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Ripamonte GC, Fonseca EM, Frias AT, Patrone LGA, Vilela-Costa HH, Silva KSC, Szawka RE, Bícego KC, Zangrossi H, Plummer NW, Jensen P, Gargaglioni LH. Locus coeruleus noradrenaline depletion and its differential impact on CO 2-induced panic and hyperventilation in male and female mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111063. [PMID: 38908504 PMCID: PMC11323958 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
CO2 exposure has been used to investigate the panicogenic response in patients with panic disorder. These patients are more sensitive to CO2, and more likely to experience the "false suffocation alarm" which triggers panic attacks. Imbalances in locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LC-NA) neurotransmission are responsible for psychiatric disorders, including panic disorder. These neurons are sensitive to changes in CO2/pH. Therefore, we investigated if LC-NA neurons are differentially activated after severe hypercapnia in mice. Further, we evaluated the participation of LC-NA neurons in ventilatory and panic-like escape responses induced by 20% CO2 in male and female wild type mice and two mouse models of altered LC-NA synthesis. Hypercapnia activates the LC-NA neurons, with males presenting a heightened level of activation. Mutant males lacking or with reduced LC-NA synthesis showed hypoventilation, while animals lacking LC noradrenaline present an increased metabolic rate compared to wild type in normocapnia. When exposed to CO2, males lacking LC noradrenaline showed a lower respiratory frequency compared to control animals. On the other hand, females lacking LC noradrenaline presented a higher tidal volume. Nevertheless, no change in ventilation was observed in either sex. CO2 evoked an active escape response. Mice lacking LC noradrenaline had a blunted jumping response and an increased freezing duration compared to the other groups. They also presented fewer racing episodes compared to wild type animals, but not different from mice with reduced LC noradrenaline. These findings suggest that LC-NA has an important role in ventilatory and panic-like escape responses elicited by CO2 exposure in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C Ripamonte
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Elisa M Fonseca
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alana T Frias
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Luis Gustavo A Patrone
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Heloísa H Vilela-Costa
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Physiology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Kaoma S C Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Raphael E Szawka
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Kênia C Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Hélio Zangrossi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto CEP:14049-900, Brazil
| | - Nicholas W Plummer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Patricia Jensen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
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2
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Yoo HJ, Nashiro K, Dutt S, Min J, Cho C, Thayer JF, Lehrer P, Chang C, Mather M. Daily biofeedback to modulate heart rate oscillations affects structural volume in hippocampal subregions targeted by the locus coeruleus in older adults but not younger adults. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 132:85-99. [PMID: 37769491 PMCID: PMC10840698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Using data from a clinical trial, we tested the hypothesis that daily sessions modulating heart rate oscillations affect older adults' volume of a region-of-interest (ROI) comprised of adjacent hippocampal subregions with relatively strong locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic input. Younger and older adults were randomly assigned to one of two daily biofeedback practices for 5 weeks: (1) engage in slow-paced breathing to increase the amplitude of oscillations in heart rate at their breathing frequency (Osc+); (2) engage in self-selected strategies to decrease heart rate oscillations (Osc-). The interventions did not significantly affect younger adults' hippocampal volume. Among older adults, the two conditions affected volume in the LC-targeted hippocampal ROI differentially as reflected in a significant condition × time-point interaction on ROI volume. These condition differences were driven by opposing changes in the two conditions (increased volume in Osc+ and decreased volume in Osc-) and were mediated by the degree of heart rate oscillation during training sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo Yoo
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kaoru Nashiro
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Shubir Dutt
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jungwon Min
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Christine Cho
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | - Paul Lehrer
- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08852, USA
| | - Catie Chang
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Mara Mather
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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3
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Yoo HJ, Nashiro K, Dutt S, Min J, Cho C, Thayer JF, Lehrer P, Chang C, Mather M. Daily biofeedback to modulate heart rate oscillations affects structural volume in hippocampal subregions targeted by the locus coeruleus in older adults but not younger adults. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.03.02.23286715. [PMID: 37745356 PMCID: PMC10516053 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.02.23286715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Using data from a clinical trial, we tested the hypothesis that daily sessions modulating heart rate oscillations affect older adults' volume of a region-of-interest (ROI) comprised of adjacent hippocampal subregions with relatively strong locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic input. Younger and older adults were randomly assigned to one of two daily biofeedback practices for 5 weeks: 1) engage in slow-paced breathing to increase the amplitude of oscillations in heart rate at their breathing frequency (Osc+); 2) engage in self-selected strategies to decrease heart rate oscillations (Osc-). The interventions did not significantly affect younger adults' hippocampal volume. Among older adults, the two conditions affected volume in the LC-targeted hippocampal ROI differentially as reflected in a significant condition x time-point interaction on ROI volume. These condition differences were driven by opposing changes in the two conditions (increased volume in Osc+ and decreased volume in Osc-) and were mediated by the degree of heart rate oscillation during training sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo Yoo
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Kaoru Nashiro
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Shubir Dutt
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Jungwon Min
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Christine Cho
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | | | | | | | - Mara Mather
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
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Iwamoto M, Yonekura S, Atsumi N, Hirabayashi S, Kanazawa H, Kuniyoshi Y. Respiratory entrainment of the locus coeruleus modulates arousal level to avoid physical risks from external vibration. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7069. [PMID: 37127727 PMCID: PMC10151378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32995-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Slow rocking chairs can easily put people to sleep, while violent shaking, such as during earthquakes, may lead to rapid awakening. However, the influence of external body vibrations on arousal remains unclear. Herein, a computational model of a locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine (NE) system and cardio-respiratory system were used to show that respiratory entrainment of the LC modulates arousal levels, which is an adaptation to avoid physical risks from external vibration. External vibrations of sinusoidal waves with different frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 20 [Hz] were applied to the LC based on the results of previous studies. We found that respiratory entrainment of the LC decreased the breathing rate (BR) and heart rate (HR) to maintain the HR within its normal range. Furthermore, 1:1 phase locking enhanced arousal level while phase-amplitude coupling decreased it for larger vibration stimuli. These findings suggest that respiratory entrainment of the LC might automatically modulate cardio-respiratory system homeostasis and arousal levels for performance readiness (fight/flight or freeze) to avoid physical risks from larger external vibrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Iwamoto
- Human Science Research-Domain, Toyota Central R &D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan.
