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Dip AS, Martín E, Hernández MB, Miotti MD. Characterization of sperm morphology in two species of Neotropical bats: Artibeus planirostris and Sturnira erythromos (Phyllostomidae, Chiroptera). Microsc Res Tech 2024. [PMID: 39126422 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Sperm morphology is considered the best indicator of male fertility. In Neotropical bats, important aspects of sperm morphology have been scantly studied. The aim of the present study was to characterize and compare the sperm morphology and morphometry of Artibeus planirostris and Sturnira erythromos. A total of 11 specimens were analyzed from the Colección de Mamíferos Lillo: five A. planirostris and six S. erythromos. The fixed epididymis were extracted and macerated in Farmer's solution, followed by the routine cytological procedure with different stains. To carry out the description and morphometric analysis, microphotographs were taken under an optical, epifluorescence and scanning electron microscope. A total of 50 sperm from each individual were measured for morphometric analysis. The percentage of normal/abnormal spermatozoa was estimated and the sperm abnormalities were classified. Both species showed morphologically simple spermatozoa with a spatulate head, a short neck, a helical midpiece and a tail that tapers at the final end, similar to other species of Phyllostomidae. The differences observed were: apex of the head was conical in A. planirostris and was oval in S. erythromos; longer head and midpiece in S. erythomos and longer sperm in A. planirostris. Both species showed a high percentage of sperm with normal appearance: 65% for A. planirostris and 72% for S. erythromos. The main sperm abnormalities were: scattered tails and heads, coiled tails, folded midpieces and presence of cytoplasmic droplets. The present work will improve the understanding of their reproductive biology. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Morphological descriptions and morphometric analyses of the sperm of Artibeus planirostris and Sturnira erythromos were carried out with optical, epifluorescence and scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofía Dip
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
- CONICET NOA Sur (Centro Científico Tecnológico - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Martín
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
- Instituto de Genética y Microbiología, Fundación Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - María Daniela Miotti
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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2
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Kramer EM, Enelamah J, Fang H, Tayjasanant PA. Karyotype depends on sperm head morphology in some amniote groups. Front Genet 2024; 15:1396530. [PMID: 38903758 PMCID: PMC11186999 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1396530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The karyotype of an organism is the set of gross features that characterize the way the genome is packaged into separate chromosomes. It has been known for decades that different taxonomic groups often have distinct karyotypic features, but whether selective forces act to maintain these differences over evolutionary timescales is an open question. In this paper we analyze a database of karyotype features and sperm head morphology in 103 mammal species with spatulate sperm heads and 90 sauropsid species (birds and non-avian reptiles) with vermiform heads. We find that mammal species with a larger head area have more chromosomes, while sauropsid species with longer heads have a wider range of chromosome lengths. These results remain significant after controlling for genome size, so sperm head morphology is the relevant variable. This suggest that post-copulatory sexual selection, by acting on sperm head shape, can influence genome architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Kramer
- Department of Physics, Bard College at Simon’s Rock, Great Barrington, MA, United States
- Department of Biology, Bard College at Simon’s Rock, Great Barrington, MA, United States
| | - Joshua Enelamah
- Department of Physics, Bard College at Simon’s Rock, Great Barrington, MA, United States
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of Physics, Bard College at Simon’s Rock, Great Barrington, MA, United States
| | - P. A. Tayjasanant
- Department of Physics, Bard College at Simon’s Rock, Great Barrington, MA, United States
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3
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Khanal S, Jaiswal A, Chowdanayaka R, Puente N, Turner K, Assefa KY, Nawras M, Back ED, Royfman A, Burkett JP, Cheong SH, Fisher HS, Sindhwani P, Gray J, Ramachandra NB, Avidor-Reiss T. The evolution of centriole degradation in mouse sperm. Nat Commun 2024; 15:117. [PMID: 38168044 PMCID: PMC10761967 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are subcellular organelles found at the cilia base with an evolutionarily conserved structure and a shock absorber-like function. In sperm, centrioles are found at the flagellum base and are essential for embryo development in basal animals. Yet, sperm centrioles have evolved diverse forms, sometimes acting like a transmission system, as in cattle, and sometimes becoming dispensable, as in house mice. How the essential sperm centriole evolved to become dispensable in some organisms is unclear. Here, we test the hypothesis that this transition occurred through a cascade of evolutionary changes to the proteins, structure, and function of sperm centrioles and was possibly driven by sperm competition. We found that the final steps in this cascade are associated with a change in the primary structure of the centriolar inner scaffold protein FAM161A in rodents. This information provides the first insight into the molecular mechanisms and adaptive evolution underlying a major evolutionary transition within the internal structure of the mammalian sperm neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Khanal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ankit Jaiswal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Rajanikanth Chowdanayaka
- Department of Studies in Genetics and Genomics, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, India
| | - Nahshon Puente
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Katerina Turner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | - Mohamad Nawras
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ezekiel David Back
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Abigail Royfman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - James P Burkett
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Soon Hon Cheong
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Heidi S Fisher
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Puneet Sindhwani
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - John Gray
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | - Tomer Avidor-Reiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
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4
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Maranesi M, Zerani M, Silva M. Editorial: New Insights on Seminal Factors Signaling Female Reproduction in Mammals. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:893379. [PMID: 35669172 PMCID: PMC9164227 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.893379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Zerani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mauricio Silva
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Catholic University of Temuco, Temuco, Chile
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Breed WG, Leigh CM, Peirce EJ. The highly divergent spermatozoon of the Palawan spiny rat, Maxomys panglima has an extremely long tail. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022; 34:526-530. [PMID: 35201976 DOI: 10.1071/rd21255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Sperm morphology varies greatly across mammalian species and this variability is especially evident in murid rodents with both sperm head shape and tail length being sexually selected traits. The Palawan spiny rat, Maxomys panglima has a longer sperm tail than that currently recorded for any other mammalian species. AIMS The aim of the current study was to determine the sperm morphology of an individual Palawan spiny rat, M. panglima . METHODS Light and transmission electron microscopy were carried out. KEY RESULTS We found that the sperm tail of M. panglima has an average length of 380μm with the midpiece being approximately 185μm in length with comparatively small mitochondria but very large coarse fibres. Furthermore, the sperm head has a less acutely flexed apical hook than that of most other murid rodents including those of several other Maxomys species. CONCLUSIONS The Palawan spiny rat has a highly divergent sperm morphology with an extremely long tail. It may turn out to be an important species for testing various hypotheses of sperm form and function in mammals. IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest markedly different selective pressures may have resulted in this unique sperm morphology, the functional significance of which remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Breed
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - C M Leigh
- Adelaide Microscopy, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - E J Peirce
