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Gewily D, Shalaby W, Abumandour M, Choudhary OP, Kandyel R. Pecten oculi of kestrel (Falco tinnunculus rupicolaeformes) and little owl (Athene noctua glaux): Scanning electron microscopy and histology with unique insights into SEM-EDX elemental analysis. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:546-564. [PMID: 37955171 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
There is scanty data about the comparative morphological features between the pecten oculi of two carnivorous birds with different visual active clock hours: the diurnal common kestrel and the nocturnal little owl. This study illustrated the comparative gross, scanning electron microscopy, and histological characteristics between pecten oculi of kestrel and little owl. This study first attempts to describe the scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray (SEM-EDX) elemental analysis at the parts (apex, middle, and base) of the pecten oculi of these two birds. The present study results observed the same position, origin, directions, parts, convoluted outer pleat surfaces, and SEM-EDX elemental analysis, but there were some minor variations due to the different visual active clock hours. These minor variations were summarized in the following points: pleat number (21-23 in the kestrel and 10-11 in the owl), shape (fan rhomboid in the kestrel and accordion in the owl), inter-pleat spaces (wider in the kestrel than in the owl), pigmentations (highly black pigmented in the owl than in the kestrel), hyalocyte cell aggregations (highest in the middle and dwindling at the apex and base in the kestrel, while highest in the middle and base and dwindling at the apex in the owl), and SEM-EDX elemental analysis percentage. SEM/EDX elemental analysis confirmed the presence of oxygen (the highest one), carbon, nitrogen (the second one), nitrogen (the third one), and aluminum (the lowest one) in varying percentages within the pecten oculi; these findings contribute to our understanding of its structural, adaptations with different visual active clock hours, and functional characteristics. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: This study compared the pecten oculi of two carnivorous birds with different visual active clock hours: the diurnal common kestrel and the nocturnal little owl. Anatomically, the characteristic features were similar in both the birds, but some minor variations were observed adapted to their visual active clock hours. The pecten oculi of both birds were analyzed using SEM-EDX for elemental analysis, and it revealed that oxygen was the highest elemental concentration, followed by carbon and nitrogen. Aluminum concentrations were small as per SEM-EDX analysis. The study suggested that the pecten oculi of these birds are related to their active visual clocks and adaptive nutritional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Gewily
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walaa Shalaby
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abumandour
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Om Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Rampura Phul, Punjab, India
| | - Ramadan Kandyel
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
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Korkmaz D, Demircioglu I, Harem IS, Yilmaz B. Macroscopic and microscopic comparison of pecten oculi in different avian species. Anat Histol Embryol 2023; 52:696-708. [PMID: 37097012 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
The current study aims to present differences between the pecten oculi of different avian species through morphologic, macroscopic, light, and electron microscopic examinations. The study is a comprehensive research on seven avian species (sparrowhawk, hawk, magpie, swan, heron, pheasant, duck). The right eyes of the animals utilized in the study were removed for light microscopic examination, whereas their left eyes were removed for electron microscopic and macroscopic examinations. Morphometric analyses, as well as stereo and light microscopic measurements, were carried out on the pecten oculi of the animals. Given all these data, it was determined that the height of the pecten oculi did not differ among the species in the study; however, the pecten oculi were larger in birds with the highest value compared to the other species in the macroscopic measurements. Also, the pecten oculi vessels were larger, and the number of melanocytes was higher in keen eyesight, raptor, and migratory birds with large bulbus oculi. All these data suggest that the pecten oculi not only supplies nutrient to the retina but also contributes to sharp vision during migration and hunting, UV absorption from sunlight, as well as preservation of intraocular equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Korkmaz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Ismail Demircioglu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Ismail Sah Harem
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Bestami Yilmaz
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
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Abumandour MMA, Morsy K, Hanafy BG. Biological features of the pecten oculi of the European wild quail (Coturnix coturnix): Adaptative habits to Northern Egyptian coast with novel vision to its SEM-EDX analysis. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:3817-3829. [PMID: 36181442 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation was prepared to give a complete ultrastructural characterization of the pecten oculi of the diurnal European wild Quail to describe their adaptation habits to the Northern Egyptian coast. Our work declares the first endeavor is the elemental analysis using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) to show the migration effect on their eye. The intra-ocular quadrilateral trapezoid black pigmented plicated type pecten oculi were observed on the postero-inferior wall of the eyeball with craniocaudal and posterio-anterior directions along the fetal fissure. The pecten oculi consist of three parts: the basal, body, and apical. The basal part originated behind the optic nerve, forming the slightly elevated border, while the apical part was directed toward the ciliary body. There are 10-11 pleats with interpleat