| | - Shogo Yonekura
- Intelligent Systems and Informatics Laboratory, Mechano-Informatics Department of Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Atsumi
- Human Science Research-Domain, Toyota Central R &D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
| | - Satoko Hirabayashi
- Human Science Research-Domain, Toyota Central R &D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
| | - Hoshinori Kanazawa
- Intelligent Systems and Informatics Laboratory, Mechano-Informatics Department of Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kuniyoshi
- Intelligent Systems and Informatics Laboratory, Mechano-Informatics Department of Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
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Kato K, Morinaga R, Yokoyama T, Fushuku S, Wakai J, Nakamuta N, Yamamoto Y. Effects of CO 2 on time-dependent changes in cardiorespiratory functions under sustained hypoxia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2022; 300:103886. [PMID: 35296417 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypercapnia in addition to hypoxia affects the mammalian cardiorespiratory system and has been suggested to exert its effects on cardiorespiratory function by slightly different mechanisms to hypoxia. In the present study, we examined cardiorespiratory changes in urethane-anesthetized rats under hypocapnic (Hypo, 10% O2), isocapnic (Iso, 10% O2 and 4% CO2), and hypercapnic (Hyper, 10% O2 and 8% CO2) hypoxia for 2 h to clarify the effects of CO2 on sustained hypoxia-induced cardiorespiratory responses. Respiratory frequency increased the most in Hypo and tidal volume in Hyper. Minute ventilation, a product of respiratory frequency and tidal volume, increased the most in the latter group. Regarding cardiovascular variables during the hypoxic exposure period, heart rate and mean blood pressure both markedly decreased in Hypo. However, decreases in these parameters were small in Iso, and both increased over the pre-exposure level in Hyper. The present results suggest that CO2 interferes with the hypoxia-activated neural pathway via another pathway under sustained exposure to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Kato
- Center for Laboratory Animal Science, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Morinaga
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Takuya Yokoyama
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Seigo Fushuku
- Center for Laboratory Animal Science, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Jun Wakai
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Nakamuta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 18-8, Ueda 3-chome, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 18-8, Ueda 3-chome, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
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Balasubramanian N, James TD, Pushpavathi SG, Marcinkiewcz CA. Repeated ethanol exposure and withdrawal alters ACE2 expression in discrete brain regions: Implications for SARS-CoV-2 infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.03.29.486282. [PMID: 35378747 PMCID: PMC8978936 DOI: 10.1101/2022.03.29.486282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that people with alcohol use disorders are at higher risk for SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 engages angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) receptors for cellular entry. While ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes are upregulated in the cortex of alcohol-dependent individuals, information on expression in specific brain regions and neural populations implicated in SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion, particularly monoaminergic neurons, is limited. We sought to clarify how chronic alcohol exposure affects ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in monoaminergic brainstem circuits and other putative SARS-CoV-2 entry points. C57BL/6J mice were exposed to chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor for 4 weeks and brains were examined using immunofluorescence. We observed increased ACE2 levels in the olfactory bulb and hypothalamus following CIE, which are known to mediate SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion. Total ACE2 immunoreactivity was also elevated in the raphe magnus (RMG), raphe obscurus (ROB), and locus coeruleus (LC), while in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), ROB, and LC we observed increased colocalization of ACE2 with monoaminergic neurons. ACE2 also increased in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and decreased in the amygdala. Whereas ACE2 was detected in most brain regions, TMPRSS2 was only detected in the olfactory bulb and DRN but was not significantly altered after CIE. Our results suggest that previous alcohol exposure may increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion and render brain circuits involved in cardiovascular and respiratory function as well as emotional processing more vulnerable to infection, making adverse outcomes more likely. Additional studies are needed to define a direct link between alcohol use and COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas D James
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA-52242, USA
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Waselenchuk Q, Ballanyi K. Autocrine Neuromodulation and Network Activity Patterns in the Locus Coeruleus of Newborn Rat Slices. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040437. [PMID: 35447969 PMCID: PMC9024645 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Already in newborns, the locus coeruleus (LC) controls multiple brain functions and may have a complex organization as in adults. Our findings in newborn rat brain slices indicate that LC neurons (i) generate at ~1 Hz a ~0.3 s-lasting local field potential (LFP) comprising summated phase-locked single spike discharge, (ii) express intrinsic ‘pacemaker’ or ‘burster’ properties and (iii) receive solely excitatory or initially excitatory−secondary inhibitory inputs. μ-opioid or ɑ2 noradrenaline receptor agonists block LFP rhythm at 100−250 nM whereas slightly lower doses transform its bell-shaped pattern into slower crescendo-shaped multipeak bursts. GABAA and glycine receptors hyperpolarize LC neurons to abolish rhythm which remains though unaffected by blocking them. Rhythm persists also during ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) inhibition whereas <10 mV depolarization during iGluR agonists accelerates spiking to cause subtype-specific fast (spindle-shaped) LFP oscillations. Similar modest neuronal depolarization causing a cytosolic Ca2+ rise occurs (without effect on neighboring astrocytes) during LFP acceleration by CNQX activating a TARP-AMPA-type iGluR complex. In contrast, noradrenaline lowers neuronal Ca2+ baseline via ɑ2 receptors, but evokes an ɑ1 receptor-mediated ‘concentric’ astrocytic Ca2+ wave. In summary, the neonatal LC has a complex (possibly modular) organization to enable discharge pattern transformations that might facilitate discrete actions on target circuits.
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Caravagna C, Casciato A, Coq JO, Liabeuf S, Brocard C, Peyronnet J, Bodineau L, Cayetanot F. Prenatal Hypoxia Induces Cl– Cotransporters KCC2 and NKCC1 Developmental Abnormality and Disturbs the Influence of GABAA and Glycine Receptors on Fictive Breathing in a Newborn Rat. Front Physiol 2022; 13:786714. [PMID: 35250609 PMCID: PMC8890663 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.786714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal hypoxia is a recognised risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders associated with both membrane proteins involved in neuron homeostasis, e.g., chloride (Cl–) cotransporters, and alterations in brain neurotransmitter systems, e.g., catecholamines, dopamine, and GABA. Our study aimed to determine whether prenatal hypoxia alters central respiratory drive by disrupting the development of Cl– cotransporters KCC2 and NKCC1. Cl– homeostasis seems critical for the strength and efficiency of inhibition mediated by GABAA and glycine receptors within the respiratory network, and we searched for alterations of GABAergic and glycinergic respiratory influences after prenatal hypoxia. We measured fictive breathing from brainstem in ex vivo preparations during pharmacological blockade of KCC2 and NKCC1 Cl– cotransporters, GABAA, and glycine receptors. We also evaluated the membrane expression of Cl– cotransporters in the brainstem by Western blot and the expression of Cl– cotransporter regulators brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and calpain. First, pharmacological experiments showed that prenatal hypoxia altered the regulation of fictive breathing by NKCC1 and KCC2 Cl– cotransporters, GABA/GABAA, and glycin. NKCC1 inhibition decreased fictive breathing at birth in control mice while it decreased at 4 days after birth in pups exposed to prenatal hypoxia. On the other hand, inhibition of KCC2 decreased fictive breathing 4 days after birth in control mice without any change in prenatal hypoxia pups. The GABAergic system appeared to be more effective in prenatal hypoxic pups whereas the glycinergic system increased its effectiveness later. Second, we observed a decrease in the expression of the Cl– cotransporter KCC2, and a decrease with age in NKCC1, as well as an increase in the expression of BDNF and calpain after prenatal hypoxia exposure. Altogether, our data support the idea that prenatal hypoxia alters the functioning of GABAA and glycinergic systems in the respiratory network by disrupting maturation of Cl– homeostasis, thereby contributing to long-term effects by disrupting ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Caravagna
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alexis Casciato
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S1158, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Médecine Site Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Jacques-Olivier Coq
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Liabeuf
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Cécile Brocard
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Julie Peyronnet
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Bodineau
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S1158, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Médecine Site Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Florence Cayetanot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S1158, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Médecine Site Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Florence Cayetanot,
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9
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Locus Coeruleus in Non-Mammalian Vertebrates. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020134. [PMID: 35203898 PMCID: PMC8870555 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a vertebrate-specific nucleus and the primary source of norepinephrine (NE) in the brain. This nucleus has conserved properties across species: highly homogeneous cell types, a small number of cells but extensive axonal projections, and potent influence on brain states. Comparative studies on LC benefit greatly from its homogeneity in cell types and modularity in projection patterns, and thoroughly understanding the LC-NE system could shed new light on the organization principles of other more complex modulatory systems. Although studies on LC are mainly focused on mammals, many of the fundamental properties and functions of LC are readily observable in other vertebrate models and could inform mammalian studies. Here, we summarize anatomical and functional studies of LC in non-mammalian vertebrate classes, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds, on topics including axonal projections, gene expressions, homeostatic control, and modulation of sensorimotor transformation. Thus, this review complements mammalian studies on the role of LC in the brain.