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Robertson SA, Martin GB. Perspective: Re-defining “Pheromone” in a Mammalian Context to Encompass Seminal Fluid. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:819246. [PMID: 35127886 PMCID: PMC8811212 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.819246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical view of “pheromone”—an air-borne chemical signal—is challenged by the camelids in which ovulation is triggered by ß-nerve growth factor carried in seminal plasma, effectively extending the pheromone concept to a new medium. We propose further extension of “pheromone” to include a separate class of seminal fluid molecules that acts on the female reproductive tract to enhance the prospect of pregnancy. These molecules include transforming growth factor-ß, 19-OH prostaglandins, various ligands of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), and cyclic ADP ribose hydrolase (CD38). They modulate the immune response to “foreign” male-derived histocompatibility antigens on both sperm and the conceptus, determine pre-implantation embryo development, and then promote implantation by increasing uterine receptivity to the embryo. The relative abundance of these immunological molecules in seminal plasma determines the strength and quality of the immune tolerance that is generated in the female. This phenomenon has profound implications in reproductive biology because it provides a pathway, independent of the fertilizing sperm, by which paternal factors can influence the likelihood of reproductive success, as well as the phenotype and health status of offspring. Moreover, the female actively participates in this exchange—information in seminal fluid is subject to “cryptic female choice,” a process by which females interrogate the reproductive fitness of prospective mates and invest reproductive resources accordingly. These processes participate in driving the evolution of male accessory glands, ensuring optimal female reproductive investment and maximal progeny fitness. An expanded pheromone concept will avoid a constraint in our understanding of mammalian reproductive biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Robertson
- The Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Graeme B. Martin
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Graeme B. Martin
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7
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Teves ME, Roldan ERS. Sperm bauplan and function and underlying processes of sperm formation and selection. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:7-60. [PMID: 33880962 PMCID: PMC8812575 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The spermatozoon is a highly differentiated and polarized cell, with two main structures: the head, containing a haploid nucleus and the acrosomal exocytotic granule, and the flagellum, which generates energy and propels the cell; both structures are connected by the neck. The sperm's main aim is to participate in fertilization, thus activating development. Despite this common bauplan and function, there is an enormous diversity in structure and performance of sperm cells. For example, mammalian spermatozoa may exhibit several head patterns and overall sperm lengths ranging from ∼30 to 350 µm. Mechanisms of transport in the female tract, preparation for fertilization, and recognition of and interaction with the oocyte also show considerable variation. There has been much interest in understanding the origin of this diversity, both in evolutionary terms and in relation to mechanisms underlying sperm differentiation in the testis. Here, relationships between sperm bauplan and function are examined at two levels: first, by analyzing the selective forces that drive changes in sperm structure and physiology to understand the adaptive values of this variation and impact on male reproductive success and second, by examining cellular and molecular mechanisms of sperm formation in the testis that may explain how differentiation can give rise to such a wide array of sperm forms and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Teves
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Eduardo R S Roldan
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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8
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Yogo K. Molecular basis of the morphogenesis of sperm head and tail in mice. Reprod Med Biol 2022; 21:e12466. [PMID: 35619659 PMCID: PMC9126569 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The spermatozoon has a complex molecular apparatus necessary for fertilization in its head and flagellum. Recently, numerous genes that are needed to construct the molecular apparatus of spermatozoa have been identified through the analysis of genetically modified mice. Methods Based on the literature information, the molecular basis of the morphogenesis of sperm heads and flagella in mice was summarized. Main findings (Results) The molecular mechanisms of vesicular trafficking and intraflagellar transport in acrosome and flagellum formation were listed. With the development of cryo‐electron tomography and mass spectrometry techniques, the details of the axonemal structure are becoming clearer. The fine structure and the proteins needed to form the central apparatus, outer and inner dynein arms, nexin‐dynein regulatory complex, and radial spokes were described. The important components of the formation of the mitochondrial sheath, fibrous sheath, outer dense fiber, and the annulus were also described. The similarities and differences between sperm flagella and Chlamydomonas flagella/somatic cell cilia were also discussed. Conclusion The molecular mechanism of formation of the sperm head and flagellum has been clarified using the mouse as a model. These studies will help to better understand the diversity of sperm morphology and the causes of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Yogo
- Department of Applied Life Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Shizuoka University Shizuoka Japan
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9
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Discrimination of the two subspecies of Microtus hartingi(Rodentia: Arvicolinae) by shape and linear features of the spermatozoon. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF THERIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.15298/rusjtheriol.20.2.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Hook KA, Yang Q, Campanello L, Losert W, Fisher HS. The social shape of sperm: using an integrative machine-learning approach to examine sperm ultrastructure and collective motility. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211553. [PMID: 34547913 PMCID: PMC8456146 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm is one of the most morphologically diverse cell types in nature, yet they also exhibit remarkable behavioural variation, including the formation of collective groups of cells that swim together for motility or transport through the female reproductive tract. Here, we take advantage of natural variation in sperm traits observed across Peromyscus mice to test the hypothesis that the morphology of the sperm head influences their sperm aggregation behaviour. Using both manual and automated morphometric approaches to quantify their complex shapes, and then statistical modelling and machine learning to analyse their features, we show that the aspect ratio of the sperm head is the most distinguishing morphological trait and statistically associates with collective sperm movements obtained from in vitro observations. We then successfully use neural network analysis to predict the size of sperm aggregates from sperm head morphology and show that species with relatively wider sperm heads form larger aggregates, which is consistent with the theoretical prediction that an adhesive region around the equatorial region of the sperm head mediates these unique gametic interactions. Together these findings advance our understanding of how even subtle variation in sperm design can drive differences in sperm function and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A. Hook
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, 1200 Biology-Psychology Building, 4094 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Qixin Yang
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, 1147 Physical Sciences Complex, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Institute of Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, 4254 Stadium Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Leonard Campanello
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, 1147 Physical Sciences Complex, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Institute of Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, 4254 Stadium Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Wolfgang Losert
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, 1147 Physical Sciences Complex, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Institute of Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, 4254 Stadium Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Heidi S. Fisher
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, 1200 Biology-Psychology Building, 4094 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Apical Sperm Hook Morphology Is Linked to Sperm Swimming Performance and Sperm Aggregation in Peromyscus Mice. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092279. [PMID: 34571928 PMCID: PMC8471468 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals exhibit a tremendous amount of variation in sperm morphology and despite the acknowledgement of sperm structural diversity across taxa, its functional significance remains poorly understood. Of particular interest is the sperm of rodents. While most Eutherian mammal spermatozoa are relatively simple cells with round or paddle-shaped heads, rodent sperm are often more complex and, in many species, display a striking apical hook. The function of the sperm hook remains largely unknown, but it has been hypothesized to have evolved as an adaptation to inter-male sperm competition and thus has been implicated in increased swimming efficiency or in the formation of collective sperm movements. Here we empirically test these hypotheses within a single lineage of Peromyscus rodents, in which closely related species naturally vary in their mating systems, sperm head shapes, and propensity to form sperm aggregates of varying sizes. We performed sperm morphological analyses as well as in vitro analyses of sperm aggregation and motility to examine whether the sperm hook (i) morphologically varies across these species and (ii) associates with sperm competition, aggregation, or motility. We demonstrate inter-specific variation in the sperm hook and then show that hook width negatively associates with sperm aggregation and sperm swimming speed, signifying that larger hooks may be a hindrance to sperm movement within this group of mice. Finally, we confirmed that the sperm hook hinders motility within a subset of Peromyscus leucopus mice that spontaneously produced sperm with no or highly abnormal hooks. Taken together, our findings suggest that any adaptive value of the sperm hook is likely associated with a function other than inter-male sperm competition, such as interaction with ova or cumulous cells during fertilization, or migration through the complex female reproductive tract.