space. The coiled surface refers to numerous capillary vessels. The smooth head of each pleat was kidney-like, strongly attached to a bridge. The vitreopecteneal limiting membrane separated the pecten oculi from the vitreous body. There are numerous melanosomes and little hyalocytes on the pecteneal pleat's outer surfaces. The thick basal part of each pleat had numerous thick longitudinal microfolds that refer to the numerous blood capillaries attached to the retina as supporting roots. SEM/EDX elemental analysis revealed that carbon is the highest element (half), while oxygen represents about one-third. In the meantime, the lowest element is the phosphate at the apical part, while the lowest element in the rest is the sulfate. Finally, the pecten oculi are thought to be a reflection of the avian lifestyle and ecological adaptations. HIGHLIGHTS: Our work is the first description of the elemental analysis using SEM-EDX to show the migration effect on their eye. The quadrilateral trapezoid black pigmented plicated type pecten oculi were observed on the postero-inferior wall of the eyeball with cranio-caudal and posterio-anterior directions along the fetal fissure. The basal part of the pecten oculi originated behind the optic nerve, forming the slightly elevated border, while the apical part was directed toward the ciliary body. There are 10-11 pleats with interpleat space. The vitreopecteneal limiting membrane separated the pecten oculi from the vitreous body. There are numerous melanosomes and little hyalocytes on the pecteneal pleat's outer surfaces. SEM/EDX elemental analysis revealed that carbon is the highest element (half percent), while oxygen represents about one-third of the element's percent meanwhile, the lowest element is phosphate at the apical part, while the lowest element in the rest is the sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M A Abumandour
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Kareem Morsy
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Basma G Hanafy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Kandyle R, El Basyouny HA, Morsy K, Abourashed NM, Madkour N, Abumandour MMA. Gross, ultrastructural, and histological characterizations of pecten oculi of the glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus): New insights into its scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:3908-3920. [PMID: 36169156 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current study shows the first attempts to clarify the gross, ultrastructure, and histological properties of the pecten oculi of the diurnal, visually active glossy ibis, as well as scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) image analysis (Plegadis falcinellus). The pecten oculi was found on the eyeball's posteroinferior wall, adjacent to the optic nerve in both the craniocaudal and posterio-anterior directions. The plicated quadrilateral black pigmented pecten oculi consisted of a base, 10-12 pleats, and an apex. The base was joined by an elevated ridge and derived from the non-vascular retina, while the apex was not a fused part and was found neighboring the gelatinous vitreous body. The limited interpleat spaces were somewhat wider at the base of the pecten oculi. The outer surface of each highly vascular pecten pleat revealed a tortious coiled formation due to the existence of a considerable number of capillary vessels. The outer pleat surfaces had a vitreopecteneal limiting membrane that segregated the pecten pleats from the vitreous body. The high SEM magnification revealed that there are considerable plentiful hyalocyte cells on the outer surface of the pleats. The SEM-EDX analysis of the elementary formatting of the pecten oculi (at apex, middle, and base) clarified that the carbon represents the highest and a half percent. Furthermore, oxygen represents one-third of all elemental composition in the three regions, while the lowest percentage is calcium. Finally, the pecten oculi characterizations of this migratory bird on the Northern Egyptian shore were associated with their adaptive dietary strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadan Kandyle
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Kareem Morsy
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Naglaa Madkour
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M A Abumandour
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Wieghofer P, Engelbert M, Chui TYP, Rosen RB, Sakamoto T, Sebag J. Hyalocyte origin, structure, and imaging. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 17:233-248. [PMID: 36632192 PMCID: PMC9831111 DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2022.2100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Hyalocytes have been recognized as resident tissue macrophages of the vitreous body since the mid-19th century. Despite this, knowledge about their origin, turnover, and dynamics is limited. Areas covered Historically, initial studies on the origin of hyalocytes used light and electron microscopy. Modern investigations across species including rodents and humans will be described. Novel imaging is now available to study human hyalocytes in vivo. The shared ontogeny with retinal microglia and their eventual interdependence as well as differences will be discussed. Expert opinion Owing to a common origin as myeloid cells, hyalocytes and retinal microglia have similarities, but hyalocytes appear to be distinct as resident macrophages of the vitreous body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wieghofer
- Cellular Neuroanatomy, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstraße 2, 86159 Augsburg, Germany,Corresponding authors: Peter Wieghofer. , J Sebag.
| | - Michael Engelbert
- Vitreous Retina Macula Consultants of New York, New York, NY 10022, USA.,LuEsther T. Mertz Retinal Research Center, Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Toco YP Chui
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Richard B Rosen
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Taiji Sakamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - J Sebag
- Doheny Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Clinical Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,VMR Institute for Vitreous Macula Retina, Huntington Beach, CA, USA.,Corresponding authors: Peter Wieghofer. , J Sebag.
