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Byrne E, Johnston RD, Kilroy D, Bhattacharjee S. An arch worth revisiting: a study on the feline humeral supracondylar foramen and its evolutionary significance. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060420. [PMID: 38818877 PMCID: PMC11225584 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The supracondylar foramen with a (seemingly) osseous peripheral arch noticed on the medio-distal feline humeri had remained disputed among anatomists. Some scholars have argued in favor of homology between this foramen and the supracondyloid foramen formed in presence of the ligament of Struthers in humans. Other theories include its presence as a retinaculum holding the median nerve and brachial artery to their anatomical position in a flexed elbow. Unfortunately, these theories lack investigative rigor. The emergence of non-invasive imaging modalities, such as micro-computed tomography, has enabled researchers to inspect the internal anatomy of bones without dismantling them. Thus, a micro-computed tomographic investigation was conducted on three feline (Felis catus) humeri specimens while the internal anatomy of the supracondylar foramina was examined. Unlike the humerus, the thin peripheral arch of the feline supracondylar foramen failed to elicit any osseous trabeculae or foci of calcification. While adhering to the humeral periosteum at its origin, the non-osseous arch, typical of a muscular tendon, attaches into the bony saddle related to the medial humeral epicondyle suggestive of a tendon or aponeurotic extension of a (vestigial) brachial muscle, with the coracobrachialis longus emerging to be the most likely candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear Byrne
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert D. Johnston
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing & Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Kilroy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sourav Bhattacharjee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Lund ES, Norton LA, Benoit J. First CT-assisted study of the palate and postcrania of Diarthrognathus broomi (Cynodontia, Probainognathia). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:1538-1558. [PMID: 38131650 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Diarthrognathus broomi is a transitional taxon between non-mammaliaform cynodonts and Mammaliaformes that occurred during the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic. All known specimens of Diarthrognathus represent juveniles, and the postcrania have not been thoroughly described. The palatal, basicranial and postcranial elements of the referred specimen NMQR 1535 are described here for the first time using 3D reconstructions generated from X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) data. The presence of a large interpterygoid vacuity, open medial suture between the vomers and medially unossified secondary palate all support the interpretation that NMQR 1535 is a juvenile. In addition, Diarthrognathus uniquely possesses "suborbital" vacuities, which distinguishes it from every other known cynodont. The presence of an ossified olecranon process, among other features, suggests that Diarthrognathus may have been a scratch-digger. The postcranial skeleton of Diarthrognathus appears to be more plesiomorphic than tritylodontids, Brasilodon and other tritheledontids as, among other traits, it retains amphicoelous vertebrae. However, this taxon also displays synapomorphies with the more derived cynodonts, such as the mammalian pattern of neurocentral ossification and possible absence of an ectepicondylar foramen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S Lund
- Evolutionary Studies Institute (ESI), School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Luke A Norton
- Evolutionary Studies Institute (ESI), School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Julien Benoit
- Evolutionary Studies Institute (ESI), School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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3
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Kamali Y, Almasi R, Moradi HR, Fathollahi S. Intraspecific anatomical variations of the extensor tendons of the carpus and digits with a reexamination of their insertion sites in the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris): a cadaveric study. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:197. [PMID: 37814315 PMCID: PMC10561507 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03750-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the current study was to investigate the frequency of variations of the extensor tendons of the carpus and digits in the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) with a reexamination of their insertions as well as the morphometric measurements of the tendons and the brachioradialis muscle. In total, we investigated 68 paired thoracic limbs of the domestic dog (16 females and 18 males) which were fixed in a 10% formalin solution. RESULTS The extensor carpi radialis (ECR) tendons showed striking variations in both splitting and insertion sites. In 4.4% of dissections, ECR had three tendons. Of these tendons, the extra tendon either attached independently on the fourth metacarpal bone (one right) or joined its counterpart tendon at the distal end (cross-connections) (one bilateral). It is worth mentioning that one of the ECR tendons split into two or three slips which inserted on the first, second, third, or fourth metacarpal bone in 11 (16.2%) of the specimens. In addition, we found a long tendinous slip originating from the ECR tendons to digit II or III in 7.4% of the distal limbs. The most common type of contribution to digit III was a third tendon of the extensor digiti I et II (ED III) joining the extensor digitorum lateralis (EDL III) with a frequency of 17.6%. In other types of variations, the contribution to digit III was incomplete. A part of the abductor pollicis longus (APL) deep to the superficial part of the flexor retinaculum seemed to continue up to the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) tendon. CONCLUSIONS The rare intraspecific variations of the extensor tendons of the manus described in the current research are valuable from both clinical and phylogenetic perspectives. Nonetheless, their functional importance needs more studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Kamali