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10
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Kubin L. Breathing during sleep. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 188:179-199. [PMID: 35965026 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91534-2.00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The depth, rate, and regularity of breathing change following transition from wakefulness to sleep. Interactions between sleep and breathing involve direct effects of the central mechanisms that generate sleep states exerted at multiple respiratory regulatory sites, such as the central respiratory pattern generator, respiratory premotor pathways, and motoneurons that innervate the respiratory pump and upper airway muscles, as well as effects secondary to sleep-related changes in metabolism. This chapter discusses respiratory effects of sleep as they occur under physiologic conditions. Breathing and central respiratory neuronal activities during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and REM sleep are characterized in relation to activity of central wake-active and sleep-active neurons. Consideration is given to the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome because in this common disorder, state-dependent control of upper airway patency by upper airway muscles attains high significance and recurrent arousals from sleep are triggered by hypercapnic and hypoxic episodes. Selected clinical trials are discussed in which pharmacological interventions targeted transmission in noradrenergic, serotonergic, cholinergic, and other state-dependent pathways identified as mediators of ventilatory changes during sleep. Central pathways for arousals elicited by chemical stimulation of breathing are given special attention for their important role in sleep loss and fragmentation in sleep-related respiratory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Kubin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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11
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Mir FA, Jha SK. Proton Pump Inhibitor "Lansoprazole" Inhibits Locus Coeruleus's Neuronal Activity and Increases Rapid Eye Movement Sleep. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4265-4274. [PMID: 34730349 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alteration of the bodily CO2 concentration and proton pump activity affects the sleep architecture. The brainstem locus coeruleus (LC) area plays an essential role in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep generation and chemoregulation. Previously, we reported that lansoprazole injections (intraperitoneal) increased REM sleep in the rats. However, it is not known if proton pumps in the LC influence REM sleep. Here, we studied the effects of lansoprazole in the LC on the neuronal activity and REM sleep expression. Male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were surgically prepared for sleep recording and drug microinjections into the LC. We determined the localization of proton pumps and expression levels of cFOS in the LC neurons immunohistochemically. Sleep-wake was recorded before and after the microinjections of drugs/vehicles. Our results demonstrate (i) the presence of proton pumps in the LC neurons, (ii) that the microinjection of lansoprazole into the LC reduced the number of cFOS+ve-TH+ve double-labeled neurons in the LC by 52.6% (p < 0.001) compared to the vehicle and (iii) that low and high doses of lansoprazole significantly increased REM sleep by 32% (p < 0.001) and 60% (p < 0.001), respectively, compared to the vehicle. Our results suggest that the proton pumps modulate the LC's noradrenergic (NE-ergic) neuronal activity and REM sleep. The increased amount of REM sleep can be attributed to the inhibition of the LC NE-ergic activity. Further, the REM sleep amount increased after the lansoprazole microinjections into the LC with a significant increase in the REM sleep episode numbers. Overall, our results suggest that proton pumps in the LC may be involved in REM sleep generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayaz A. Mir
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sushil K. Jha
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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12
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A Bridge between the Breath and the Brain: Synchronization of Respiration, a Pupillometric Marker of the Locus Coeruleus, and an EEG Marker of Attentional Control State. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101324. [PMID: 34679389 PMCID: PMC8534189 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Yogic and meditative traditions have long held that the fluctuations of the breath and the mind are intimately related. While respiratory modulation of cortical activity and attentional switching are established, the extent to which electrophysiological markers of attention exhibit synchronization with respiration is unknown. To this end, we examined (1) frontal midline theta-beta ratio (TBR), an indicator of attentional control state known to correlate with mind wandering episodes and functional connectivity of the executive control network; (2) pupil diameter (PD), a known proxy measure of locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic activity; and (3) respiration for evidence of phase synchronization and information transfer (multivariate Granger causality) during quiet restful breathing. Our results indicate that both TBR and PD are simultaneously synchronized with the breath, suggesting an underlying oscillation of an attentionally relevant electrophysiological index that is phase-locked to the respiratory cycle which could have the potential to bias the attentional system into switching states. We highlight the LC’s pivotal role as a coupling mechanism between respiration and TBR, and elaborate on its dual functions as both a chemosensitive respiratory nucleus and a pacemaker of the attentional system. We further suggest that an appreciation of the dynamics of this weakly coupled oscillatory system could help deepen our understanding of the traditional claim of a relationship between breathing and attention.
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Taxini CL, Marques DA, Bícego KC, Gargaglioni LH. A5 noradrenergic neurons and breathing control in neonate rats. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:859-872. [PMID: 33855632 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The pontine A5 noradrenergic group contributes to the maturation of the respiratory system before birth in rats. These neurons are connected to the neural network responsible for respiratory rhythmogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the participation of A5 noradrenergic neurons in neonates (P7-8 and P14-15) in the control of ventilation during hypoxia and hypercapnia in in vivo experiments using conjugated saporin anti-dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DβH-SAP) to specifically ablate noradrenergic neurons. Thus, DβH-SAP (420 ng/μL) or saporin (SAP, control) was injected into the A5 region of neonatal male Wistar rats. Hypoxia reduced respiratory variability in control animals; however, A5 lesion prevented this effect in P7-8 rats. Our data suggest that noradrenergic neurons of the A5 region in neonate rats do not participate in the control of ventilation under baseline and hypercapnic conditions, but exert an inhibitory modulation on breathing variability under hypoxic challenge in early life (P7-8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila L Taxini
- Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology - FCAV, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de acesso Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14870-900, Brazil
| | - Danuzia A Marques
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie Et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Kênia C Bícego
- Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology - FCAV, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de acesso Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14870-900, Brazil
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology - FCAV, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de acesso Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14870-900, Brazil.
