclusively marine conditions. From the Middle Cambrian chordate
Pikia
through the Upper Cambrian, Ordovician and early Silurian records, there is little evidence of non-marine vertebrate faunas. With the progressive closing of the Iapetus Ocean, there developed from Wenlock times possible brackish vertebrate faunas, dominated by thelodonts, anaspids and cephalaspids, suggesting the formation of a Palaeozoic equivalent of the Tertiary Sarmatic Sea, also noted for the evolution of endemic brackish and fresh water faunas. The end of Silurian (Přídolían) times was marked by the suturing of the Old Red Sandstone continent and the establishment of the vertebrates, thelodonts, heterostracans and cephalaspids in fluvial regimes. The amphiaspid heterostracans colonized non-marine habitats during Lochkovian or Pragian times near the northwestern margins of Angaraland. A separate invasion of fresh waters was accomplished during Wenlock or Ludlovian times by the galeaspids, a group of cephalaspidomorphs, known only from South China. The colonization of fresh waters marked perhaps one of the most important advances in the evolution of the physiology of the vertebrates. The jawless vertebrates, microphagous detrital feeders, heralded the invasion of predators, the benthonic placoderms and nectonic acanthodian fishes.
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Griffith RW. Freshwater or marine origin of the vertebrates? COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1987; 87:523-31. [PMID: 2887336 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(87)90355-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
1. Paleontological data indicate that the earliest recognizable vertebrate remains, bone fragments of Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician heterostracan fishes, were deposited in a marine situation. 2. Since these earliest fossils are sporadic in occurrence, from atypical marine deposits and since they only represent the full grown adult stage, the possibility of a freshwater developmental stage or estuarine habitat cannot be excluded. 3. The hagfishes, supposedly the most primitive of living vertebrates, are exclusively marine and possess an osmoregulatory strategy (monovalent ion levels nearly identical with sea-water with little capability of regulation) that is consonant with a strictly marine evolutionary history. Possibly, but less parsimoniously, this strategy and habitat could be secondarily derived. 4. The hagfish has a glomerular kidney, renal sodium reabsorption and branchial pumps for the uptake of sodium and chloride which are indicative, but not unequivocally diagnostic, of a freshwater ancestry. 5. A scenario in which the earliest vertebrate was anadromous, breeding in fresh water and migrating to the sea, is consistent with the paleontological data and with the physiology and life history of living 'primitive' fishes. It also leads to more coherent explanations for the origin of bone and for the evolution of vertebrate special senses than do alternative marine scenarios.
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Wind J. Human drowning: Phylogenetic origin. J Hum Evol 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0047-2484(76)90040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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MAETZ J, PAYAN P, DE RENZIS G. CONTROVERSIAL ASPECTS OF IONIC UPTAKE IN FRESHWATER ANIMALS. ZOOLOGY 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-018767-9.50012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dobbs GH, DeVries AL. The aglomerular nephron of antarctic teleosts: a light and electron microscopic study. Tissue Cell 1975; 7:159-70. [PMID: 123367 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(75)80013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Complete serial sections demonstrated that ten species of Antarctic teleost fishes representing two families had aglomerular kidneys. The aglomerular nephron of such kidneys consists of two distinct regions: (1) a highly contorted principal segment and (2) a system of collecting tubules and ducts. Throughout the principal segment the cells are characterized by densely packed microbilli and a single cilium projecting into the lumen. Within the cytoplasm, lysosomes are rarely encountered, as would be expected if there is little or no reabsorption of protein from the urine. At the base of these cells, the plasma membrane is prominently infolded in close association with abundant mitochondria. The overall fine structure of the principal segment cells is consistent with their probable function in the secretion of ions into the formative urine. Between the principal segment and the collecting tubule is a very short transitional zone characterized by transitional mucus cells and multiciliated cells. The collecting tubule and duct system is lined entirely by mucus cells. In comparison with principal segment cells, the mucus cells have a well-developed Golgi complex and abundant secretory granules in the apical cytoplasm; these granules presumably contain the non-sulfated acid mucopolysaccharide demonstrable by light microscopic histochemistry.
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Heath-Eves MJ, McMillan DB. The morphology of the kidney of the atlantic hagfish,Myxine glutinosa (L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001390303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cohen J. The comparative physiology of gamete populations. ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 4:267-380. [PMID: 4332873 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-011504-4.50011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Rudy PP, Wagner RC. Water permeability in the pacific hagfish Polistotrema stouti and the staghorn sculpin Leptocottus armatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(70)90180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
We have come to the end of our story-a long one, covering some half a billion years, it appears. A modern man or other higher vertebrate has traveled far from the simply built insensate type of creature seen in his ultimate metazoan ancestor among the pterobranchs. The course of this evolutionary progression is far from direct and simple, as some might believe to be the case; it is a trail with many twists and turns. Nor is there the slightest reason to attempt a teleological interpretation; there is no trace of design and direction toward an obvious goal. Quite in contrast, it seems clear in many stages of the series that the changes which have taken place are immediately beneficial ones, strongly subject to selection. Obvious, too, is the fact that special environmental factors, biological and physical, have added unexpected quirks to the story. The development of a motile "tadpole" larva at an early chordate stage led to a sharp shift in an evolutionary sequence which otherwise might have simply ended in a sedate filtering form of tunicate type. The development of plant life on the continents opened up to motile chordates a new environment into which few invertebrates could enter and in which the chordates flourished to progress to the vertebrate level. The need for armor as defense against eurypterid enemies appears to have initiated the development of bony skeletal structures, without which the higher vertebrates could never have developed. The widespread late Paleozoic condition of seasonal drought favored progressive developments which, with the attainment of a reptilian stage, had the happy accidental result of the vertebrate conquest of the land, a conquest aided by the emergence of the insects as a basic food supply. The long period of dinosaur dominance seems to have been responsible for the sharpened wits which made the mammalian descendants of the therapsids competent for terrestrial dominance when the reign of the ruling reptiles ended. The arboreal life of primates was finally abandoned by man, but tree-dwelling had endowed his ancestors with advances in brain, eyes, and hands that were highly advantageous when this relatively feeble creature descended to the ground. It has been a long and tortuous journey; but every stage of it shows its effects in the structures and functions of such an end product as ourselves (Fig. 4).
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Thenius E. [Findings and problems in the palaeontology of vertebrates]. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1966; 53:261-8. [PMID: 5987028 DOI: 10.1007/bf00621639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Watts DC, Watts RL. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase in the Elasmobranchii: osmoregulatory function and evolutionary implications. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1966; 17:785-98. [PMID: 5943913 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(66)90121-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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SHARRATT BM, JONES IC, BELLAMY D. Water and electrolyte composition of the body and renal function of the eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1964; 11:9-18. [PMID: 14170691 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(64)90091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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JONES IC, PHILLIPS JG, BELLAMY D. Studies on water and electrolytes in cyclostomes and teleosts with special reference to Myxine glutinosa L. (the hagfish) and Anguilla anguilla L. (the Atlantic eel). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1962; Suppl 1:36-47. [PMID: 14452275 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(62)90076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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BELLAMY D, JONES IC. Studies on Myxine glutinosa—I. The chemical composition of the tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1961; 3:175-83. [PMID: 13866862 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(61)90053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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