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Reyhaneh Almasi
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Moradi
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Fathollahi
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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4
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Tarquini J, Mosto MC, Ercoli MD. Functional and phylogenetic interpretation of the forelimb myology of two South American carnivorans, the ring-tailed coati (Nasua nasua) and crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus). J Morphol 2023; 284:e21587. [PMID: 37183491 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of the forelimb myology of two neotropical procyonids (Nasua nasua and Procyon cancrivorus) was performed to assess how observed differences in their myological configuration would be related to their diverse ecological behaviors and phylogeny. Although both species are associated with the arboreal substrate, N. nasua is a more agile climber that usually digs; whereas P. cancrivorus spends most of its time on the ground foraging, climbing on the trees as shelter and is a good swimmer. Here, myological descriptions, muscle maps, phylogenetic optimizations, and muscle mass data of the forelimb of these two procyonids are presented. The main functional muscular groups are discussed in a comparative framework with other carnivorans that present a wide ecological diversity. Also, muscular characters were mapped onto a phylogeny to explore their evolution and to obtain ancestral state reconstructions. Results indicate clear myological differences among the two neotropical procyonids associated with their ecological preferences. One of the most remarkable anatomical differences is the arrangement and relative mass of the extrinsic musculature, mainly the musculus rhomboideus and the delto-pectoral complexes. In Nasua nasua, these suggested a greater stability in their shoulder girdle for climbing and digging and probably would provide stronger neck and head movements when they use them for foraging on the ground. Conversely, P. cancrivorus has a different extrinsic muscular configuration, which would allow an increment on the stride length and faster movements of the forelimb associated with more frequent terrestrial gaits. Also, significant differences are observed in the distal musculature, associated with strong movements of forepaws when climbing and digging in N. nasua; whereas, P. cancrivorus configuration suggested precise forearm and digits movements, related to manipulation of food items when they are catching prey or feeding. Most of the codified features of P. cancrivorus would reflect retention of plesiomorphies acquired in the common ancestor of caniforms or arctoids, whereas N. nasua shows derived traits, particularly in the proximal forelimb region. The present work increases the information available on the myology of these particular taxa and extant generalized arctoid models in general. The analyses presented here will be useful both for other comparative myological studies (morpho-functional and phylogenetic) and for muscular reconstruction in extinct procyonids, as well as other carnivorans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Tarquini
- Laboratorio de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción (CICYTTP, CONICET-Prov. ER-UADER), Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - M Clelia Mosto
- División Zoología Vertebrados, CONICET, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos D Ercoli
- Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (INECOA, UNJu-CONICET), Jujuy, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Instituto de Geología y Minería UNJu-CONICET, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
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Gardin A, Salesa MJ, Siliceo G, Antón M, Pastor JF, de Bonis L. The hindlimb of Amphicynodon leptorhynchus from the lower Oligocene of the Quercy Phosphorites (France): Highlight of new climbing adaptations of this early arctoid. J MAMM EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-022-09621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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6
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Dunn RH, Beresheim A, Gubatina A, Bitterman K, Butaric L, Bejes K, Kennedy S, Markham S, Miller D, Mrvoljak M, Roge‐Jones L, Stumpner J, Walter C, Meachen JA. Muscular anatomy of the forelimb of tiger (Panthera tigris). J Anat 2022; 241:119-144. [PMID: 35107175 PMCID: PMC9178396 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissection reports of large cats (family Felidae) have been published since the late 19th century. These reports generally describe the findings in words, show drawings of the dissection, and usually include some masses of muscles, but often neglect to provide muscle maps showing the precise location of bony origins and insertions. Although these early reports can be highly useful, the absence of visual depictions of muscle attachment sites makes it difficult to compare muscle origins and insertions in living taxa and especially to reconstruct muscle attachments in fossil taxa. Recently, more muscle maps have been published in the primary literature, but those for large cats are still limited. Here, we describe the muscular anatomy of the forelimb of the tiger (Panthera tigris), and compare muscle origins, insertions, and relative muscle masses to other felids to identify differences that may reflect functional adaptations. Our results reiterate the conservative nature of felid anatomy across body sizes and behavioral categories. We find that pantherines have relatively smaller shoulder muscle masses, and relatively larger muscles of the caudal brachium, pronators, and supinators than felines. The muscular anatomy of the tiger shows several modifications that may reflect an adaptation to terrestrial locomotion and a preference for large prey. These include in general a relatively large m. supraspinatus (shoulder flexion), an expanded origin for m. triceps brachii caput longum, and relatively large m. triceps brachii caput laterale (elbow extension), as well as relatively large mm. brachioradialis, abductor digiti I longus, and abductor digiti V. Muscle groups that are well developed in scansorial taxa are not well developed in the tiger, including muscles of the cranial compartment of the brachium and antebrachium, and m. anconeus. Overall, the musculature of the tiger strongly resembles that of the lion (Panthera leo), another large-bodied terrestrial large-prey specialist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H. Dunn