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Ramirez JM, Burgraff NJ, Wei AD, Baertsch NA, Varga AG, Baghdoyan HA, Lydic R, Morris KF, Bolser DC, Levitt ES. Neuronal mechanisms underlying opioid-induced respiratory depression: our current understanding. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:1899-1919. [PMID: 33826874 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00017.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) represents the primary cause of death associated with therapeutic and recreational opioid use. Within the United States, the rate of death from opioid abuse since the early 1990s has grown disproportionally, prompting the classification as a nationwide "epidemic." Since this time, we have begun to unravel many fundamental cellular and systems-level mechanisms associated with opioid-related death. However, factors such as individual vulnerability, neuromodulatory compensation, and redundancy of opioid effects across central and peripheral nervous systems have created a barrier to a concise, integrative view of OIRD. Within this review, we bring together multiple perspectives in the field of OIRD to create an overarching viewpoint of what we know, and where we view this essential topic of research going forward into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nicholas J Burgraff
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Aguan D Wei
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nathan A Baertsch
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Adrienn G Varga
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Helen A Baghdoyan
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee.,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Ralph Lydic
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee.,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Kendall F Morris
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Donald C Bolser
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Erica S Levitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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15
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Girin B, Juventin M, Garcia S, Lefèvre L, Amat C, Fourcaud-Trocmé N, Buonviso N. The deep and slow breathing characterizing rest favors brain respiratory-drive. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7044. [PMID: 33782487 PMCID: PMC8007577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A respiration-locked activity in the olfactory brain, mainly originating in the mechano-sensitivity of olfactory sensory neurons to air pressure, propagates from the olfactory bulb to the rest of the brain. Interestingly, changes in nasal airflow rate result in reorganization of olfactory bulb response. By leveraging spontaneous variations of respiratory dynamics during natural conditions, we investigated whether respiratory drive also varies with nasal airflow movements. We analyzed local field potential activity relative to respiratory signal in various brain regions during waking and sleep states. We found that respiration regime was state-specific, and that quiet waking was the only vigilance state during which all the recorded structures can be respiration-driven whatever the respiratory frequency. Using CO2-enriched air to alter respiratory regime associated to each state and a respiratory cycle based analysis, we evidenced that the large and strong brain drive observed during quiet waking was related to an optimal trade-off between depth and duration of inspiration in the respiratory pattern, characterizing this specific state. These results show for the first time that changes in respiration regime affect cortical dynamics and that the respiratory regime associated with rest is optimal for respiration to drive the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Girin
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Inserm U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University Lyon 1, 69675, Bron, France
| | - Maxime Juventin
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Inserm U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University Lyon 1, 69675, Bron, France
| | - Samuel Garcia
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Inserm U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University Lyon 1, 69675, Bron, France
| | - Laura Lefèvre
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TH, UK
| | - Corine Amat
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Inserm U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University Lyon 1, 69675, Bron, France
| | - Nicolas Fourcaud-Trocmé
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Inserm U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University Lyon 1, 69675, Bron, France
| | - Nathalie Buonviso
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Inserm U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University Lyon 1, 69675, Bron, France.
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Locus Coeruleus Acid-Sensing Ion Channels Modulate Sleep-Wakefulness and State Transition from NREM to REM Sleep in the Rat. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:684-700. [PMID: 33638800 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is one of the essential chemoregulatory and sleep-wake (S-W) modulating centers in the brain. LC neurons remain highly active during wakefulness, and some implicitly become silent during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. LC neurons are also involved in CO2-dependent modulation of the respiratory drive. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are highly expressed in some brainstem chemosensory breathing regulatory areas, but their localization and functions in the LC remain unknown. Mild hypercapnia increases the amount of non-REM (NREM) sleep and the number of REM sleep episodes, but whether ASICs in the LC modulate S-W is unclear. Here, we investigated the presence of ASICs in the LC and their role in S-W modulation and the state transition from NREM to REM sleep. Male Wistar rats were surgically prepared for chronic polysomnographic recordings and drug microinjections into the LC. The presence of ASIC-2 and ASIC-3 in the LC was immunohistochemically characterized. Microinjections of amiloride (an ASIC blocker) and APETx2 (a blocker of ASIC-2 and -3) into the LC significantly decreased wakefulness and REM sleep, but significantly increased NREM sleep. Mild hypercapnia increased the amount of NREM and the number of REM episodes. However, APETx2 microinjection inhibited this increase in REM frequency. These results suggest that the ASICs of LC neurons modulate S-W, indicating that ASICs could play an important role in vigilance-state transition. A mild increase in CO2 level during NREM sleep sensed by ASICs could be one of the determinants of state transition from NREM to REM sleep.
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Gauda EB, Conde S, Bassi M, Zoccal DB, Almeida Colombari DS, Colombari E, Despotovic N. Leptin: Master Regulator of Biological Functions that Affects Breathing. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:1047-1083. [PMID: 32941688 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic in developed countries accounting for many of the metabolic and cardiorespiratory morbidities that occur in adults. These morbidities include type 2 diabetes, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), obstructive sleep apnea, chronic intermittent hypoxia, and hypertension. Leptin, produced by adipocytes, is a master regulator of metabolism and of many other biological functions including central and peripheral circuits that control breathing. By binding to receptors on cells and neurons in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and carotid body, leptin links energy and metabolism to breathing. In this comprehensive article, we review the central and peripheral locations of leptin's actions that affect cardiorespiratory responses during health and disease, with a particular focus on obesity, SDB, and its effects during early development. Obesity-induced hyperleptinemia is associated with centrally mediated hypoventilation with decrease CO2 sensitivity. On the other hand, hyperleptinemia augments peripheral chemoreflexes to hypoxia and induces sympathoexcitation. Thus, "leptin resistance" in obesity is relative. We delineate the circuits responsible for these divergent effects, including signaling pathways. We review the unique effects of leptin during development on organogenesis, feeding behavior, and cardiorespiratory responses, and how undernutrition and overnutrition during critical periods of development can lead to cardiorespiratory comorbidities in adulthood. We conclude with suggestions for future directions to improve our understanding of leptin dysregulation and associated clinical diseases and possible therapeutic targets. Lastly, we briefly discuss the yin and the yang, specifically the contribution of relative adiponectin deficiency in adults with hyperleptinemia to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:1047-1083, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle B Gauda