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12
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Arévalo L, Tourmente M, Varea-Sánchez M, Ortiz-García D, Roldan ERS. Sexual selection towards a protamine expression ratio optimum in two rodent groups? Evolution 2021; 75:2124-2131. [PMID: 34224143 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-copulatory sexual selection is thought to influence the evolution of genes involved in reproduction. However, the detection of straightforward effects has been proven difficult due to the complexity and diversity of reproductive landscapes found in different taxa. Here, we compare the possible effect of relative testes mass as a sperm competition proxy on protamine genotype (protamine 1/protamine 2 ratio) and the link to sperm head phenotype in two rodent groups, mice, and voles. In mice, protamine expression ratios were found to increase from low values toward a 1:1 ratio in a positive association with testes mass, and relative sperm head area. In contrast, in voles, decreasing protamine expression ratios were found in species with larger testes but, surprisingly, they range from high values, again toward a 1:1 ratio, and showing a negative correlation with relative sperm head area. Altogether, we found differences in the way protamines seem to be selected and involved in adaptations of the sperm head in voles and mice. However, sexual selection driven by sperm competition seems to exhibit a common evolutionary pattern in both groups toward an equilibrium in the expression of the two protamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Arévalo
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, 28006, Spain.,Developmental Pathology, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - Maximiliano Tourmente
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, 28006, Spain.,Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology. Faculty of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, X5016GCA, Argentina.,Institute for Biological and Technological Research (IIByT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, X5016GCA, Argentina
| | - María Varea-Sánchez
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Daniel Ortiz-García
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Eduardo R S Roldan
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, 28006, Spain
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14
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Roldan ERS, Teves ME. Understanding sperm physiology: Proximate and evolutionary explanations of sperm diversity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110980. [PMID: 32853744 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Much can be gained from the comprehensive study of a biological system. Based on what is known as Mayr's proximate-ultimate causation and the subsequent expansion to Tinbergen's four questions, biological traits can be understood by taking into account different approximations that try to explain mechanisms, development, adaptive significance or phylogeny. These, in principle, separate areas, can be integrated crossing boundaries, but bearing in mind that answers to one question would not explain a different query. Studies of sperm biology have, until now, not benefited much from this framework and potential integration. Proximate causes (particularly mechanisms) have been the subject of interest for reproductive biologists, and evolutionary explanations have been the domain of behavioural ecologists with interest in adaptive significance of traits in the context of post-copulatory sexual selection. This review will summarize opportunities for research in the different areas, focusing on sperm preparation for fertilization and suggesting possible integration within and between proximate and evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R S Roldan
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Eugenia Teves
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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15
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Hook KA, Fisher HS. Methodological considerations for examining the relationship between sperm morphology and motility. Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 87:633-649. [PMID: 32415812 PMCID: PMC7329573 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sperm cells of all taxa share a common goal to reach and fertilize an ovum, yet sperm are one of the most diverse cell types in nature. While the structural diversity of these cells is well recognized, the functional significance of variation in sperm design remains elusive. An important function of spermatozoa is a need to migrate toward the ova, often over long distances in a foreign environment, which may include a complex and hostile female reproductive tract. Several comparative and experimental studies have attempted to address the link between sperm morphology and motility, yet the conclusions drawn from these studies are often inconsistent, even within the same taxa. Much of what we know about the functional significance of sperm design in internally fertilizing species has been gleaned from in vitro studies, for which experimental parameters often vary among studies. We propose that discordant results from these studies are in part due to a lack of consistency of methods, conditions that do not replicate those of the female reproductive tract, and the overuse of simple linear measures of sperm shape. Within this review, we provide a toolkit for imaging, quantifying, and analyzing sperm morphology and movement patterns for in vitro studies and discuss emerging approaches. Results from studies linking morphology to motility enhance our understanding of the evolution of adaptive sperm traits and the mechanisms that regulate fertility, thus offering new insights into methods used in assisted reproductive technologies in animal science, conservation and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A. Hook
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, U.S.A
| | - Heidi S. Fisher
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, U.S.A
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16
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Roldan ERS. Assessments of sperm quality integrating morphology, swimming patterns, bioenergetics and cell signalling. Theriogenology 2020; 150:388-395. [PMID: 32093962 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spermatozoa are diverse in form and function and these differences impact on their fertilizing capacity. Because of considerable inter-male and inter-species differences in sperm traits, assessments of sperm quality demand that we consider variations at different levels. We should thus pay attention not only to average values but also intra- and inter-sperm population variations and subpopulation structure. Sperm shape and size evolve in reponse to postcopulatory sexual selection. Assessments of morphological variation, with conventional microscopy or with computer-assisted systems, should bear this in mind. In rodents sperm head shape is asymmetric so it requires more complex tools, such as geometric morphometrics. Sperm function also evolves under postcopulatory sexual selection and this could be used as a basis to assess sperm performance. Sperm cells swim actively to overcome barriers in the female tract and develop a peculiar motility pattern in the final stages prior to and during fertilization. Both types of movement can be analyzed by computer-assisted microscopy systems. Sperm have high energetic demands for cell homeostasis, motility, and signalling. Bioenergetics can be analyzed by various means, including extracellular flux analyses to characterize glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. Finally, cell signalling during capacitation has received much attention and can be assessed by microscopy (conventional or computer-assisted) or flow cytometry. Recent advances in image-flow cytometry affords analyses of high cell numbers with spatial localization of subcellular changes, which will have a big impact in the development of functional tests for the andrology clinic and in sperm preservation and use in artificial insemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R S Roldan
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), c/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Abstract
Seminal fluid is often assumed to have just one function in mammalian reproduction, delivering sperm to fertilize oocytes. But seminal fluid also transmits signaling agents that interact with female reproductive tissues to facilitate conception and .pregnancy. Upon seminal fluid contact, female tissues initiate a controlled inflammatory response that affects several aspects of reproductive function to ultimately maximize the chances of a male producing healthy offspring. This effect is best characterized in mice, where the female response involves several steps. Initially, seminal fluid factors cause leukocytes to infiltrate the female reproductive tract, and to selectively target and eliminate excess sperm. Other signals stimulate ovulation, induce an altered transcriptional program in female tract tissues that modulates embryo developmental programming, and initiate immune adaptations to promote receptivity to implantation and placental development. A key result is expansion of the pool of regulatory T cells that assist implantation by suppressing inflammation, mediating tolerance to male transplantation antigens, and promoting uterine vascular adaptation and placental development. Principal signaling agents in seminal fluid include prostaglandins and transforming growth factor-β. The balance of male signals affects the nature of the female response, providing a mechanism of ‟cryptic female choiceˮ that influences female reproductive investment. Male-female seminal fluid signaling is evident in all mammalian species investigated including human, and effects of seminal fluid in invertebrates indicate evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. Understanding the female response to seminal fluid will shed new light on infertility and pregnancy disorders and is critical to defining how events at conception influence offspring health.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Schjenken
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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18
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Steinberg ER, Sestelo AJ, Ceballos MB, Wagner V, Palermo AM, Mudry MD. Sperm Morphology in Neotropical Primates. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E839. [PMID: 31640171 PMCID: PMC6827008 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphological and morphometric characterization of spermatozoa has been used as a taxonomic and phylogenetic tool for different species of mammals. We evaluated and compared the sperm morphometry of five neotropical primate species: Alouatta caraya, Ateles belzebuth and Ateles chamek of family Atelidae; and Cebus cay (=Sapajus cay) and Cebus nigritus (=Sapajus nigritus) of family Cebidae. After the collection of semen samples, the following parameters were measured on 100 spermatozoa from each specimen: Head Length, Head Width, Acrosome Length, Midpiece Length, Midpiece Width and Tail Length. Considering the available literature on sperm morphometry, we gathered data of 75 individuals, from 20 species, 8 genera and 2 families. These data were superimposed on a phylogeny to infer the possible direction of evolutionary changes. Narrower and shorter spermatozoa seem to be the ancestral form for Cebidae, with a trend toward wider and larger heads in derived groups. The spermatozoa of Atelidae may show an increase in total length and midpiece length. Sperm heads would have become narrower in the more derived groups of Ateles. Sperm length may increase in the more derived species in both families. Our results are discussed in the context of sperm competition and sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana R Steinberg
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), EGE, IEGEBA, CONICET, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab II, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.
| | - Adrián J Sestelo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Reproductiva, Ecoparque Interactivo (ex ZOO de Buenos Aires), República de la India 3000, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina.
| | - María B Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Reproductiva, Ecoparque Interactivo (ex ZOO de Buenos Aires), República de la India 3000, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina.
| | - Virginia Wagner
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), EGE, IEGEBA, CONICET, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab II, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.
| | - Ana M Palermo
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), EGE, IEGEBA, CONICET, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab II, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.
| | - Marta D Mudry
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), EGE, IEGEBA, CONICET, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab II, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.