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Amy Beresheim
- Department of Cell and Molecular MedicineRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Ariel Gubatina
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Kathleen Bitterman
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Lauren Butaric
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Katelyn Bejes
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Sarah Kennedy
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Sam Markham
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Dustin Miller
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Midhad Mrvoljak
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Lorraine Roge‐Jones
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Jessica Stumpner
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Cody Walter
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Julie A. Meachen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
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7
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Vélez-García JF, Marín-González L, Monroy-Cendales MJ, Miglino MA. Craniolateral forearm muscles of the crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) and a comparative review with other carnivorans. IHERINGIA. SERIE ZOOLOGIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4766e2022012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The crab-eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus (Cuvier, 1798) is a species of the order Carnivora and family Procyonidae with a geographical distribution in Central and South America. Although crab-eating raccoons use scansorial locomotion, they also have aquatic habits, displaying greatly developed skills when handling their food. This species can frequently be found in wildlife care centers due to injuries caused by domestic dogs, humans, and car collisions. Having knowledge of the species’ gross anatomy and anatomical bases is imperative to perform the most appropriate medical and surgical procedures. Thus, the objective of this investigation was to analyze the interspecific and intraspecific differences of the craniolateral forearm muscles of Procyon cancrivorus. Gross dissections were performed in four specimens describing the origin, insertion, shape, innervation, and arterial supply of the craniolateral forearm muscles. There is a constant and well development of brachioradialis muscle comparatively to that described in strictly cursorial species; the extensor carpi radialis muscle has two bellies that are fused proximally; the extensor digitorum communis muscle can also extend the tendon to the digit I as an anatomical variant, and the extensor digiti I and II muscle also extends the tendon to digit III. All are innervated by the deep branch of the radial nerve, and their arterial supply is mainly by the radial collateral, cubital transverse, and cranial interosseous arteries. The anatomical characteristics observed in this study complement the previous descriptions for Procyon cancrivorus, and the anatomical variants found in this species can also be in other carnivorans. Thus, the intraspecific anatomical variations of the digital extensor muscles in P. cancrivorus are phylogenetic traits that can occur as a common pattern or as anatomical variants in other species of the order Carnivora.
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8
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Wang R, Wang X, Zhai J, Zhang P, Irwin DM, Shen X, Chen W, Shen Y. A new canine distemper virus lineage identified from red pandas in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e944-e952. [PMID: 34724331 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious virus that causes multi-systemic, sub-clinical to fatal diseases in a wide range of carnivore species. Based on the sequences of the haemagglutinin (H) gene, CDV strains have been classified into 18 major genetic lineages. In this study, we characterized the genomes of CDV isolated from the lungs of two dead red pandas in China. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed damage due to viral infection in these lungs. The two strains showed a deep genetic distance from the other 18 recognized lineages (>4.6% at nucleotide level and >5.0% at amino acid level). The maximum clade credibility tree of the H- gene sequences showed that they belonged to an independent clade and had diverged a relatively long time ago from the Asia-4 lineage (since 1884). These results suggest that the analyzed strains belong to a new CDV lineage, which we designate as Asia-6. Our finding indicates that CDV infections in wildlife in China are complex and are a threat to endangered carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichen Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, P. R. China.,Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Junqiong Zhai
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Pian Zhang
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, P. R. China.,Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xuejuan Shen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wu Chen
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, P. R. China.,Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yongyi Shen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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9