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Silvia Conde
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mirian Bassi
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel B Zoccal
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Simoes Almeida Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nikola Despotovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Johnson CM, Cui N, Xing H, Wu Y, Jiang C. The antitussive cloperastine improves breathing abnormalities in a Rett Syndrome mouse model by blocking presynaptic GIRK channels and enhancing GABA release. Neuropharmacology 2020; 176:108214. [PMID: 32622786 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rett Syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder caused mainly by mutations in the MECP2 gene. One of the major RTT features is breathing dysfunction characterized by periodic hypo- and hyperventilation. The breathing disorders are associated with increased brainstem neuronal excitability, which can be alleviated with GABA agonists. Since neuronal hypoexcitability occurs in the forebrain of RTT models, it is necessary to find pharmacological agents with a relative preference to brainstem neurons. Here we show evidence for the improvement of breathing disorders of Mecp2-disrupted mice with the brainstem-acting drug cloperastine (CPS) and its likely neuronal targets. CPS is an over-the-counter cough medicine that has an inhibitory effect on brainstem neuronal networks. In Mecp2-disrupted mice, CPS (30 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased the occurrence of apneas/h and breath frequency variation. GIRK currents expressed in HEK cells were inhibited by CPS with IC50 1 μM. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings in locus coeruleus (LC) and dorsal tegmental nucleus (DTN) neurons revealed an overall inhibitory effect of CPS (10 μM) on neuronal firing activity. Such an effect was reversed by the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline (20 μM). Voltage clamp studies showed that CPS increased GABAergic sIPSCs in LC cells, which was blocked by the GABAB receptor antagonist phaclofen. Functional GABAergic connections of DTN neurons with LC cells were shown. These results suggest that CPS improves breathing dysfunction in Mecp2-null mice by blocking GIRK channels in synaptic terminals and enhancing GABA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Johnson
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Ningren Cui
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Hao Xing
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Chun Jiang
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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19
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Vicente MC, Humphrey CM, Gargaglioni LH, Ostrowski TD. Decreased excitability of locus coeruleus neurons during hypercapnia is exaggerated in the streptozotocin-model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2020; 328:113250. [PMID: 32088169 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a pontine nucleus important for respiratory control and central chemoreception. It is affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and alteration of LC cell function may account for respiratory problems observed in AD patients. In the current study, we tested the electrophysiological properties and CO2/pH sensitivity of LC neurons in a model for AD. Sporadic AD was induced in rats by intracerebroventricular injection of 2 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ), which induces behavioral and molecular impairments found in AD. LC neurons were recorded using the patch clamp technique and tested for responses to CO2 (10% CO2, pH = 7.0). The majority (~60%) of noradrenergic LC neurons in adult rats were inhibited by CO2 exposure as indicated by a significant decrease in action potential (AP) discharge to step depolarizations. The STZ-AD rat model had a greater sensitivity to CO2 than controls. The increased CO2-sensitivity was demonstrated by a significantly stronger inhibition of activity during hypercapnia that was in part due to hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential. Reduction of AP discharge in both groups was generally accompanied by lower LC network activity, depolarized AP threshold, increased AP repolarization, and increased current through a subpopulation of voltage-gated K+ channels (KV). The latter was indicated by enhanced transient KV currents particularly in the STZ-AD group. Interestingly, steady-state KV currents were reduced under hypercapnia, a change that would favor enhanced AP discharge. However, the collective response of most LC neurons in adult rats, and particularly those in the STZ-AD group, was inhibited by CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane C Vicente
- Department of Physiology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO, USA; Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP/FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Chuma M Humphrey
- Department of Biology, Truman State University, Kirksville, MO, USA
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP/FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Tim D Ostrowski
- Department of Physiology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO, USA.
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Magalhães KS, de Britto AA, Paton JFR, Moraes DJA. A6 neurons simultaneously modulate active expiration and upper airway resistance in rats. Exp Physiol 2019; 105:53-64. [PMID: 31675759 DOI: 10.1113/ep088164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Do A6 neurons modulate active expiratory and airway responses evoked by hypercapnia/acidosis? What is the main finding and its importance? Acute inhibition of A6 neurons reduced active expiratory, inspiratory and the associated oropharyngeal and laryngeal motor responses to hypercapnia/acidosis. A6 neurons provide excitatory synaptic drive contributing to the central generation of inspiratory and expiratory motor activity as well as the control of upper airway resistance. ABSTRACT During rest, inspiration is an active phenomenon, whereas expiration is passive. Under conditions of high chemical drive, such as hypercapnia/acidosis, there is an increase in inspiratory activity, expiration becomes active and upper airway resistance is reduced. The locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons (A6 neurons) are activated when exposed to elevated CO2 /[H+ ] levels and modulate respiratory brainstem neurons regulating ventilation. However, the role of A6 neurons in the control of upper airway resistance is not fully understood. We tested the hypothesis that A6 neurons contribute to the central generation of active inspiratory and expiratory responses and the associated changes in the motor nerves controlling upper airway resistance during hypercapnia/acidosis in rats. Using a perfused brainstem-spinal cord preparation, we inhibited A6 neurons using pharmacogenetics and evaluated the active expiratory (abdominal nerve), laryngeal (cervical vagus nerve), oropharyngeal (hypoglossal nerve) and inspiratory (phrenic nerve) motor nerve responses to hypercapnia/acidosis. Acute inhibition of A6 neurons did not produce significant changes in the respiratory pattern in normocapnia. However, the hypercapnia/acidosis-induced active expiratory response and the associated changes in the motor nerves responsible for control of oropharyngeal and laryngeal resistance, as well as the inspiratory response were all reduced after inhibition of A6 neurons. Our data demonstrate that A6 neurons exert an important excitatory synaptic drive to the central generation of both active inspiratory and expiratory activities and modulate the control of upper airway resistance during hypercapnia/acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolyne S Magalhães
- School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alan A de Britto
- School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Julian F R Paton
- Cardiovascular Autonomic Research Cluster, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Davi J A Moraes