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Singh NS, Dixit AS, Khanikar D. Morphological and Ultrastructural Studies of Pecten in the Eurasian Tree Sparrow. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:1-9. [PMID: 34657649 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621012885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We studied the fine histological structures of pecten oculi of the Eurasian tree sparrow using various microscopy techniques. The pecten of the tree sparrow was found to be of a pleated type comprising of pleats, bridges, and base. The light microscopic study revealed further that the pleats consist of capillaries of varying sizes, blood vessels, and numerous pigmented cells that give them a black color. Histochemical studies of pecten showed a large deposition of lipid droplets, which were more abundant in the basal area. The transmission electron microscopy displayed capillaries and blood vessels that remain surrounded by a thick fibrous basal membrane. They are formed of endothelial cells having a large lumen and abluminal area with microfolds. Interstitial spaces were found filled with rounded melanocytes, electron-dense pigment granules, and mitochondria. Observations under the scanning electron microscope revealed the presence of a dense vascular network of capillaries and vessels. In addition, large hyalocytes were also observed on the surface of the pleats. The above observations suggest that the histological structure of the pecten of the tree sparrow resembles those present in the pecten of other diurnal birds. However, further investigation is required to ascertain its functional role in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namram S Singh
- Department of Zoology, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
| | - Anand S Dixit
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Debashish Khanikar
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, Meghalaya, India
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Nuzzi R, Bergandi L, Zabetta LC, D’Errico L, Riscaldino F, Menegon S, Silvagno F. In vitro generation of primary cultures of human hyalocytes. Mol Vis 2020; 26:818-829. [PMID: 33456301 PMCID: PMC7803295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A growing number of studies on animal models have demonstrated that some ocular diseases are the result of the interaction between hyalocytes and the ocular inflammatory setting. Endogenous and exogenous substances might alter the structure and behavior of hyalocytes that can contribute to the pathogenesis of some ocular diseases. Obtaining primary cultures of human hyalocytes could help understand the role of these cells in response to different treatments. Methods Hyalocytes were isolated from eyes of 54 patient volunteers subjected to vitrectomy for different clinical reasons. By testing different matrices and growth media, we reproducibly generated primary cultures of hyalocytes that we characterized morphologically and biologically, basally and upon treatment with several agents (basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β), platelet-derived growth factor subunit-BB (PDGF-BB), ascorbic acid, dexamethasone, and hydrogen peroxide). Results We were able to generate primary cultures from vitreous human samples, growing the cells on collagen-coated plates in Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum; primary cells expressed the hyalocyte markers. Specific cytoskeletal modifications were observed upon treatment with bFGF, TGF-β, PDGF-BB, ascorbic acid, dexamethasone, and hydrogen peroxide. Only bFGF was able to promote cell growth and hyaluronic acid production. Conclusions We describe for the first time the generation and the characterization of primary cultures of human hyalocytes from living donors. Although human hyalocytes share some characteristics with animal hyalocytes, human hyalocytes have their own features typical of the species, confirming how important human experimental models are for investigating human pathologies and their treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Nuzzi
- Eye Clinic Section, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Coda Zabetta
- Eye Clinic Section, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Laura D’Errico
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Riscaldino
- Eye Clinic Section, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Menegon
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Alan A, Onuk B, Alan E, Kabak M. Light and electron microscopic studies on the pecten oculi showing blood-retina barrier properties in Turkey's native Gerze chicken. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 49:478-485. [PMID: 32181521 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The pecten oculi is a highly vascularized and pigmented organ that projects from the optic disc into the vitreous body in the avian eye. In this study, the pecten oculi of Turkey's native Gerze chicken was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the localization of some adherens junction components (E-cadherin and pan-cadherin) in intact vessels of the blood-retina barrier was investigated by immunohistochemistry. In the Gerze chicken, the pecten oculi was a thin structure, which was located over the head of the discus nervi optici and projected from the retina into the corpus vitreum. The pecten oculi consisted of 18-21 highly vascularized pleats, joined apically by a bridge and resembled an accordion in appearance. Hyalocytes and melanocytes were observed around the small and large vessels. The morphometric data of the pecten oculi showed that there were no statistical differences in terms of sex. The immunohistochemical analysis of the pecten oculi, which is used as a model for the investigation of the formation and maturation of the barrier properties in the central nervous system, revealed cytoplasmic E-cadherin and pan-cadherin immunoreactivity in the endothelial cells of the small, large and capillary vessels. These observations suggest that while the morphological and histological structure of the Gerze chicken's pecten oculi was generally similar to that of other diurnal domestic birds, the pecten oculi, a model system for vascular differentiation and the blood-retina barrier, expressed different cadherins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydın Alan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Burcu Onuk