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19
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Roldan ERS. Sperm competition and the evolution of sperm form and function in mammals. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54 Suppl 4:14-21. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R. S. Roldan
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC); Madrid Spain
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20
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Valverde A, Arnau S, García-Molina A, Bompart D, Campos M, Roldán ERS, Soler C. Dog sperm swimming parameters analysed by computer-assisted semen analysis of motility reveal major breed differences. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:795-803. [PMID: 30801867 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dogs have undergone an intensive artificial selection process ever since the beginning of their relationship with humans. As a consequence, a wide variety of well-defined breeds exist today. Due to the enormous variation in dog phenotypes and the unlikely chance of gene exchange between them, the question arises as to whether they should still be regarded as a single species or, perhaps, they be considered as different taxa that possess different reproductive traits. The aim of this study was therefore to characterize some male reproductive traits, focusing on kinematic characteristics of dog spermatozoa from several breeds. Thirty-seven dogs from the following breeds were used: Staffordshire Bull Terrier, Labrador Retriever, Spanish Mastiff, Valencian Rat Hunting Dog, British Bulldog and Chihuahua. Semen samples were obtained via manual stimulation and diluted to a final sperm concentration of 50 million/ml, and they were subsequently analysed by the computer assisted semen analysis (CASA-Mot) ISAS® v1 system. Eight kinematic parameters were evaluated automatically. All parameters showed significant different values among breeds and among individuals within each breed. The fastest sperm cells were those of Staffordshire Bull Terriers and the slowest were recorded in Chihuahuas. The intra-male coefficient of variation (CV) was higher than the inter-male CV for all breeds with the Staffordshire Bull Terrier showing the lowest values. When taking into consideration the cells by animal and breed, discriminant analyses showed a high capability to predict the breed. Cluster analyses showed a hierarchical classification very close to that obtained after phylogenetic studies with genome markers. In conclusion, future workers on dog spermatozoa should bear in mind major differences between breeds and realize that results cannot be extrapolated from one to another. Because sperm characteristics are associated with breed diversity, dogs may represent a good model to examine changes in reproductive parameters associated with selection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Valverde
- School of Agronomy, Costa Rica Institute of Technology, Alajuela, Costa Rica.,Department of Cellular Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Sandra Arnau
- Department of Cellular Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | | | - Daznia Bompart
- R+D Department, Proiser R+D, S.L., University of Valencia, Paterna, Spain
| | - Marcos Campos
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, University Cardenal-Herrera-CEU, Valencia, Spain.,Global Veterinaria (Reprovalcan), València, Spain.,Clínica Veterinaria Sangüeso, València, Spain
| | - Eduardo Raúl S Roldán
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carles Soler
- Department of Cellular Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain.,R+D Department, Proiser R+D, S.L., University of Valencia, Paterna, Spain
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21
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Sipek J, Vozdova M, Prinosilova P, Kopecka V, Rubes J. Sperm and testicular measurements and sperm cryopreservation in the giraffe (Giraffa). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-019-1257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Rossi LF, de la Sancha NU, Luaces JP, Estevez DY, Merani MS. Morphological description and comparison of sperm from eighteen species of cricetid rodents. J Mammal 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyy146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Rossi
- Laboratorio de Biología Cromosómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noé U de la Sancha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Juan P Luaces
- Laboratorio de Biología Cromosómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Y Estevez
- Laboratorio de Biología Cromosómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria S Merani
- Laboratorio de Biología Cromosómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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23
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Snook RR. IS THE PRODUCTION OF MULTIPLE SPERM TYPES ADAPTIVE? Evolution 2017; 51:797-808. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/1996] [Accepted: 12/19/1996] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda R. Snook
- Department of Zoology Arizona State University Tempe Arizona 85287‐1501
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24
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Maroto-Morales A, García-Álvarez O, Ramón M, Martínez-Pastor F, Fernández-Santos MR, Soler AJ, Garde JJ. Current status and potential of morphometric sperm analysis. Asian J Androl 2017; 18:863-870. [PMID: 27678465 PMCID: PMC5109877 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.187581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The spermatozoon is the most diverse cell type known and this diversity is considered to reflect differences in sperm function. How the diversity in sperm morphology arose during speciation and what role the different specializations play in sperm function, however, remain incompletely characterized. This work reviews the hypotheses proposed to explain sperm morphological evolution, with a focus on some aspects of sperm morphometric evaluation; the ability of morphometrics to predict sperm cryoresistance and male fertility is also discussed. For this, the evaluation of patterns of change of sperm head morphometry throughout a process, instead of the study of the morphometric characteristics of the sperm head at different stages, allows a better identification of the males with different sperm cryoconservation ability. These new approaches, together with more studies employing a greater number of individuals, are needed to obtain novel results concerning the role of sperm morphometry on sperm function. Future studies should aim at understanding the causes of sperm design diversity and the mechanisms that generate them, giving increased attention to other sperm structures besides the sperm head. The implementation of scientific and technological advances could benefit the simultaneous examination of sperm phenotype and sperm function, demonstrating that sperm morphometry could be a useful tool for sperm assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga García-Álvarez
- SaBio IREC (CSIC - UCLM - JCCM), Albacete, Spain.,Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Manuel Ramón
- Regional Center of Animal Selection and Reproduction (CERSYRA) JCCM, Valdepeñas, Spain
| | - Felipe Martínez-Pastor
- Institute for Animal Health and Cattle Development, University of León, León, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of León, León, Spain
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25
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Soler C, Alambiaga A, Martí MA, García-Molina A, Valverde A, Contell J, Campos M. Dog sperm head morphometry: its diversity and evolution. Asian J Androl 2017; 19:149-153. [PMID: 27751991 PMCID: PMC5312210 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.189207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs have been under strong artificial selection as a consequence of their relationship with man. Differences between breeds are evident that could be reflected in seminal characteristics. The present study was to evaluate differences in sperm head morphometry between seven well-defined breeds of dog: the British Bulldog, Chihuahua, German Shepherd, Labrador Retriever, Spanish Mastiff, Staffordshire Terrier, and Valencian Rat Hunting dog. Semen samples were obtained by masturbation and smears stained with Diff-Quik. Morphometric analysis (CASA-Morph) produced four size and four shape parameters. Length, Ellipticity, and Elongation showed higher differences between breeds. MANOVA revealed differences among all breeds. Considering the whole dataset, principal component analysis (PCA) showed that PC1 was related to head shape and PC2 to size. Procluster analysis showed the British Bulldog to be the most isolated breed, followed by the German Shepherd. The PCA breed by breed showed the Chihuahua, Labrador Retriever, Spanish Mastiff, and Staffordshire Terrier to have PC1 related to shape and PC2 to size, whereas the British Bulldog, Valencia Rat Hunting dog, and German Shepherd had PC1 related to size and PC2 to shape. The dendrogram for cluster groupings and the distance between them showed the British Bulldog to be separated from the rest of the breeds. Future work on dog semen must take into account the large differences in the breeds’ sperm characteristics. The results provide a base for future work on phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of dogs, based on their seminal characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Soler
- Department of Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.,R+D Department, Proiser R+D, Scientific Park, University of València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Ana Alambiaga
- Department of Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Maria A Martí
- Department of Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Almudena García-Molina
- R+D Department, Proiser R+D, Scientific Park, University of València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Anthony Valverde
- Department of Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.,Technological Institute of Costa Rica, San Carlos Campus, School of Agronomy, 223-21001 Alajuela, Costa Rica
| | - Jesús Contell
- R+D Department, Proiser R+D, Scientific Park, University of València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Marcos Campos
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, University Cardenal-Herrera-CEU, 46113 Moncada, València, Spain.,Global Veterinaria (Reprovalcan), 46500 Sagunto, València, Spain.,Clínica Veterinaria Sangüeso, 46009 València, Spain
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26