- School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Loiseau C, Casciato A, Barka B, Cayetanot F, Bodineau L. Orexin Neurons Contribute to Central Modulation of Respiratory Drive by Progestins on ex vivo Newborn Rodent Preparations. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1200. [PMID: 31611806 PMCID: PMC6776592 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of central respiratory CO2/H+ chemosensitivity is a pivotal factor that elicits deep hypoventilation in patients suffering from central hypoventilation syndromes. No pharmacological treatment is currently available. The progestin desogestrel has been suggested to allow recovery of respiratory response to CO2/H+ in patients suffering from central hypoventilation, but except the fact that supramedullary regions may be involved, mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we tested in neonates whether orexin systems contribute to desogestrel’s central effects on respiratory function. Using isolated ex vivo central nervous system preparations from newborn rats, we show orexin and almorexant, an antagonist of orexin receptors, supressed strengthening of the increase in respiratory frequency induced by prolonged metabolic acidosis under exposure to etonogestrel, the active metabolite of desogestrel. In parallel, almorexant suppressed the increase and enhanced increase in c-fos expression in respiratory-related brainstem structures induced by etonogestrel. These results suggest orexin signalisation is a key component of acidosis reinforcement of respiratory drive by etonogestrel in neonates. Although stage of development used is different as that for progestin clinical observations, presents results provide clues about conditions under which desogestrel or etonogestrel may enhance ventilation in patients suffering from central hypoventilation syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Loiseau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Casciato
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Besma Barka
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Florence Cayetanot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Bodineau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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22
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Noble DJ, Hochman S. Hypothesis: Pulmonary Afferent Activity Patterns During Slow, Deep Breathing Contribute to the Neural Induction of Physiological Relaxation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1176. [PMID: 31572221 PMCID: PMC6753868 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of respiration provides a powerful voluntary portal to entrain and modulate central autonomic networks. Slowing and deepening breathing as a relaxation technique has shown promise in a variety of cardiorespiratory and stress-related disorders, but few studies have investigated the physiological mechanisms conferring its benefits. Recent evidence suggests that breathing at a frequency near 0.1 Hz (6 breaths per minute) promotes behavioral relaxation and baroreflex resonance effects that maximize heart rate variability. Breathing around this frequency appears to elicit resonant and coherent features in neuro-mechanical interactions that optimize physiological function. Here we explore the neurophysiology of slow, deep breathing and propose that coincident features of respiratory and baroreceptor afferent activity cycling at 0.1 Hz entrain central autonomic networks. An important role is assigned to the preferential recruitment of slowly-adapting pulmonary afferents (SARs) during prolonged inhalations. These afferents project to discrete areas in the brainstem within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and initiate inhibitory actions on downstream targets. Conversely, deep exhalations terminate SAR activity and activate arterial baroreceptors via increases in blood pressure to stimulate, through NTS projections, parasympathetic outflow to the heart. Reciprocal SAR and baroreceptor afferent-evoked actions combine to enhance sympathetic activity during inhalation and parasympathetic activity during exhalation, respectively. This leads to pronounced heart rate variability in phase with the respiratory cycle (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) and improved ventilation-perfusion matching. NTS relay neurons project extensively to areas of the central autonomic network to encode important features of the breathing pattern that may modulate anxiety, arousal, and attention. In our model, pronounced respiratory rhythms during slow, deep breathing also support expression of slow cortical rhythms to induce a functional state of alert relaxation, and, via nasal respiration-based actions on olfactory signaling, recruit hippocampal pathways to boost memory consolidation. Collectively, we assert that the neurophysiological processes recruited during slow, deep breathing enhance the cognitive and behavioral therapeutic outcomes obtained through various mind-body practices. Future studies are required to better understand the physio-behavioral processes involved, including in animal models that control for confounding factors such as expectancy biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J. Noble
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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23
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Sex differences in breathing. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 238:110543. [PMID: 31445081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Breathing is a vital behavior that ensures both the adequate supply of oxygen and the elimination of CO2, and it is influenced by many factors. Despite that most of the studies in respiratory physiology rely heavily on male subjects, there is much evidence to suggest that sex is an important factor in the respiratory control system, including the susceptibility for some diseases. These different respiratory responses in males and females may be related to the actions of sex hormones, especially in adulthood. These hormones affect neuromodulatory systems that influence the central medullary rhythm/pontine pattern generator and integrator, sensory inputs to the integrator and motor output to the respiratory muscles. In this article, we will first review the sex dependence on the prevalence of some respiratory-related diseases. Then, we will discuss the role of sex and gonadal hormones in respiratory control under resting conditions and during respiratory challenges, such as hypoxia and hypercapnia, and whether hormonal fluctuations during the estrous/menstrual cycle affect breathing control. We will then discuss the role of the locus coeruleus, a sexually dimorphic CO2/pH-chemosensitive nucleus, on breathing regulation in males and females. Next, we will highlight the studies that exist regarding sex differences in respiratory control during development. Finally, the few existing studies regarding the influence of sex on breathing control in non-mammalian vertebrates will be discussed.
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TARP mediation of accelerated and more regular locus coeruleus network bursting in neonatal rat brain slices. Neuropharmacology 2019; 148:169-177. [PMID: 30629989 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane AMPA receptor (AMPAR) regulatory proteins (TARP) increase neuronal excitability. However, it is unknown how TARP affect rhythmic neural network activity. Here we studied TARP effects on local field potential (LFP) bursting, membrane potential and cytosolic Ca2+ (Cai) in locus coeruleus neurons of newborn rat brain slices. LFP bursting was not affected by the unselective competitive ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid (2.5 mM). TARP-AMPAR complex activation with 25 μM CNQX accelerated LFP rhythm 2.2-fold and decreased its irregularity score from 63 to 9. Neuronal spiking was correspondingly 2.3-fold accelerated in association with a 2-5 mV depolarization and a modest Cai rise whereas Cai was unchanged in neighboring astrocytes. After blocking rhythmic activities with tetrodotoxin (1 μM), CNQX caused a 5-8 mV depolarization and also the Cai rise persisted. In tetrodotoxin, both responses were abolished by the non-competitive AMPAR antagonist GYKI 53655 (25 μM) which also reversed stimulatory CNQX effects in control solution. The CNQX-evoked Cai rise was blocked by the L-type voltage-activated Ca2+ channel inhibitor nifedipine (100 μM). The findings show that ionotropic glutamate receptor-independent neonatal locus coeruleus network bursting is accelerated and becomes more regular by activating a TARP-AMPAR complex. The associated depolarization-evoked L-type Ca2+ channel-mediated neuronal Cai rise may be pivotal to regulate locus coeruleus activity in cooperation with SK-type K+ channels. In summary, this is the first demonstration of TARP-mediated stimulation of neural network bursting. We hypothesize that TARP-AMPAR stimulation of rhythmic locus coeruleus output serves to fine-tune its control of multiple brain functions thus comprising a target for drug discovery.