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Gardin A, Salesa MJ, Siliceo G, Antón M, Pastor JF, de Bonis L. Climbing Adaptations of an Enigmatic Early Arctoid Carnivoran: the Functional Anatomy of the Forelimb of Amphicynodon leptorhynchus From the Lower Oligocene of the Quercy Phosphorites (France). J MAMM EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-021-09553-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Smith HF, Townsend KEB, Adrian B, Levy S, Marsh S, Hassur R, Manfredi K, Echols MS. Functional Adaptations in the Forelimb of the Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia). Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1852-1866. [PMID: 34080623 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is anatomically and physiologically adapted for life in the rocky terrain of alpine zones in Central and South Asia. Panthera uncia is scansorial, and typically hunts solitarily by using overhead ambush of prey, rather than the typical stalking pattern of other large pantherines. In this study, we conducted dissections, detailed documentation, and illustrated the forelimb anatomy of two adult P. uncia specimens (1M/1F). Qualitative and quantitative data revealed an intriguing combination of functional adaptations illustrating a balance between the diverse demands of head-first descent, pouncing, climbing across rocky terrain, restraint of large prey, rapid pursuit, and navigating deep snow. In many forelimb proportions, P. uncia is intermediate between the cursorial Acinonyx jubatus (cheetah) and the scansorial forest dwelling Panthera onca (jaguar). Enlarged scapular and pectoral musculature provide stability to the shoulder girdle during grappling with large prey, as well as support during jumping and climbing. A small, unarticulated bony clavicle may provide greater stability to the forelimb, while still allowing flexibility. In the brachium and antebrachium of P. uncia, there is a functional compromise between the powerful grip needed for grasping large prey and the stability necessary for rapid pursuit of prey over uneven, rocky terrain. A unique bifurcation in the tendon of m. biceps brachii may provide additional functional stability at the radiohumeral joint. Intrinsic muscles of the palmar manus are broad and fleshy, acting as an enlarged surface area to evenly distribute body weight while walking on soft snow. However, muscles that act to provide fine manual manipulation are reduced, as in other large prey specialists. Overall, P. uncia displays morphological adaptive parallels with scansorial, large prey specializing pantherines, such as P. onca, while also showing adaptations for running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather F Smith
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - K E Beth Townsend
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Brent Adrian
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Samuel Levy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Shelby Marsh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Rebecca Hassur
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Kevin Manfredi
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - M Scott Echols
- S carlet Imaging, 6687 S 1530 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84121, USA
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11
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Perdomo-Cárdenas V, Patiño-Holguín C, Vélez-García JF. Evolutionary and terminological analysis of the flexor digitorum superficialis, interflexorii and palmaris longus muscles in kinkajou (Potos flavus) and crab-eating racoon (Procyon cancrivorus). Anat Histol Embryol 2021; 50:520-533. [PMID: 33462842 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The kinkajou (Potos flavus) and crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) are carnivores belonging to the family Procyonidae, but both species are characterized by different types of locomotion. Differences can be found in the adaptations that these two species present in the forearm muscles, such as the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS), palmaris longus (PL) and interflexorii (IF), which have been described confusingly in previous studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe these muscles in both species together with their innervations to carry out an evolutionary and terminological analysis among carnivorans. Both thoracic limbs were dissected from five P. flavus and three P. cancrivorus that had died of natural causes in Wildlife Care Centers. Two PL muscles (m. palmaris longus lateralis, PLL, and m. palmaris longus medialis, PLM) were found in P. flavus, and the IF were the only superficial flexors of the digits, whereas P. cancrivorus presented the IF and two bellies homologous to the two PLs of P. flavus, where the homologous belly of the PLM sent tendons to digits II-IV. Therefore, it was considered as the FDS due to its similarity to other carnivorans, and the lateral belly is the only PL present in P. cancrivorus. The topology, attachments and innervation of these muscles in P. flavus and P. cancrivorus allowed homologies to be established, hypothesizing their evolutionary derivation from the FDS. It also allowed the differences among PL, FDS and IF muscles to be described, concluding that most carnivorans do not have a PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Perdomo-Cárdenas
- Research group of Medicine and Surgery in Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Catalina Patiño-Holguín
- Research group in Veterinary Sciences (CIENVET), Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.,Hospital Veterinario Monarca, Toluca, México
| | - Juan Fernando Vélez-García
- Research group of Medicine and Surgery in Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia.,Programa de Doutorado em Anatomia dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres, Facultade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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12
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Smith HF, Adrian B, Koshy R, Alwiel R, Grossman A. Adaptations to cursoriality and digit reduction in the forelimb of the African wild dog ( Lycaon pictus). PeerJ 2020; 8:e9866. [PMID: 33194359 PMCID: PMC7482643 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), an endangered canid native to southern and eastern Africa, is distinct among canids in being described as entirely tetradactyl and in its nomadic lifestyle and use of exhaustive predation to capture its prey instead of speed, strength, or stealth. These behavioral and morphological traits suggest a potentially unique set of adaptations. Methods Here, we dissected the forelimbs of an adult male L. pictus specimen and performed detailed descriptions and quantitative analyses of the musculoskeletal anatomy. Results Statistical comparisons of muscle masses and volumes revealed that L. pictus has relatively smaller wrist rotators (mm. pronator teres, pronator quadratus, supinator) than any other included carnivoran taxon, suggesting adaptive pressures for antebrachial stability