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Cursino MS, Duarte JMB. Using sperm morphometry and multivariate analysis to differentiate species of gray Mazama. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160345. [PMID: 28018612 PMCID: PMC5180110 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is genetic evidence that the two species of Brazilian gray Mazama, Mazama gouazoubira and Mazama nemorivaga, belong to different genera. This study identified significant differences that separated them into distinct groups, based on characteristics of the spermatozoa and ejaculate of both species. The characteristics that most clearly differentiated between the species were ejaculate colour, white for M. gouazoubira and reddish for M. nemorivaga, and sperm head dimensions. Multivariate analysis of sperm head dimension and format data accurately discriminated three groups for species with total percentage of misclassified of 0.71. The individual analysis, by animal, and the multivariate analysis have also discriminated correctly all five animals (total percentage of misclassified of 13.95%), and the canonical plot has shown three different clusters: Cluster 1, including individuals of M. nemorivaga; Cluster 2, including two individuals of M. gouazoubira; and Cluster 3, including a single individual of M. gouazoubira. The results obtained in this work corroborate the hypothesis of the formation of new genera and species for gray Mazama. Moreover, the easily applied method described herein can be used as an auxiliary tool to identify sibling species of other taxonomic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Suzuki Cursino
- Deer Research and Conservation Center (NUPECCE, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos), Department of Animal Science, Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Doctorate in Animal Reproduction Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV)-São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - José Maurício Barbanti Duarte
- Deer Research and Conservation Center (NUPECCE, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos), Department of Animal Science, Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
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27
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Valverde A, Arenán H, Sancho M, Contell J, Yániz J, Fernández A, Soler C. Morphometry and subpopulation structure of Holstein bull spermatozoa: variations in ejaculates and cryopreservation straws. Asian J Androl 2016; 18:851-857. [PMID: 27678464 PMCID: PMC5109875 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.187579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm quality is evaluated for the calculation of sperm dosage in artificial reproductive programs. The most common parameter used is motility, but morphology has a higher potential as a predictor of genetic quality. Morphometry calculations from CASA-Morph technology improve morphological evaluation and allow mathematical approaches to the problem. Semen from 28 Holstein bulls was collected by artificial vagina, and several ejaculates were studied. After general evaluation, samples were diluted, packaged in 0.25 ml straws, and stored in liquid nitrogen. Two straws per sample were thawed, and slides were processed and stained with Diff-Quik. Samples were analyzed by a CASA-Morph system for eight morphometric parameters. In addition to the "classical" statistical approach, based on variance analysis (revealing differences between animals, ejaculates, and straws), principal component (PC) analysis showed that the variables were grouped into PC1, related to size, and PC2 to shape. Subpopulation structure analysis showed four groups, namely, big, small, short, and narrow from their dominant characteristics, representing 31.0%, 27.3%, 24.1%, and 17.7% of the total population, respectively. The distributions varied between animals and ejaculates, but between straws, there were no differences in only four animals. This modern approach of considering an ejaculate sperm population as divided into subpopulations reflecting quantifiable parameters generated by CASA-Morph systems technology opens a new view on sperm function. This is the first study applying this approach to evaluate different ejaculates and straws from the same individual. More work must be done to improve seminal dose calculations in assisted reproductive programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Valverde
- Technological Institute of Costa Rica, San Carlos Campus, School of Agronomy, 223-21001 Alajuela, Costa Rica
| | - Héctor Arenán
- Xenética Fontao, Fontao-Esperante, 27210 Lugo, Spain
| | - María Sancho
- R+D Department, Proiser R+D, Scientific Park, University of València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Jesús Contell
- R+D Department, Proiser R+D, Scientific Park, University of València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Jesús Yániz
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Politechnical School of Huesca, University of Zaragoza, 22071 Huesca, Spain
| | | | - Carles Soler
- R+D Department, Proiser R+D, Scientific Park, University of València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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28
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Tourmente M, Zarka-Trigo D, Roldan ERS. Is the hook of muroid rodent's sperm related to sperm train formation? J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1168-77. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Tourmente
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group; Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC); Madrid Spain
| | - D. Zarka-Trigo
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group; Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC); Madrid Spain
| | - E. R. S. Roldan
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group; Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC); Madrid Spain
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29
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Garcia Montero A, Vole C, Burda H, Malkemper EP, Holtze S, Morhart M, Saragusty J, Hildebrandt TB, Begall S. Non-Breeding Eusocial Mole-Rats Produce Viable Sperm--Spermiogram and Functional Testicular Morphology of Fukomys anselli. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150112. [PMID: 26934488 PMCID: PMC4774953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ansell’s mole-rats (Fukomys anselli) are subterranean rodents living in families composed of about 20 members with a single breeding pair and their non-breeding offspring. Most of them remain with their parents for their lifetime and help to maintain and defend the natal burrow system, forage, and care for younger siblings. Since incest avoidance is based on individual recognition (and not on social suppression) we expect that non-breeders produce viable sperm spontaneously. We compared the sperm of breeding and non-breeding males, obtained by electroejaculation and found no significant differences in sperm parameters between both groups. Here, we used electroejaculation to obtain semen for the first time in a subterranean mammal. Spermiogram analysis revealed no significant differences in sperm parameters between breeders and non-breeders. We found significantly larger testes (measured on autopsies and on living animals per ultrasonography) of breeders compared to non-breeders (with body mass having a significant effect). There were no marked histological differences between breeding and non-breeding males, and the relative area occupied by Leydig cells and seminiferous tubules on histological sections, respectively, was not significantly different between both groups. The seminiferous epithelium and to a lesser degree the interstitial testicular tissue are characterized by lesions (vacuolar degenerations), however, this feature does not hinder fertilization even in advanced stages of life. The continuous production of viable sperm also in sexually abstinent non-breeders might be best understood in light of the mating and social system of Fukomys anselli, and the potential to found a new family following an unpredictable and rare encounter with an unfamiliar female (“provoked or induced dispersal”). Apparently, the non-breeders do not reproduce because they do not copulate but not because they would be physiologically infertile. The significantly increased testes volume of breeding males (compared to non-breeders) is in agreement with previously found higher testosterone levels of breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Garcia Montero
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty for Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christiane Vole
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty for Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hynek Burda
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty for Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Erich Pascal Malkemper
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty for Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Susanne Holtze
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Reproduction Management, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michaela Morhart
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Reproduction Management, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joseph Saragusty
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Reproduction Management, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas B. Hildebrandt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Reproduction Management, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Begall
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty for Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Lüke L, Tourmente M, Dopazo H, Serra F, Roldan ERS. Selective constraints on protamine 2 in primates and rodents. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:21. [PMID: 26801756 PMCID: PMC4724148 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protamines are sperm nuclear proteins with a crucial role in chromatin condensation. Their function is strongly linked to sperm head morphology and male fertility. Protamines appear to be affected by a complex pattern of selective constraints. Previous studies showed that sexual selection affects protamine coding sequence and expression in rodents. Here we analyze selective constraints and post-copulatory sexual selection acting on protamine 2 (Prm2) gene sequences of 53 species of primates and rodents. We focused on possible differences in selective constraints between these two clades and on the two functional domains of PRM2 (cleaved- and mature-PRM2). We also assessed if and how changes in Prm2 coding sequence may affect sperm head dimensions. RESULTS The domain of Prm2 that is cleaved off during binding to DNA (cleaved-Prm2) was found to be under purifying selection in both clades, whereas the domain that remains bound to DNA (mature-Prm2) was found to be positively selected in primates and under relaxed constraint in rodents. Changes in cleaved-Prm2 coding sequence are significantly correlated to sperm head width and elongation in rodents. Contrary to expectations, a significant effect of sexual selection was not found on either domain or clade. CONCLUSIONS Mature-PRM2 may be free to evolve under less constraint due to the existence of PRM1 as a more conserved and functionally redundant copy. The cleaved-PRM2 domain seems to play an important role in sperm head shaping. However, sexual selection on its sequence may be difficult to detect until it is identified which sperm head phenotype (shape and size) confers advantages for sperm performance in different mammalian clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Lüke