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Magalhães KS, Spiller PF, da Silva MP, Kuntze LB, Paton JFR, Machado BH, Moraes DJA. Locus Coeruleus as a vigilance centre for active inspiration and expiration in rats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15654. [PMID: 30353035 PMCID: PMC6199338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
At rest, inspiration is an active process while expiration is passive. However, high chemical drive (hypercapnia or hypoxia) activates central and peripheral chemoreceptors triggering reflex increases in inspiration and active expiration. The Locus Coeruleus contains noradrenergic neurons (A6 neurons) that increase their firing frequency when exposed to hypercapnia and hypoxia. Using recently developed neuronal hyperpolarising technology in conscious rats, we tested the hypothesis that A6 neurons are a part of a vigilance centre for controlling breathing under high chemical drive and that this includes recruitment of active inspiration and expiration in readiness for flight or fight. Pharmacogenetic inhibition of A6 neurons was without effect on resting and on peripheral chemoreceptors-evoked inspiratory, expiratory and ventilatory responses. On the other hand, the number of sighs evoked by systemic hypoxia was reduced. In the absence of peripheral chemoreceptors, inhibition of A6 neurons during hypercapnia did not affect sighing, but reduced both the magnitude and incidence of active expiration, and the frequency and amplitude of inspiration. These changes reduced pulmonary ventilation. Our data indicated that A6 neurons exert a CO2-dependent modulation of expiratory drive. The data also demonstrate that A6 neurons contribute to the CO2-evoked increases in the inspiratory motor output and hypoxia-evoked sighing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolyne S Magalhães
- School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro F Spiller
- School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Melina P da Silva
- School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana B Kuntze
- School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Julian F R Paton
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Cardiovascular Autonomic Research Cluster, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Benedito H Machado
- School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Davi J A Moraes
- School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Melnychuk MC, Dockree PM, O'Connell RG, Murphy PR, Balsters JH, Robertson IH. Coupling of respiration and attention via the locus coeruleus: Effects of meditation and pranayama. Psychophysiology 2018; 55:e13091. [PMID: 29682753 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) has established functions in both attention and respiration. Good attentional performance requires optimal levels of tonic LC activity, and must be matched to task consistently. LC neurons are chemosensitive, causing respiratory phrenic nerve firing to increase frequency with higher CO2 levels, and as CO2 level varies with the phase of respiration, tonic LC activity should exhibit fluctuations at respiratory frequency. Top-down modulation of tonic LC activity from brain areas involved in attentional regulation, intended to optimize LC firing to suit task requirements, may have respiratory consequences as well, as increases in LC activity influence phrenic nerve firing. We hypothesize that, due to the physiological and functional overlaps of attentional and respiratory functions of the LC, this small neuromodulatory nucleus is ideally situated to act as a mechanism of synchronization between respiratory and attentional systems, giving rise to a low-amplitude oscillation that enables attentional flexibility, but may also contribute to unintended destabilization of attention. Meditative and pranayama practices result in attentional, emotional, and physiological enhancements that may be partially due to the LC's pivotal role as the nexus in this coupled system. We present original findings of synchronization between respiration and LC activity (via fMRI and pupil dilation) and provide evidence of a relationship between respiratory phase modulation and attentional performance. We also present a mathematical dynamical systems model of respiratory-LC-attentional coupling, review candidate neurophysiological mechanisms of changes in coupling dynamics, and discuss implications for attentional theory, meditation, and pranayama, and possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul M Dockree
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Peter R Murphy
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joshua H Balsters
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H Robertson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Patrone LGA, Biancardi V, Marques DA, Bícego KC, Gargaglioni LH. Brainstem catecholaminergic neurones and breathing control during postnatal development in male and female rats. J Physiol 2018; 596:3299-3325. [PMID: 29479699 DOI: 10.1113/jp275731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The brainstem catecholaminergic (CA) modulation on ventilation changes with development. We determined the role of the brainstem CA system in ventilatory control under normocapnic and hypercapnic conditions during different phases of development [postnatal day (P)7-8, P14-15 and P20-21] in male and female Wistar rats. Brainstem CA neurones produce a tonic inhibitory drive that affects breathing frequency in P7-8 rats and provide an inhibitory drive during hypercapnic conditions in both males and females at P7-8 and P14-15. In pre-pubertal rats, brainstem CA neurones become excitatory for the CO2 ventilatory response in males but remain inhibitory in females. Diseases such as sudden infant death syndrome, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and Rett syndrome have been associated with abnormalities in the functioning of CA neurones; therefore, the results of the present study contribute to a better understanding of this system. ABSTRACT The respiratory network undergoes significant development during the postnatal phase, including the maturation of the catecholaminergic (CA) system. However, postnatal development of this network and its effect on the control of pulmonary ventilation ( V̇E ) is not fully understood. We investigated the involvement of brainstem CA neurones in respiratory control during postnatal development [postnatal day (P)7-8, P14-15 and P20-21], in male and female rats, through chemical injury with conjugated saporin anti-dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH-SAP). Thus, DβH-SAP (420 ng μL-1 ), saporin (SAP) or phosphate buffered solution (PBS) was injected into the fourth ventricle of neonatal Wistar rats of both sexes. V̇E and oxygen consumption were recorded 1 week after the injections in unanaesthetized neonatal and juvenile rats during room air and hypercapnia. The resting ventilation was higher in both male and female P7-8 lesioned rats by 33%, with a decrease in respiratory variability being observed in males. The hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR) was altered in male and female lesioned rats at all postnatal ages. At P7-8, the HCVR for males and females was increased by 37% and 30%, respectively. For both sexes at P14-15 rats, the increase in V̇E during hypercapnia was 37% higher for lesioned rats. A sex-specific difference in HCRV was observed at P20-21, with lesioned males showing a 33% decrease, and lesioned females showing an increase of 33%. We conclude that brainstem CA neurones exert a tonic inhibitory effect on V̇E in the early postnatal days of the life of a rat, increase variability in P7-8 males and modulate HCRV during the postnatal phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Gustavo A Patrone
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP/FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Vivian Biancardi
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP/FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Danuzia A Marques
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP/FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Kênia C Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP/FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP/FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Loiseau C, Cayetanot F, Joubert F, Perrin-Terrin AS, Cardot P, Fiamma MN, Frugiere A, Straus C, Bodineau L. Current Perspectives for the use of Gonane Progesteronergic Drugs in the Treatment of Central Hypoventilation Syndromes. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1433-1454. [PMID: 28721821 PMCID: PMC6295933 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170719104605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central alveolar hypoventilation syndromes (CHS) encompass neurorespiratory diseases resulting from congenital or acquired neurological disorders. Hypercapnia, acidosis, and hypoxemia resulting from CHS negatively affect physiological functions and can be lifethreatening. To date, the absence of pharmacological treatment implies that the patients must receive assisted ventilation throughout their lives. OBJECTIVE To highlight the relevance of determining conditions in which using gonane synthetic progestins could be of potential clinical interest for the treatment of CHS. METHODS The mechanisms by which gonanes modulate the respiratory drive were put into the context of those established for natural progesterone and other synthetic progestins. RESULTS The clinical benefits of synthetic progestins to treat respiratory diseases are mixed with either positive outcomes or no improvement. A benefit for CHS patients has only recently been proposed. We incidentally observed restoration of CO2 chemosensitivity, the functional deficit of this disease, in two adult CHS women by desogestrel, a gonane progestin, used for contraception. This effect was not observed by another group, studying a single patient. These contradictory findings are probably due to the complex nature of the action of desogestrel on breathing and led us to carry out mechanistic studies in rodents. Our results show that desogestrel influences the respiratory command by modulating the GABAA and NMDA signaling in the respiratory network, medullary serotoninergic systems, and supramedullary areas. CONCLUSION Gonanes show promise for improving ventilation of CHS patients, although the conditions of their use need to be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laurence Bodineau
- Address correspondence to this author at the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, F-75013, Paris, France; Tel: 33 1 40 77 97 15; Fax: 33 1 40 77 97 89; E-mail:
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29
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de Carvalho D, Patrone LGA, Marques DA, Vicente MC, Szawka RE, Anselmo-Franci JA, Bícego KC, Gargaglioni LH. Participation of locus coeruleus in breathing control in female rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 245:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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30