over rotatory movement in the carpus of L. pictus. While a complete digit I is absent in L. pictus, a vestigial first metacarpal was discovered, resulting in changes to insertions of mm. extensor digiti I et II, abductor (et opponens) digiti I and flexor digiti I brevis. Mm. anconeus, brachialis and flexor carpi ulnaris caput ulnare all have more extensive origins in L. pictus than other canids suggesting an emphasis on posture and elbow stability. M. triceps brachii caput laterale has a larger origin in L. pictus and m. triceps brachii caput longum has an additional accessory head. Electromyographic studies have shown this muscle is active during the stance phase of trotting and galloping and is important for storing elastic energy during locomotion. We interpret these differences in size and attachments of muscles in L. pictus as adaptations for long distance running in this highly cursorial species, likely important for exhaustive predation. Absence of a full digit I in L. pictus may increase speed and stride length; however, the retention of a vestigial digit permits the attachment of reduced pollical muscles which may provide additional stability and proprioception to the carpus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather F Smith
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.,School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Brent Adrian
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Rahul Koshy
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Ryan Alwiel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Aryeh Grossman
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.,Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
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Guignard ML, Martinelli AG, Soares MB. The postcranial anatomy of Brasilodon quadrangularis and the acquisition of mammaliaform traits among non-mammaliaform cynodonts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216672. [PMID: 31075140 PMCID: PMC6510408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brasilodon quadrangularis (Cynodontia, Probainognathia) is an iconic non-mammaliaform cynodont from the Late Triassic of Brazil (Riograndia Assemblage Zone, Candelária Sequence), being considered as the sister taxon of Mammaliaformes. Although its phylogenetic position is very important, several aspects of its postcranial anatomy remain unclear or unstudied. Here, we present a detailed description of the postcranial elements referred to Brasilodon, including previously mentioned specimens and new ones, which add relevant information about its postcranial morphology and provide a new insight into the anatomical transition between advanced non-mammaliaform cynodonts and early mammaliaforms. Functional and ecological implications are also investigated, based on the postcranial morphology and muscular reconstructions. The postcranium of Brasilodon differs from most non-mammaliaform cynodonts and presents similarities with tritylodontids, early mammaliaforms and extant therians, such as a ventrally oriented scapular glenoid facet, a distinct and ossified greater humeral tubercle, lack of ectepicondylar foramen, olecranon process, hemispherical humeral and femoral heads and a prominent intertrochanteric crest. The humeral torsion, the length of the deltopectoral crest, the large bicipital groove and the well-developed lesser tubercle, indicate that the forelimb of Brasilodon was hold in a semi-sprawling position, with well-developed adductor muscles to maintain the body off the ground. The short femoral neck and the strong medial projection of the femoral head indicate the femur was held in a more erect posture than in basal non-mammaliaform cynodonts. The anterodorsally projected iliac blade with reduced postacetabular process, reduction of the anterior part of the pubis, medially located lesser trochanter indicate a basically mammalian pattern of pelvic musculature, able to swing the femur in a nearly parasagittal plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L. Guignard
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Agustin G. Martinelli
- CONICET-Sección Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ’Bernardino Rivadavia', Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marina B. Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- CONICET-Sección Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ’Bernardino Rivadavia', Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Tarquini J, Morgan CC, Toledo N, Soibelzon LH. Comparative osteology and functional morphology of the forelimb ofCyonasua(Mammalia, Procyonidae), the first South American carnivoran. J Morphol 2019; 280:446-470. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Tarquini
- Laboratorio de Paleontología de Vertebrados; Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción (CICYTTP-CONICET-Entre Ríos-UADER), Matteri y España s/n.; E3105BWA, Diamante Entre Ríos Argentina
| | - Cecilia C. Morgan
- División Zoología de Vertebrados, Sección Mastozoología, CONICET; Museo de La Plata, FCNyM-UNLP, Paseo del Bosque s/n., B1900FWA, La Plata; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Néstor Toledo
- División Paleontología Vertebrados; Unidades de Investigación Anexo Museo de La Plata, FCNyM-UNLP, CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Leopoldo H. Soibelzon
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, CONICET; Museo de La Plata, FCNyM-UNLP, Paseo del Bosque s/n., B1900FWA, La Plata; Buenos Aires Argentina