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), c/Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maximiliano Tourmente
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), c/Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Hernan Dopazo
- Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - François Serra
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG), Center for Genomic Regulation, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Eduardo R S Roldan
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), c/Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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Jin L, Mi ZP, Liao WB. Altitudinal variation in male reproductive investment in a polyandrous frog species (Hyla gongshanensis jingdongensis). ANIM BIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/15707563-00002505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Competition for fertilization in multi-male group spawning can drive variation in male reproductive investment (i.e., testis mass and sperm size). Inter-population comparisons of variation in energetic availability and allocation along geographical gradients allow insights into the mechanisms shaping the reproductive investments of animals. Although inter-population differences in female reproductive investment (i.e., clutch size and egg size) have been studied extensively across a wide range of taxa, little information on variation in reproductive investment in males is available. Here, we studied altitudinal variation in testis mass and sperm length among three populations in the Jingdong tree frog (Hyla gongshanensis jingdongensis), a polyandrous species, in Yunnan Province in China. The results showed that individuals exhibited smaller testes at higher altitudes while testes mass was positively correlated with body size, body condition and age. Longer sperm length was observed in the middle-altitude population. Moreover, we found that sperm number was positively correlated with testes mass and sperm length. Our correlational findings suggest that environmental constraints at high altitude select for less investment in testes and offspring number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jin
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Zhi Ping Mi
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Wen Bo Liao
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
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Lüke L, Tourmente M, Roldan ER. Sexual Selection of Protamine 1 in Mammals. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 33:174-84. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Semen characteristics and refrigeration in free-ranging giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). Theriogenology 2015; 84:1572-80. [PMID: 26376226 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is considered vulnerable to extinction. Scientific data on the reproductive parameters of this species are scarce. Semen from eight free-ranging giant anteaters was collected to establish its characteristics and the effects of cooling and storage at 5 °C after dilution with the BotuCrio extender without cryoprotectant. The ejaculate presented two distinct sequential fractions, including a whitish fraction, which was milky and rich in sperm cells, and a gel fraction, which was colorless, viscous, and azoospermic. The mean ± standard error of the mean values of the seminal characteristics were as follows: volume of the first fraction, 0.75 ± 0.1 mL; motility, 75 ± 2.9%; vigor, 3.2 ± 0.3; sperm motility index, 68.8 ± 4.3; concentration, 108.5 ± 13.4 × 10(6)/mL; plasma membrane integrity index, 71 ± 4.0%; spermatic defects detected using modified Karras staining, 35.5 ± 3.3%; and spermatic alterations identified by differential interference contrast microscopy, 48.3 ± 6.8%. During refrigeration, the semen presented decreasing motility from 0 to 18 hours, sperm motility index decreased from 0 to 24 hours, and vigor did not change in the first 6 hours and then decreased to 18 hours.
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McLennan HJ, Tuke J, Breed WG. The Gerbil Spermatozoon - interspecific variation in morphology does not invariably follow murine rodent evolutionary trends in response to predicted intermale sperm competition. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna J. McLennan
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology; School of Medical Sciences; Faculty of Health Sciences; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Jonathan Tuke
- School of Mathematical Sciences; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - William G. Breed
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology; School of Medical Sciences; Faculty of Health Sciences; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
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Seminal Fluid Signalling in the Female Reproductive Tract: Implications for Reproductive Success and Offspring Health. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 868:127-58. [PMID: 26178848 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18881-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carriage of sperm is not the only function of seminal fluid in mammals. Studies in mice show that at conception, seminal fluid interacts with the female reproductive tract to induce responses which influence whether or not pregnancy will occur, and to set in train effects that help shape subsequent fetal development. In particular, seminal fluid initiates female immune adaptation processes required to tolerate male transplantation antigens present in seminal fluid and inherited by the conceptus. A tolerogenic immune environment to facilitate pregnancy depends on regulatory T cells (Treg cells), which recognise male antigens and function to suppress inflammation and immune rejection responses. The female response to seminal fluid stimulates the generation of Treg cells that protect the conceptus from inflammatory damage, to support implantation and placental development. Seminal fluid also elicits molecular and cellular changes in the oviduct and endometrium that directly promote embryo development and implantation competence. The plasma fraction of seminal fluid plays a key role in this process with soluble factors, including TGFB, prostaglandin-E, and TLR4 ligands, demonstrated to contribute to the peri-conception immune environment. Recent studies show that conception in the absence of seminal plasma in mice impairs embryo development and alters fetal development to impact the phenotype of offspring, with adverse effects on adult metabolic function particularly in males. This review summarises our current understanding of the molecular responses to seminal fluid and how this contributes to the establishment of pregnancy, generation of an immune-regulatory environment and programming long-term offspring health.
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Ramón M, Jiménez-Rabadán P, García-Álvarez O, Maroto-Morales A, Soler AJ, Fernández-Santos MR, Pérez-Guzmán MD, Garde JJ. Understanding Sperm Heterogeneity: Biological and Practical Implications. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49 Suppl 4:30-6. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - AJ Soler
- SaBio IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM); Albacete Spain
| | | | | | - JJ Garde
- SaBio IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM); Albacete Spain
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Varea-Sánchez M, Gómez Montoto L, Tourmente M, Roldan ERS. Postcopulatory sexual selection results in spermatozoa with more uniform head and flagellum sizes in rodents. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108148. [PMID: 25243923 PMCID: PMC4171531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific comparative studies have shown that, in most taxa, postcopulatory sexual selection (PCSS) in the form of sperm competition drives the evolution of longer and faster swimming sperm. Work on passserine birds has revealed that PCSS also reduces variation in sperm size between males at the intraspecific level. However, the influence of PCSS upon intra-male sperm size diversity is poorly understood, since the few studies carried out to date in birds have yielded contradictory results. In mammals, PCSS increases sperm size but there is little information on the effects of this selective force on variations in sperm size and shape. Here, we test whether sperm competition associates with a reduction in the degree of variation of sperm dimensions in rodents. We found that as sperm competition levels increase males produce sperm that are more similar in both the size of the head and the size of the flagellum. On the other hand, whereas with increasing levels of sperm competition there is less variation in head length in relation to head width (ratio CV head length/CV head width), there is no relation between variation in head and flagellum sizes (ratio CV head length/CV flagellum length). Thus, it appears that, in addition to a selection for longer sperm, sperm competition may select more uniform sperm heads and flagella, which together may enhance swimming velocity. Overall, sperm competition seems to drive sperm components towards an optimum design that may affect sperm performance which, in turn, will be crucial for successful fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Varea-Sánchez
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Gómez Montoto
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maximiliano Tourmente
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo R. S. Roldan
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Sood P, Bhavna. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil profile in genital discharge vis-à-vis pregnancy outcome in crossbred cows: effect of varying cow fertility and insemination from different bulls. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 146:143-7. [PMID: 24703367 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the relationship between count and/or viability percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophil(s) (PMN) in genital discharge and pregnancy outcome during 180 estrous periods in 163 normal and repeat breeder. The relationship was also evaluated as a response to AI by three of the most frequently used bulls. The estrous periods leading to pregnancy in the normal cows were considered fertile (FE; n=66), whereas others with pregnancy failure were considered non-fertile in the remaining normal (NFE; n=86) and the entire group of repeat breeder cows (RB; n=28) cows. Another set of reproductively healthy cows, not inseminated, were also studied (C; n=10). The PMN characteristics were investigated in 3μl fraction of cervical discharge, aspirated initially at mid-estrus in C/pre-AI in the inseminated cows and subsequently 18 to 24h later. The first sample did not reveal PMN in all the cows. However, there was a variable PMN response in the second sample. The PMN count of 9.3±1.9 in the C group was least and significantly less than the FE and NFE groups. A count of 90.9±8.4 in the FE group was greater (P<0.01) than 60.9±5.1 in the NFE and 36.7±5.2 in the RB group. The PMN viability percentage among the four groups was similar (range: 61.3±6.5% to 70.1±6.4%). The average PMN count in response to AI with all the three bulls, JY-426 (47 inseminations), JY-450 (23 inseminations) and HF-5 (33 inseminations), was less in the NFE than the FE group, the differences being marked in NFE compared with FE for JY-450 (51.8±12.4 compared with 88.0±17.4; P=0.10) and HF-5 (38.5±10.1 compared with 92.9±26.5; P<0.05). It is concluded that a greater PMN count post-AI could favor pregnancy outcome. Further, PMN migration is likely to be controlled by maternal factors rather than semen characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Sood