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of On Dokuz Mayıs, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Emel Alan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Murat Kabak
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of On Dokuz Mayıs, Samsun, Turkey
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Segovia Y, Victory N, Navarro-Sempere A, Pinilla V, García M. A comparative ultrastructural study of the pecten oculi in adult, juvenile, and nestling yellow-legged gulls, Larus michahellis (Naumann, 1840). Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 23:113-122. [PMID: 31328853 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at examining the histological structure of the pecten oculi in the adult yellow-legged gull, Larus michahellis, and at two moments of postnatal development: during the posthatch (nestling) and juvenile periods. Particular attention was paid to differences in the diameter of vessels, the thickness of the basement membrane, and ultrastructural features of endothelial and pigmented stromal cells. Capillary endothelial cells displayed numerous microvillous-like folds projecting from their internal and external surfaces. Intercellular spaces between capillaries were occupied by pigmented stromal cells. The ultrastructure of pecten oculi underwent noticeable changes during postnatal development. The examination of the capillaries in nestlings, juveniles, and adults revealed that the formation process of vessels and pigmented stromal cells did not complete itself in the posthaching phase. The prominent feature of endothelial cells of capillaries in nestlings was that the microvilli were longer than in juvenile and adult cells, and the capillary lumen was therefore reduced. In this sense, their pigmented stromal cells showed fewer melanosomes, lacked intercellular spaces, and cellular junctions could still be observed. These results provide evidence that the pecten oculi during the posthatching phase maintains immature morphological features consistent with a role of pigmented stromal cells in the blood-retina barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Segovia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Alicante, Alacant, Spain
| | - Noemí Victory
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Alicante, Alacant, Spain
| | | | - Vanessa Pinilla
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Alicante, Alacant, Spain
| | - Magdalena García
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Alicante, Alacant, Spain
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Korkmaz D, Kum S. Investigation of the antigen recognition and presentation capacity of pecteneal hyalocytes in the chicken (gallus gallus domesticus). Biotech Histochem 2016; 91:212-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2015.1136987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ferreira TAC, Turner Giannico A, Montiani-Ferreira F. Hemodynamics of the pectinis oculi artery in American pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domestica). Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:409-13. [PMID: 26398920 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure blood velocity parameters of the main detectable branch of the pectinis oculi artery and compare with values found in other arteries in other species to form a hypothesis of the function of the pecten oculi in birds. METHODS Eleven American pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domestica) without ocular diseases were examined with ocular Doppler ultrasonography. The pectinate artery resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) were calculated. RESULTS The mean of RI and PI values resulted, respectively, in: left eye (0.43 ± 0.07; 0.58 ± 0.13), right eye (0.37 ± 0.09; 0.47 ± 0.14), and both eyes (0.40 ± 0.08; 0.53 ± 0.14). DISCUSSION The low RI and PI values found in the main branch of the pectinis oculi artery compared with other arteries in other tissues suggest a high metabolic activity in the pecten oculi, and it could indicate a nutritional function and/or intraocular pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Alegre C Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Amália Turner Giannico
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, 80035-050, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
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Correlative Microscopy of Lamellar Hole-Associated Epiretinal Proliferation. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:450212. [PMID: 26425350 PMCID: PMC4573629 DOI: 10.1155/2015/450212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To describe morphology of lamellar hole-associated epiretinal proliferation (LHEP) removed from eyes with lamellar macular holes (LMH). Methods. Based on optical coherence tomography data, 10 specimens of LHEP were removed from 10 eyes with LMH during standard vitrectomy. Specimens were prepared for correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) using an immunonanogold particle of 1.4 nm diameter that was combined with a fluorescein moiety, both having been attached to a single antibody fragment. As primary antibodies, we used antiglial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), anti-CD45, anti-CD64, anti-α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and anticollagen type I and type II. Results. In LHEP, GFAP-positive cells possess ultrastructural characteristics of fibroblasts and hyalocytes. They represent the major cell types and were densely packed in cell agglomerations on vitreous collagen strands. Epiretinal cells of LHEP rarely demonstrated contractive properties as α-SMA-positive myofibroblasts were an infrequent finding. Conclusion. CLEM indicates that epiretinal cells in LHEP might originate from the vitreous and that remodelling processes of vitreous collagen may play an important role in pathogenesis of eyes with LMH.