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de Souza Junior P, Santos LMRPD, Viotto-Souza W, de Carvalho NDC, Souza EC, Kasper CB, Abidu-Figueiredo M, Santos ALQ. Functional myology of the thoracic limb in Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus): a descriptive and comparative analysis. J Anat 2018; 233:783-806. [PMID: 30318591 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of the muscles of the thoracic limb were evaluated in 22 specimens of Lycalopex gymnocercus. Descriptive and comparative analyses showed similarity with other canids in terms of topography and tendon insertions. Differences with the domestic dog were observed in the pectoralis profundus, triceps brachii and interflexorii muscles. Intraspecific variations were observed in the rhomboideus capitis, serratus ventralis cervicis, extensor carpi radialis, extensor digiti I and II, lumbricales, flexor digiti I brevis, abductor digiti I brevis, and flexor digiti V muscles. The analyses of muscle architecture carried out in nine specimens showed that there was no difference in muscle percentage mass in the thoracic limb of males and females, but a young specimen showed significant lower percentage mass. The triceps brachii caput longus muscle showed the greatest mass, the subscapularis muscle showed the greatest physiological cross-sectional area value, and the extrinsic muscles, in general, presented the longest fascicles and higher architectural indexes. Muscle architecture data were compatible with those of a thoracic limb adapted to fast cursorial locomotion that prioritizes movements in a sagittal plane instead of rotation or adduction/abduction. There was a high association between functional percentage mass of the muscles in the thoracic limb and phylogeny in the Carnivora order. It may be inferred that carnivoran muscle mass is largely determined by phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo de Souza Junior
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Wild Animals Teaching and Research (LAPAS), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Wilson Viotto-Souza
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Wild Animals Teaching and Research (LAPAS), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Natan da Cruz de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Regional University of Campaign (URCAMP), Alegrete, RS, Brazil
| | - Erick Candiota Souza
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Benhur Kasper
- Birds and Mammals Laboratory (LABIMAVE), Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Abidu-Figueiredo
- Department of Animal and Human Anatomy, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Quagliatto Santos
- Laboratory of Wild Animals Teaching and Research (LAPAS), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Böhmer C, Fabre AC, Herbin M, Peigné S, Herrel A. Anatomical Basis of Differences in Locomotor Behavior in Martens: AComparison of the Forelimb Musculature Between Two Sympatric Species ofMartes. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:449-472. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Böhmer
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 55 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 55 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Marc Herbin
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 55 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Stéphane Peigné
- UMR 7207 CR 2P, MNHN/CNRS/UPMC, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP38; 8 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 55 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005 France
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17
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Functional and Systematic Implications of the Postcranial Anatomy of a Late Miocene Feline (Carnivora, Felidae) from Batallones-1 (Madrid, Spain). J MAMM EVOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-017-9414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Warburton NM, Marchal CR. Forelimb Myology of Carnivorous Marsupials (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae): Implications for the Ancestral Body Plan of the Australidelphia. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:1589-1608. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M. Warburton
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western 6150 Australia
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Western Australian Museum; Welshpool Western Australia
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Functional Anatomy of the Forelimb of Plesiotypotherium achirense (Mammalia, Notoungulata, Mesotheriidae) and Evolutionary Insights at the Family Level. J MAMM EVOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-016-9372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Ercoli MD, Álvarez A. A novel series of forepaw muscles for mammals observed in the Patagonian weasel Lyncodon patagonicus. J Mammal 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Ercoli MD, Álvarez A, Busker F, Morales MM, Julik E, Smith HF, Adrian B, Barton M, Bhagavatula K, Poole M, Shahsavan M, Wechsler R, Fisher RE. Myology of the Head, Neck, and Thoracic Region of the Lesser Grison (Galictis cuja) in Comparison with the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) and Other Carnivorans: Phylogenetic and Functional Implications. J MAMM EVOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-016-9339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Makungu M, Groenewald HB, du Plessis WM, Barrows M, Koeppel KN. Thoracic limb morphology of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens) evidenced by osteology and radiography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 82:e1-e10. [PMID: 26244684 PMCID: PMC6238796 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v82i1.953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is distributed primarily in the Himalayas and southern China. It is classified as a vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The aim of this study was to describe the normal osteology and radiographic anatomy of the thoracic limb of the red panda. Radiography of the right thoracic limb was performed in seven captive adult red pandas. Radiographic findings were correlated with bone specimens from three adult animals. The scapula was wide craniocaudally and presented with a large area for the origin of the teres major muscle. The square-shaped major tubercle did not extend proximal to the head of the humerus. The medial epicondyle was prominent. A supracondylar foramen was present. The radial tuberosity and sesamoid bone for the abductor digiti I longus were prominent. The accessory carpal bone was directed palmarolaterally. Metacarpal bones were widely spread. The thoracic limb morphology of the red panda evidenced by osteology and radiography indicated flexibility of the thoracic limb joints and well-developed flexor and supinator muscles, which are important in arboreal quadrupedal locomotion. Knowledge gained during this study may prove useful in identifying skeletal material or remains and diagnosing musculoskeletal diseases and injuries of the thoracic limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modesta Makungu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania.