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur 176 062, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Bhavna
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Khalsa College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Amritsar 143 001, Punjab, India
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Lüke L, Vicens A, Tourmente M, Roldan ERS. Evolution of protamine genes and changes in sperm head phenotype in rodents. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:67. [PMID: 24522148 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.115956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the genetic basis of evolutionary changes in sperm phenotype. Postcopulatory sexual selection is associated with differences in protamine gene sequences and promoters and is a powerful force acting on sperm form and function, although links between protamine evolution and sperm phenotype are scarce. Protamines are involved in sperm chromatin condensation, and protamine deficiency negatively affects sperm morphology and male fertility, thus suggesting that they are important for sperm design and function. We examined changes in protamine genes and sperm phenotype in rodents to understand the role of sexual selection on protamine evolution and sperm design. We performed a genotype-phenotype association study using root-to-tip dN/dS (nonsynonymous/synonymous substitutions rate ratio) to account for evolutionary rates and phylogenetic generalized least squares analyses to compare genetic and morphometric data. Evolutionary rates of protamine 1 and the protamine 2 domain cleaved off during chromatin condensation correlated with head size and elongation. Protamine 1 exhibited restricted positive selection on some functional sites, which seemed sufficient to preserve its role in head design. The cleaved-protamine 2, whose relaxation is halted by sexual selection, seems to ensure small, elongated heads that would make sperm more competitive. No association existed between mature-protamine 2 and head phenotype, suggesting little involvement during chromatin condensation and a likely role maintaining the condensed state. Our results suggest that evolutionary changes in protamines could be related to complex developmental modifications in the sperm head. This represents an important step toward understanding the role of changes in gene coding sequences in the divergence of germ cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Lüke
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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40
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Lüke L, Campbell P, Varea Sánchez M, Nachman MW, Roldan ERS. Sexual selection on protamine and transition nuclear protein expression in mouse species. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20133359. [PMID: 24671975 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-copulatory sexual selection in the form of sperm competition is known to influence the evolution of male reproductive proteins in mammals. The relationship between sperm competition and regulatory evolution, however, remains to be explored. Protamines and transition nuclear proteins are involved in the condensation of sperm chromatin and are expected to affect the shape of the sperm head. A hydrodynamically efficient head allows for fast swimming velocity and, therefore, more competitive sperm. Previous comparative studies in rodents have documented a significant association between the level of sperm competition (as measured by relative testes mass) and DNA sequence evolution in both the coding and promoter sequences of protamine 2. Here, we investigate the influence of sexual selection on protamine and transition nuclear protein mRNA expression in the testes of eight mouse species that differ widely in levels of sperm competition. We also examined the relationship between relative gene expression levels and sperm head shape, assessed using geometric morphometrics. We found that species with higher levels of sperm competition express less protamine 2 in relation to protamine 1 and transition nuclear proteins. Moreover, there was a significant association between relative protamine 2 expression and sperm head shape. Reduction in the relative abundance of protamine 2 may increase the competitive ability of sperm in mice, possibly by affecting sperm head shape. Changes in gene regulatory sequences thus seem to be the basis of the evolutionary response to sexual selection in these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Lüke
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), , Madrid 28006, Spain, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Lajoie J, Kimani M, Plummer FA, Nyamiobo F, Kaul R, Kimani J, Fowke KR. Association of sex work with reduced activation of the mucosal immune system. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:319-29. [PMID: 24421257 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unprotected intercourse and seminal discharge are powerful activators of the mucosal immune system and are important risk factors for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This study was designed to determine if female sex work is associated with changes in the mucosal immunity. METHODS Cervicovaginal lavage and plasma from 122 HIV-uninfected female sex workers (FSW) and 44 HIV-uninfected low-risk non-FSW from the same socioeconomic district of Nairobi were analyzed for evidence of immune activation (IA). The cervico-mononuclear cells (CMC) were analyzed for cellular activation by flow cytometry. RESULTS Lower IA was observed in FSW compared to the low-risk women as demonstrated by the lower level of MIP-3α (P < .001), ITAC (P < .001), MIG (p.0001), IL-1α (P < .001), IL-1β (P < .001), IL-1Rα (P = .0002), IL-6 (P < .001), IL-8 (P < .001), IL-10 (P = .01), IP-10 (P = .0001), MDC (P < .001), MIP-1α, (P < .001), MIP-1β (P = .005), MCP-1 (P = .03), and TNF-α (P = .006). Significant differences were noted as early as 1 year following initiation of sex work and increased with duration of sex work. CONCLUSION This study showed that sex work is associated with important changes in the mucosal immune system. By analyzing chemokine/cytokine levels and CMC activation, we observed a lower mucosal IA in HIV-uninfected FSW compared to low-risk women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lajoie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba
| | | | - Francis A Plummer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba Public Health Agency of Canada Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba
| | | | - Rupert Kaul
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba Kenyan AIDS Control Program, Nairobi, Kenya University of Nairobi Institute for Tropical and Infectious Diseases
| | - Keith R Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi
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Breed WG, Leigh CM, Aplin KP, Shahin AAB, Avenant NL. Morphological diversity and evolution of the spermatozoon in the mouse-related clade of rodents. J Morphol 2013; 275:540-7. [PMID: 24338943 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Most species in the three highly speciose families of the mouse-related clade of rodents, the Muridae, Cricetidae, and Nesomyidae (superfamily Muroidea), have a highly complex sperm head in which there is an apical hook but there are few data available for the other related families of these rodents. In the current study, using light and electron microscopies, we investigated the structure of the spermatozoon in representative species of four other families within the mouse-related clade, the Dipodidae, Spalacidae, Pedetidae, and Heteromyidae, that diverged at or near the base of the muroid lineage. Our results indicate that a diverse array of sperm head shapes and tail lengths occurs but none of the species in the families Spalacidae, Dipodidae, or Pedetidae has a sperm head with an apical hook. By contrast, a rostrally extending apical hook is present in spermatozoa of members of the Family Heteromyidae which also invariably have comparatively long sperm tails. These findings suggest that the hook-shaped sperm head in the murid, cricetid, and nesomyid rodents evolved after divergence of this lineage from its common ancestor with the other families of the mouse-related clade, and that separate, and independent, convergent evolution of a similar sperm head form, and long sperm tail, occurred in the Heteromyidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Breed
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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Varea Sánchez M, Bastir M, Roldan ERS. Geometric morphometrics of rodent sperm head shape. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80607. [PMID: 24312234 PMCID: PMC3842927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian spermatozoa, particularly those of rodent species, are extremely complex cells and differ greatly in form and dimensions. Thus, characterization of sperm size and, particularly, sperm shape represents a major challenge. No consensus exists on a method to objectively assess size and shape of spermatozoa. In this study we apply the principles of geometric morphometrics to analyze rodent sperm head morphology and compare them with two traditional morphometry methods, that is, measurements of linear dimensions and dimensions-derived parameters calculated using formulae employed in sperm morphometry assessments. Our results show that geometric morphometrics clearly identifies shape differences among rodent spermatozoa. It is also capable of discriminating between size and shape and to analyze these two variables separately. Thus, it provides an accurate method to assess sperm head shape. Furthermore, it can identify which sperm morphology traits differ between species, such as the protrusion or retraction of the base of the head, the orientation and relative position of the site of flagellum insertion, the degree of curvature of the hook, and other distinct anatomical features and appendices. We envisage that the use of geometric morphometrics may have a major impact on future studies focused on the characterization of sperm head formation, diversity of sperm head shape among species (and underlying evolutionary forces), the effects of reprotoxicants on changes in cell shape, and phenotyping of genetically-modified individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Varea Sánchez