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Schumann RG, Gandorfer A, Ziada J, Scheler R, Schaumberger MM, Wolf A, Kampik A, Haritoglou C. Hyalocytes in idiopathic epiretinal membranes: a correlative light and electron microscopic study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:1887-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2841-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Inflammatory mechanisms of idiopathic epiretinal membrane formation. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:192582. [PMID: 24324293 PMCID: PMC3844245 DOI: 10.1155/2013/192582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of idiopathic epiretinal membranes (iERMs), a common pathology found in retina clinics, still eludes researchers to date. Ultrastructural studies of iERMs in the past have failed to identify the cells of origin due to the striking morphologic changes of cells involved via transdifferentiation. Thus, immunohistochemical techniques that stain for the cytostructural components of cells have confirmed the importance of glial cells and hyalocytes in iERM formation. The cellular constituents of iERMs are thought to consist of glial cells, fibroblasts, hyalocytes, etc. that, in concert with cytokines and growth factors present in the vitreous, lead to iERM formation. Recently, research has focused on the role of the posterior hyaloid in iERM formation and contraction, particularly the process of anomalous PVD as it relates to iERM formation. Recent advances in proteomics techniques have also elucidated the growth factors and cytokines involved in iERM formation, most notably nerve growth factor, glial cell line-derived growth factor, and transforming growth factor β1.
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Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies of the Pecten Oculi in the Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). ANATOMY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:650601. [PMID: 24198967 PMCID: PMC3807703 DOI: 10.1155/2013/650601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to extend the microscopic investigations of the pecten oculi in the quail in order to add some information on the unresolved functional anatomy of this unique avian organ. The pecten oculi of the quail was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Eighteen- to-twenty two highly vascularised accordion-like folds were joined apically by a heavily pigmented bridge of tissue, which holds the pecten in a fanlike shape, widest at the base. The structure of the double layered limiting membrane was recorded. The presence of hyalocytes with macrophage-like appearance was illustrated. It is assumed that the pecten oculi of the quail resembles that of the chicken. Illustrated morphological features of this species may add information on the active physiological role of the pecten. But still, the functional significance of this organ is a matter of controversies.
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Kirkeby S, Martel CJM, Aasted B, Vorum H. Carbohydrate determinants in ferret conjunctiva are affected by infection with influenza H1N1 virus. Curr Eye Res 2013; 38:1027-35. [PMID: 23790131 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.803289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbohydrates often accomplish as cell-surface receptors for microorganisms and influenza virus preferentially binds to sialic acid through the viral haemagglutinin. The virus may attach not only to the epithelium in the airways, but also to the surface ocular epithelium. PURPOSE To decide if ferrets can be used to study virus induced conjunctivitis and to evaluate changes in the conjunctival glycosylation pattern during an influenza attack. METHODS Ferrets were infected with H1N1 influenza virus via nasal inoculation. The in situ carbohydrate expressions in eyelid sections from ferrets 0 to 10 days after infection was examined using lectin- and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The conjunctival cells became hypertrophic with appearance of both PAS positive and PAS + Alcian Blue stained cells 5-6 days after inoculation. The binding of three sialic acid detecting lectins were investigated: WGA, MAA2 and SNA1. While none of them stained conjunctival epithelial cells in the non-infected ferrets to any extent, there was a positive conjunctival reaction in the infected ferret after incubation with all three lectins. Binding of a MUC1 antibody that seems to detect sialylated determinants in the mucin molecule indicates that MUC1 is de novo expressed in most of the squamous conjunctival cells at the start of the influenza infection. MUC5AC positive epithelial cells, probably goblet cells, proliferate in the diseased conjunctiva. CONCLUSION Nasal inoculation of H1N1 virus to ferrets has an effect on the conjunctival cells and change their expression of glycans. Synthesized glycans are an integral part of the tear film and the present study contributes to reveal the changes that occur in the surface epithelium in the eyelid and thereby to elucidate the pathophysiology of the virus mediated conjunctivitis. Ferrets are suitable animal models to study human conjunctivitis mediated by human influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svend Kirkeby
- Health Science Faculty, Department of Oral Medicine, Dental School, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Micali A, Pisani A, Ventrici C, Puzzolo D, Roszkowska AM, Spinella R, Aragona P. Morphological and Morphometric Study of the Pecten Oculi in the Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:540-50. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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