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Olson RA, Womble MD, Thomas DR, Glenn ZD, Butcher MT. Functional Morphology of the Forelimb of the Nine-Banded Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus): Comparative Perspectives on the Myology of Dasypodidae. J MAMM EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-015-9299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tracing the origin of the panda’s thumb. Naturwissenschaften 2015; 102:35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-015-1286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fabre AC, Cornette R, Goswami A, Peigné S. Do constraints associated with the locomotor habitat drive the evolution of forelimb shape? A case study in musteloid carnivorans. J Anat 2015; 226:596-610. [PMID: 25994128 PMCID: PMC4450962 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Convergence in morphology can result from evolutionary adaptations in species living in environments with similar selective pressures. Here, we investigate whether the shape of the forelimb long bones has converged in environments imposing similar functional constraints, using musteloid carnivores as a model. The limbs of quadrupeds are subjected to many factors that may influence their shape. They need to support body mass without collapsing or breaking, yet at the same time resist the stresses and strains induced by locomotion. This likely imposes strong constraints on their morphology. Our geometric morphometric analyses show that locomotion, body mass and phylogeny all influence the shape of the forelimb. Furthermore, we find a remarkable convergence between: (i) aquatic and semi-fossorial species, both displaying a robust forelimb, with a shape that improves stability and load transfer in response to the physical resistance imposed by the locomotor environment; and (ii) aquatic and arboreal/semi-arboreal species, with both groups displaying a broad capitulum. This augments the degree of pronation/supination, an important feature for climbing as well as grasping and manipulation ability, behaviors common to aquatic and arboreal species. In summary, our results highlight how musteloids with different locomotor ecologies show differences in the anatomy of their forelimb bones. Yet, functional demands for limb movement through dense media also result in convergence in forelimb long-bone shape between diverse groups, for example, otters and badgers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raphael Cornette
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7205, ‘Origine, Structure et Evolution de la Biodiversité’, Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleParis, France
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment and Department of Earth Sciences, University College LondonLondon, UK
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Warburton NM, Malric A, Yakovleff M, Leonard V, Cailleau C. Hind limb myology of the southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) and greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis) (Marsupialia : Peramelemorphia). AUST J ZOOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/zo14087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bandicoots and bilbies (order Peramelemorphia) represent the principal group of omnivorous marsupials from a range of habitats across Australia and New Guinea. Bandicoots and bilbies most commonly use quadrupedal, asymmetrical half-bounding or bounding gaits and present an unusual combination of hind limb morphological features, including an ossified patella, a modified tibiofibular joint, and syndactylous morphology of the pes. We performed comparative dissections of the hind limb of the southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus fusciventer) (n = 13) and greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis) (n = 4), providing detailed descriptions of the muscular anatomy. These species displayed significant modification of the hind limb muscular anatomy and associated connective tissues, including emphasis on multiarticular muscles, such as the hamstrings, and extreme development of fascial structures. These patterns were more extreme in I. obesulus than in M. lagotis. Differences between the hind limb anatomy of I. obesulus and M. lagotis reflect the different ecological and environmental pressures on their locomotion and digging behaviours.
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Catalano SA, Ercoli MD, Prevosti FJ. The More, the Better: The Use of Multiple Landmark Configurations to Solve the Phylogenetic Relationships in Musteloids. Syst Biol 2014; 64:294-306. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syu107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago A. Catalano
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; 2Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (UEL), Miguel Lillo 251, 4000 S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina; 3Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, División Mastozoología, Av. Angel Gallardo 470. C1405DJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; and 4Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; 2Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (UEL), Miguel Lillo 251, 4000 S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina; 3Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, División Mastozoología, Av. Angel Gallardo 470. C1405DJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; and 4Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos D. Ercoli
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; 2Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (UEL), Miguel Lillo 251, 4000 S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina; 3Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, División Mastozoología, Av. Angel Gallardo 470. C1405DJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; and 4Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; 2Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (UEL), Miguel Lillo 251, 4000 S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina; 3Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, División Mastozoología, Av. Angel Gallardo 470. C1405DJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; and 4Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco J. Prevosti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; 2Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (UEL), Miguel Lillo 251, 4000 S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina; 3Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, División Mastozoología, Av. Angel Gallardo 470. C1405DJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; and 4Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; 2Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (UEL), Miguel Lillo 251, 4000 S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina; 3Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, División Mastozoología, Av. Angel Gallardo 470. C1405DJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; and 4Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; 2Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (UEL), Miguel Lillo 251, 4000 S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina; 3Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, División Mastozoología, Av. Angel Gallardo 470. C1405DJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; and 4Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Makungu M, du Plessis WM, Groenewald HB, Barrows M, Koeppel KN. Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens) evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography. Anat Histol Embryol 2014; 44:410-21. [PMID: 25308447 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is a quadrupedal arboreal animal primarily distributed in the Himalayas and southern China. It is a species commonly kept in zoological collections. This study was carried out to describe the morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the red panda evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography as a reference for clinical use and identification of skeletons. Radiography of the pelvis and right hind limb was performed in nine and seven animals, respectively. Radiographic findings were correlated with bone specimens from three adult animals. Computed tomography of the torso and hind limb was performed in one animal. The pelvic bone had a wide ventromedial surface of the ilium. The trochlea of the femur was wide and shallow. The patella was similar to that seen in feline species. The medial fabella was not seen radiographically in any animal. The cochlea grooves of the tibia were shallow with a poorly defined intermediate ridge. The trochlea of the talus was shallow and presented with an almost flattened medial ridge. The tarsal sesamoid bone was always present. The lateral process of the base of the fifth metatarsal (MT) bone was directed laterally. The MT bones were widely spaced. The morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the red panda indicated flexibility of the pelvis and hind limb joints as an adaptation to an arboreal quadrupedal lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Makungu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3020, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - W M du Plessis
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P. O Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - H B Groenewald
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - M Barrows
- Bristol Zoo Gardens, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 3HA, UK
| | - K N Koeppel
- Johannesburg Zoo, Private Bag X13, Parkview, Johannesburg, 2122, South Africa
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Siliceo G, Salesa MJ, Antón M, Pastor JF, Morales J. Comparative Anatomy of the Shoulder Region in the Late Miocene Amphicyonid Magericyon anceps (Carnivora): Functional and Paleoecological Inferences. J MAMM EVOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-014-9270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Muscular Anatomy of the Forelimbs of the Lesser Grison (Galictis cuja), and a Functional and Phylogenetic Overview of Mustelidae and Other Caniformia. J MAMM EVOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-014-9257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Salesa MJ, Antón M, Siliceo G, Pesquero MD, Alcalá L. First evidence of pathology in the forelimb of the late Miocene saber-toothed felid Promegantereon ogygia (Machairodontinae, Smilodontini). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:1090-5. [PMID: 24585664 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We examined the first evidence of pathology in the forelimb of the primitive saber-toothed felid Promegantereon ogygia, observed in a radius from the late Miocene (Vallesian, MN 10) site of La Roma 2 (Teruel, Spain). This fossil is the first evidence of a member of the Machairodontinae in this locality, and the first fossil of this species found in the Miocene basin of Teruel. The radius shows an exostosis shaped as a rough and wide bony crest probably caused by the lesion and posterior ossification of part of the tendon of the muscle abductor pollicis longus, an important extensor and abductor of the thumb. The lesion was probably due to a tearing or to high levels of exertion experienced by this muscle over a relatively long time, a general type of lesion also observed in other vertebrate fossils. With saber-toothed felids using their thumbs to immobilize prey during the hunt, the studied lesion probably affected in a significant manner the predatory abilities of the animal, causing at least a decrease in its hunting success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J Salesa
- Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Rupert JE, Rose JA, Organ JM, Butcher MT. Forelimb muscle architecture and myosin isoform composition in the groundhog (Marmota monax). J Exp Biol 2014; 218:194-205. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.107128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Scratch-digging mammals are commonly described as having large, powerful forelimb muscles for applying high force to excavate earth, yet studies quantifying the architectural properties of the musculature are largely unavailable. To further test hypotheses about traits that represent specializations for scratch-digging, we quantified muscle architectural properties and fiber type in the forelimb of the groundhog (Marmota monax), a digger that constructs semi-complex burrows. Architectural properties measured were muscle moment arm, muscle mass (MM), belly length (ML), fascicle length (lF), pennation angle, and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), and these metrics were used to estimate maximum isometric force, joint torque, and power. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform composition was determined in selected forelimb muscles by SDS-PAGE and densitometry analysis. Groundhogs have large limb retractors and elbow extensors that are capable of applying moderately high torque at the shoulder and elbow joints, respectively. Most of these muscles (e.g., latissimus dorsi and pectoralis superficialis) have high lF/ML ratios, indicating substantial shortening ability and moderate power. The unipennate triceps brachii long head has the largest PCSA and is capable of the highest joint torque at both the shoulder and elbow joints. The carpal and digital flexors show greater pennation and shorter fascicle lengths than the limb retractors and elbow extensors, resulting in higher PCSA:MM ratios and force production capacity. Moreover, the digital flexors have the capacity for both appreciable fascicle shortening and force production indicating high muscle work potential. Overall, the forelimb musculature of the groundhog is capable of relatively low sustained force and power, and these properties are consistent with the findings of a predominant expression of the MHC-2A isoform. Aside from the apparent modifications to the digital flexors, the collective muscle properties observed are consistent with its behavioral classification as a less specialized burrower and these may be more representative of traits common to numerous rodents with burrowing habits or mammals with some fossorial ability.
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Ercoli MD, Echarri S, Busker F, Álvarez A, Morales MM, Turazzini GF. The Functional and Phylogenetic Implications of the Myology of the Lumbar Region, Tail, and Hind Limbs of the Lesser Grison (Galictis cuja). J MAMM EVOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-012-9219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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