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Markus Bastir
- Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo R. S. Roldan
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Medarde N, Martínez-Vargas J, Sánchez-Chardi A, López-Fuster MJ, Ventura J. Effect of Robertsonian translocations on sperm head form in the house mouse. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Medarde
- Departament de Biologia Animal; de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia; Facultat de Biociències; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - Jessica Martínez-Vargas
- Departament de Biologia Animal; de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia; Facultat de Biociències; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | | | - María José López-Fuster
- Departament de Biologia Animal and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio); Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; E-08007 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jacint Ventura
- Departament de Biologia Animal; de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia; Facultat de Biociències; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
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Šandera M, Albrecht T, Stopka P. Variation in apical hook length reflects the intensity of sperm competition in murine rodents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68427. [PMID: 23844198 PMCID: PMC3700964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post-copulatory sexual selection has been shown to shape morphology of male gametes. Both directional and stabilizing selection on sperm phenotype have been documented in vertebrates in response to sexual promiscuity. Methodology Here we investigated the degree of variance in apical hook length and tail length in six taxa of murine rodents. Conclusions Tail sperm length and apical hook length were positively associated with relative testis mass, our proxy for levels of sperm competition, thus indicating directional post-copulatory selection on sperm phenotypes. Moreover, our study shows that increased levels of sperm competition lead to the reduction of variance in the hook length, indicating stabilizing selection. Hence, the higher risk of sperm competition affects increasing hook length together with decreasing variance in the hook length. Species-specific post-copulatory sexual selection likely optimizes sperm morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Šandera
- Biocev group, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Albrecht
- Biocev group, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Stopka
- Biocev group, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Firman RC, Bentley B, Bowman F, Marchant FGS, Parthenay J, Sawyer J, Stewart T, O'Shea JE. No evidence of sperm conjugate formation in an Australian mouse bearing sperm with three hooks. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1856-63. [PMID: 23919134 PMCID: PMC3728929 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm conjugation occurs when two or more sperm physically unite for motility or transport through the female reproductive tract. In many muroid rodent species, sperm conjugates have been shown to form by a single, conspicuous apical hook located on the sperm head. These sperm “trains” have been reported to be highly variable in size and, despite all the heads pointing in roughly the same direction, exhibit a relatively disordered arrangement. In some species, sperm “trains” have been shown to enhance sperm swimming speed, and thus have been suggested to be advantageous in sperm competition. Here, we assessed the behavior of sperm in the sandy inland mouse (Pseudomys hermannsburgensis), a muroid rodent that bears sperm with three apical hooks. First, we accrued genetic evidence of multiple paternity within “wild” litters to unequivocally show that sperm competition does occur in this species. Following this we utilized both in vitro and in vivo methodologies to determine whether sandy inland mouse sperm conjugate to form motile trains. Our observations of in vitro preparations of active sperm revealed that sandy inland mouse sperm exhibit rapid, progressive motility as individual cells only. Similarly, histological sections of the reproductive tracts of mated females revealed no in vivo evidence of sperm conjugate formation. We conclude that the unique, three-hooked morphology of the sandy inland mouse sperm does not facilitate the formation of motile conjugates, and discuss our findings in relation to the different hypotheses for the evolution of the muroid rodent hook/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée C Firman
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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Rossi LF, Luaces JP, Aldana Marcos HJ, Cetica PD, Perez Jimeno G, Merani MS. Anatomy and histology of the male reproductive tract and spermatogenesis fine structure in the lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla, Myrmecophagidae, Xenarthra): morphological evidences of reproductive functions. Anat Histol Embryol 2012; 42:247-56. [PMID: 23072214 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The anatomy and histology of the male genital tract of the lesser anteater were studied. Fine details of spermatozoa regarding their genesis and morphology were also studied in six adult specimens. The testes lie in the pelvic cavity. The deferent duct emerges from the epididymis and opens into the ejaculatory duct, which drains into the membranous urethra. Accessory glands (prostate, seminal vesicle and bulbourethral gland) are histologically similar to those described in other mammals. The short penis presents an urethral orifice, while the corpus spongiosum becomes thinner at the end indicating the absence of a histologically defined glans. The seminiferous epithelium shows: (1) Sertoli cells with deep nuclear indentations, (2) spermatogonia with crusty-like chromatin, (3) spermatocytes at different stages of maturation and (4) three morphologically distinct stages of spermatid differentiation according to nuclear shape, acrosome development and chromatin condensation. Sperm heads appear oval. The length of the spermatozoa averages 67.33 ± 1.60 μm. Two specimens with inactive spermatogenesis were azoospermic. Their testes and epididymis presented sizes smaller than those with active spermatogenesis. These studies together with others in anteaters may contribute to successful breeding in conservation programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Rossi
- Laboratorio de Biología Cromosómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, C.A.B.A, Argentina
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Higginson DM, Miller KB, Segraves KA, Pitnick S. Convergence, recurrence and diversification of complex sperm traits in diving beetles (Dytiscidae). Evolution 2012; 66:1650-61. [PMID: 22519797 PMCID: PMC3775504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sperm display remarkable morphological diversity among even closely related species, a pattern that is widely attributed to postcopulatory sexual selection. Surprisingly few studies have used phylogenetic analyses to discern the details of evolutionary diversification in ornaments and armaments subject to sexual selection, and the origins of novel sperm traits and their subsequent modification are particularly poorly understood. Here we investigate sperm evolution in diving beetles (Dytiscidae), revealing dramatic diversification in flagellum length, head shape, presence of sperm heteromorphism, and the presence/type of sperm conjugation, an unusual trait where two or more sperm unite for motility or transport. Sperm conjugation was found to be the ancestral condition in diving beetles, with subsequent diversification into three forms, each exhibiting varying degrees of evolutionary loss, convergence, and recurrence. Sperm head shape, but not length or heteromorphism, was found to evolve in a significantly correlated manner with conjugation, consistent with the different mechanisms of head alignment and binding required for the different forms of conjugation. Our study reveals that sperm morphological evolution is channeled along particular evolutionary pathways (i.e., conjugate form), yet subject to considerable diversification within those pathways through modification in sperm length, head shape, and heteromorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M. Higginson
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Kelly B. Miller
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Kari A. Segraves
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Scott Pitnick
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
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Shojaei H, Kroetsch T, Wilde R, Blondin P, Kastelic J, Thundathil J. Moribund sperm in frozen-thawed semen, and sperm motion end points post-thaw and post-swim-up, are related to fertility in Holstein AI bulls. Theriogenology 2012; 77:940-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gómez Montoto L, Varea Sánchez M, Tourmente M, Martín-Coello J, Luque-Larena JJ, Gomendio M, Roldan ERS. Sperm competition differentially affects swimming velocity and size of spermatozoa from closely related muroid rodents: head first. Reproduction 2011; 142:819-30. [PMID: 21954130 DOI: 10.1530/rep-11-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sperm competition favours an increase in sperm swimming velocity that maximises the chances that sperm will reach the ova before rival sperm and fertilise. Comparative studies have shown that the increase in sperm swimming speed is associated with an increase in total sperm size. However, it is not known which are the first evolutionary steps that lead to increases in sperm swimming velocity. Using a group of closely related muroid rodents that differ in levels of sperm competition, we here test the hypothesis that subtle changes in sperm design may represent early evolutionary changes that could make sperm swim faster. Our findings show that as sperm competition increases so does sperm swimming speed. Sperm swimming velocity is associated with the size of all sperm components. However, levels of sperm competition are only related to an increase in sperm head area. Such increase is a consequence of an increase in the length of the sperm head, and also of the presence of an apical hook in some of the species studied. These findings suggest that the presence of a hook may modify the sperm head in such a way that would help sperm swim faster and may also be advantageous if sperm with larger heads are better able to attach to the epithelial cells lining the lower isthmus of the oviduct where sperm remain quiescent before the final race to reach the site of fertilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gómez Montoto
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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