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Li J, Ma K, Yi D, Oh CD, Chen D. Nociceptive behavioural assessments in mouse models of temporomandibular joint disorders. Int J Oral Sci 2020; 12:26. [PMID: 32989215 PMCID: PMC7522224 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-00095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Orofacial pain or tenderness is a primary symptom associated with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (TMDs). To understand the pathological mechanisms underlying TMDs, several mouse models have been developed, including mechanical stimulus-induced TMD and genetic mouse models. However, a lack of feasible approaches for assessing TMD-related nociceptive behaviours in the orofacial region of mice has hindered the in-depth study of TMD-associated mechanisms. This study aimed to explore modifications of three existing methods to analyse nociceptive behaviours using two TMD mouse models: (1) mechanical allodynia was tested using von Frey filaments in the mouse TMJ region by placing mice in specially designed chambers; (2) bite force was measured using the Economical Load and Force (ELF) system; and (3) spontaneous feeding behaviour tests, including eating duration and frequency, were analysed using the Laboratory Animal Behaviour Observation Registration and Analysis System (LABORAS). We successfully assessed changes in nociceptive behaviours in two TMD mouse models, a unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC)-induced TMD mouse model and a β-catenin conditional activation mouse model. We found that the UAC model and β-catenin conditional activation mouse model were significantly associated with signs of increased mechanical allodynia, lower bite force, and decreased spontaneous feeding behaviour, indicating manifestations of TMD. These behavioural changes were consistent with the cartilage degradation phenotype observed in these mouse models. Our studies have shown reliable methods to analyse nociceptive behaviours in mice and may indicate that these methods are valid to assess signs of TMD in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kaige Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Dan Yi
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chun-do Oh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA. .,Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Xiaolan H, Guangjie B, Linglu S, Xue Z, Shanying B, Hong K. [Effect of different oxygen tension on the cytoskeleton remodeling of goat temporomandibular joint disc cells]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2017; 35:362-367. [PMID: 28853500 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective The effect of different oxygen tensions on the cytoskeleton remodeling of goat temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc cells were investigated. Methods Goat TMJ disc cells were cultured under normoxia (21% O₂) and hypoxia (2%, 4%, and 8% O₂). Toluidine blue, picrosirius red, and type Ⅰ collagen immunocytochemical staining were performed to observe the changes in cell phenotype under different oxygen levels. Immunofluorescent staining and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis were then performed to identify actin, tubulin, and vimentin in the cultured disc cells. Results TMJ disc cells still displayed fibroblast characteristics under different oxygen levels and their cytoskeletons had regular arrangement. The fluorescence intensities of actin and vimentin were lowest at 4% O₂(P<0.05), whereas that of tubulin was highest at 2% O₂ (P<0.05). No significant difference among the other groups was observed (P>0.05). Actin mRNA levels were considerably decreased at 2% O₂ and 4% O₂ in hypoxic conditions, while actin mRNA expression was highest in 21% O₂. Tubulin mRNA levels considerably increased at 2% O₂, while tubulin mRNA expression was lowest in 8% O₂ (P<0.05). Vimentin mRNA expression was lowest at 4% O₂ and highest at 21% O₂, and significant differences were observed between vimentin mRNA expression levels among these oxygen levels (P<0.05). Conclusion Cytoskeletons were reconstructed in different oxygen tensions, and 2% O₂ may be the optimal oxygen level required to proliferate TMJ disc cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Xiaolan
- Institute of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bao Guangjie
- Institute of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Provincial, Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Sun Linglu
- Institute of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhang Xue
- Institute of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bao Shanying
- Institute of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kang Hong
- Institute of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Rusu MC, Poalelungi CV, Vrapciu AD, Nicolescu MI, Hostiuc S, Mogoanta L, Taranu T. Endocardial tip cells in the human embryo - facts and hypotheses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115853. [PMID: 25617624 PMCID: PMC4305311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies regarding coronary embryogenesis suggest that the endocardium is a source of endothelial cells for the myocardial networks. As this was not previously documented in human embryos, we aimed to study whether or not endothelial tip cells could be correlated with endocardial-dependent mechanisms of sprouting angiogenesis. Six human embryos (43–56 days) were obtained and processed in accordance with ethical regulations; immunohistochemistry was performed for CD105 (endoglin), CD31, CD34, α-smooth muscle actin, desmin and vimentin antibodies. Primitive main vessels were found deriving from both the sinus venosus and aorta, and were sought to be the primordia of the venous and arterial ends of cardiac microcirculation. Subepicardial vessels were found branching into the outer ventricular myocardium, with a pattern of recruiting α-SMA+/desmin+ vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Endothelial sprouts were guided by CD31+/CD34+/CD105+/vimentin+ endothelial tip cells. Within the inner myocardium, we found endothelial networks rooted from endocardium, guided by filopodia-projecting CD31+/CD34+/CD105+/ vimentin+ endocardial tip cells. The myocardial microcirculatory bed in the atria was mostly originated from endocardium, as well. Nevertheless, endocardial tip cells were also found in cardiac cushions, but they were not related to cushion endothelial networks. A general anatomical pattern of cardiac microvascular embryogenesis was thus hypothesized; the arterial and venous ends being linked, respectively, to the aorta and sinus venosus. Further elongation of the vessels may be related to the epicardium and subepicardial stroma and the intramyocardial network, depending on either endothelial and endocardial filopodia-guided tip cells in ventricles, or mostly on endocardium, in atria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugurel C. Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- MEDCENTER—Center of Excellence in Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian V. Poalelungi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology “Dr.I.Cantacuzino” Hospital, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra D. Vrapciu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihnea I. Nicolescu
- Division of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, “Victor Babeş” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- * E-mail:
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Division of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Department 2 Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laurentiu Mogoanta
- Research Center for Microscopic Morphology and Immunology, Department of Morphology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Traian Taranu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, “Gr.T.Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
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Kato T, Takahashi S, Domon T. Effects of a liquid diet on the temporomandibular joint of growing rats. Med Princ Pract 2015; 24:257-62. [PMID: 25614129 PMCID: PMC5588221 DOI: 10.1159/000370072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to clarify the effects of a liquid diet on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in growing rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four male Wistar rats were weaned at 21 days and divided into control and experimental groups (12 in each group). Control rats were fed a solid diet and experimental rats were fed a liquid diet from 1 to 8 weeks. After injection with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), the animals were perfused and the heads were removed. Serial coronal sections of the TMJ were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, or BrdU immunohistochemistry was done (12 rats in each group). Three dimensions and the thicknesses of the cartilage layers of the TMJ were measured, and cell proliferation in the TMJ was examined. RESULTS After 4 weeks, the height and width of the mandibular fossa and the width and length of the mandibular condyle were smaller in the experimental groups than in the control groups. The cartilage layer in these areas was also thinner at 4 weeks. The BrdU levels in the intermediate zone of the mandibular fossa (at 4 weeks) and the mandibular condyle (at 1 and 4 weeks) were lower in the experimental groups than in the controls. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the growth of the mandibular fossa and mandibular condyle of rats was inhibited by the low proliferative activity of intermediate zone cells induced by liquid feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Kato
- Division of Oral Functional Science, Department of Oral Functional Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Oral Functional Science, Departments of Oral Rehabilitation, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- *Dr. Tsuyoshi Kato, Department of Oral Functional Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, North 13, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586 (Japan), E-Mail
| | - Shigeru Takahashi
- Division of Oral Functional Science, Department of Oral Functional Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takanori Domon
- Division of Oral Functional Science, Department of Oral Functional Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Kim JH, Parkkila S, Shibata S, Fujimiya M, Murakami G, Cho BH. Expression of carbonic anhydrase IX in human fetal joints, ligaments and tendons: a potential marker of mechanical stress in fetal development? Anat Cell Biol 2013; 46:272-84. [PMID: 24386600 PMCID: PMC3875845 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2013.46.4.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase type IX (CA9) is known to express in the fetal joint cartilage to maintain pH against hypoxia. Using paraffin-embedded histology of 10 human fetuses at 10-16 weeks of gestation with an aid of immunohistochemistry of the intermediate filaments, matrix components (collagen types I and II, aggrecan, versican, fibronectin, tenascin, and hyaluronan) and CA9, we observed all joints and most of the entheses in the body. At any stages examined, CA9-poisitive cells were seen in the intervertebral disk and all joint cartilages including those of the facet joint of the vertebral column, but the accumulation area was reduced in the larger specimens. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), one of the intermediate filaments, expressed in a part of the CA9-positive cartilages. Developing elastic cartilages were positive both of CA9 and GFAP. Notably, parts of the tendon or ligament facing to the joint, such as the joint surface of the annular ligament of the radius, were also positive for CA9. A distribution of each matrix components examined was not same as CA9. The bone-tendon and bone-ligament interface expressed CA9, but the duration at a site was limited to 3-4 weeks because the positive site was changed between stages. Thus, in the fetal entheses, CA9 expression displayed highly stage-dependent and site-dependent manners. CA9 in the fetal entheses seemed to play an additional role, but it was most likely to be useful as an excellent marker of mechanical stress at the start of enthesis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Bioscience and Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Shunichi Shibata
- Maxillofacial Anatomy, Department of Maxillofacial Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mineko Fujimiya
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Gen Murakami
- Division of Internal Medicine, Iwamizawa Kojin-kai Hospital, Iwamizawa, Japan
| | - Baik Hwan Cho
- Department of Surgery and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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Morphological and biomechanical features of the temporomandibular joint disc: An overview of recent findings. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1475-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abe S, Nakao T, Yoshimoto T, Yoshihito T, Parkkila S, Murakami G, Cho BH. Expression of carbonic anhydrase in the fetal eye and extra-ocular tissues. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 2013; 90:59-68. [PMID: 24670491 DOI: 10.2535/ofaj.90.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) plays a critical functional role in the ciliary body and retina for maintenance of microenvironment. With immunohistochemistry using orbital contents from 8 human fetuses (12-16 weeks of gestation), we examined expressions of CAs isozymes-1, 2, 3, 6, 7 9 and 12 and found strong reactivity of CA9 in extra-ocular fibrous tissues in the anterior and posterior eyes. CA9 is known to express in the fetal joint cartilage to maintain pH against hypoxia: actually, in the present specimens, the SO pulley and its tendon was strongly positive for CA9. The CA9-positive anterior fibrous tissues were positive for smooth muscle actin and connected the orbital aspect of the 4 rectus muscle with the palpebral conjunctiva, whereas the posterior tissue was negative for smooth muscle actin and corresponded to the lateral insertion tendon of the orbitalis muscle. The anterior CA9-positve tissues seemed to correspond to the primitive form of the sleeve and pulley system. Any of matrix substances (collagen types I and II, aggrecan, versican, fibronectin, tenascin and hyaluronan) displayed a distribution pattern specific for the CA9-positive fibrous tissues. Therefore, whether or not CA9 was positive in the fibrous tissue seemed not to depend on the tissue components such as the extracellular matrix and intermediate filaments but to suggest a stressful condition such as hypoxia, unsuitable base balance and/or under mechanical stress.
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