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Yackle K, Schwarz LA, Kam K, Sorokin JM, Huguenard JR, Feldman JL, Luo L, Krasnow MA. Breathing control center neurons that promote arousal in mice. Science 2017; 355:1411-1415. [PMID: 28360327 DOI: 10.1126/science.aari7984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Slow, controlled breathing has been used for centuries to promote mental calming, and it is used clinically to suppress excessive arousal such as panic attacks. However, the physiological and neural basis of the relationship between breathing and higher-order brain activity is unknown. We found a neuronal subpopulation in the mouse preBötzinger complex (preBötC), the primary breathing rhythm generator, which regulates the balance between calm and arousal behaviors. Conditional, bilateral genetic ablation of the ~175 Cdh9/Dbx1 double-positive preBötC neurons in adult mice left breathing intact but increased calm behaviors and decreased time in aroused states. These neurons project to, synapse on, and positively regulate noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus, a brain center implicated in attention, arousal, and panic that projects throughout the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yackle
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lindsay A Schwarz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kaiwen Kam
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Jordan M Sorokin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John R Huguenard
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jack L Feldman
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark A Krasnow
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Yackle K, Schwarz LA, Kam K, Sorokin JM, Huguenard JR, Feldman JL, Luo L, Krasnow MA. Breathing control center neurons that promote arousal in mice. Science 2017; 355:1411-1415. [PMID: 28360327 DOI: 10.1126/science.aai7984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Slow, controlled breathing has been used for centuries to promote mental calming, and it is used clinically to suppress excessive arousal such as panic attacks. However, the physiological and neural basis of the relationship between breathing and higher-order brain activity is unknown. We found a neuronal subpopulation in the mouse preBötzinger complex (preBötC), the primary breathing rhythm generator, which regulates the balance between calm and arousal behaviors. Conditional, bilateral genetic ablation of the ~175 Cdh9/Dbx1 double-positive preBötC neurons in adult mice left breathing intact but increased calm behaviors and decreased time in aroused states. These neurons project to, synapse on, and positively regulate noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus, a brain center implicated in attention, arousal, and panic that projects throughout the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yackle
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lindsay A Schwarz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kaiwen Kam
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Jordan M Sorokin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John R Huguenard
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jack L Feldman
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark A Krasnow
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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RAFEE MALIKABU, KINJAVDEKAR PRAKASH, AMARPAL, AITHAL HP. Evaluation of midazolam as intravenous induction agent for anaesthesia in dogs. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v87i3.68843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
A randomized, blinded, clinical study was conducted on 24 healthy mixed breed female dogs to evaluate midazolam as an induction agent for anaesthesia and its effect on vital parameters during elective ovariohysterectomy. Animals were administered atropine and divided randomly into groups D, DB and DP and premedicated with dexmedetomidine, dexmedetomidine and butorphanol, and dexmedetomidine and pentazocine, respectively. After 10 min of premedication, anaesthesia was induced with midazolam (0.8 mg/kg IV), in all the groups and maintained with 1% ketamine as and when needed. Time loss of pedal reflex was considered as the time of induction and it was recorded as 5.00±3.12, 4.75±2.92 and 4.75A±2.66 min in groups D, DB and DP, respectively. Laryngeal reflex was abolished completely, permitting intubation in all the groups. Recovery was smooth and uneventful and recovery time and duration of anaesthesia were comparable in all the groups. Heart rate showed an initial increase followed by a decrease, while respiratory rate decreased below the baseline in all the groups. SBP, DBP and MAP increased initially in all the groups and then decreased until 120 min interval. However, mean arterial pressure remained above the baseline throughout the observation period in all the groups. SpO2 decreased gradually from the baseline throughout the observation period. The results showed that midazolam at the rate of 0.8 mg/kg IV can be used safely as an induction agent in dogs premedicated with dexmedetomidine alone or with butorphanol or pentazocine while preserving the vital parameters.
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Audrit KJ, Delventhal L, Aydin Ö, Nassenstein C. The nervous system of airways and its remodeling in inflammatory lung diseases. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 367:571-590. [PMID: 28091773 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory lung diseases are associated with bronchospasm, cough, dyspnea and airway hyperreactivity. The majority of these symptoms cannot be primarily explained by immune cell infiltration. Evidence has been provided that vagal efferent and afferent neurons play a pivotal role in this regard. Their functions can be altered by inflammatory mediators that induce long-lasting changes in vagal nerve activity and gene expression in both peripheral and central neurons, providing new targets for treatment of pulmonary inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Julia Audrit
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Lucas Delventhal
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Öznur Aydin
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Christina Nassenstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany. .,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.
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Beltrán-Castillo S, Morgado-Valle C, Eugenín J. The Onset of the Fetal Respiratory Rhythm: An Emergent Property Triggered by Chemosensory Drive? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1015:163-192. [PMID: 29080027 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62817-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the onset of respiratory activity during fetal life are unknown. The onset of respiratory rhythm may be a consequence of the genetic program of each of the constituents of the respiratory network, so they start to interact and generate respiratory cycles when reaching a certain degree of maturation. Alternatively, generation of cycles might require the contribution of recently formed sensory inputs that will trigger oscillatory activity in the nascent respiratory neural network. If this hypothesis is true, then sensory input to the respiratory generator must be already formed and become functional before the onset of fetal respiration. In this review, we evaluate the timing of the onset of the respiratory rhythm in comparison to the appearance of receptors, neurotransmitter machinery, and afferent projections provided by two central chemoreceptive nuclei, the raphe and locus coeruleus nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Beltrán-Castillo
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Neurales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, PO 9170022, Santiago, Chile
| | - Consuelo Morgado-Valle
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Campus Xalapa, Berlin 7, Fracc., Monte Magno Animas, C.P. 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Jaime Eugenín
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Neurales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, PO 9170022, Santiago, Chile.
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Silva CA, Vicente MC, Tenorio-Lopes L, Soliz J, Gargaglioni LH. Erythropoietin in the Locus coeruleus attenuates the ventilatory response to CO 2 in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 236:11-18. [PMID: 27818313 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Locus coeruleus (LC) is a pontine area that contributes to the CO2/pH chemosensitivity. LC cells express erythropoietin (Epo) receptors (EpoR), and Epo in the brainstem is a potent normoxic and hypoxic respiratory stimulant. However, a recent study showed that the intra-cisternal injection (ICI) of Epo antagonist does not alter the hypercapnic ventilatory response in mice. As ICI leads to a widespread dispersal of the product throughout the brainstem, in this work we evaluated the specific impact of Epo in the LC-mediated ventilatory response to CO2 (by whole body plethysmography) in juvenile male Wistar rats. Normocapnic and hypercapnic ventilation were evaluated before and after unilateral microinjection of Epo (1ng/100nL) into the LC. To evaluate the long-term effect of Epo, the HcVR was re-evaluated 24h later. Our results show that Epo attenuates the hypercapnic ventilation. We conclude that Epo in the LC tunes the hypercapnia-induced hyperpnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University-FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariane C Vicente
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University-FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Luana Tenorio-Lopes
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Pavillon St. François d'Assise, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jorge Soliz
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Pavillon St. François d'Assise, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University-FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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36
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Corticotropin-releasing factor in the locus coeruleus as a modulator of ventilation in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 233:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ikeda K, Kawakami K, Onimaru H, Okada Y, Yokota S, Koshiya N, Oku Y, Iizuka M, Koizumi H. The respiratory control mechanisms in the brainstem and spinal cord: integrative views of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. J Physiol Sci 2016; 67:45-62. [PMID: 27535569 PMCID: PMC5368202 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory activities are produced by medullary respiratory rhythm generators and are modulated from various sites in the lower brainstem, and which are then output as motor activities through premotor efferent networks in the brainstem and spinal cord. Over the past few decades, new knowledge has been accumulated on the anatomical and physiological mechanisms underlying the generation and regulation of respiratory rhythm. In this review, we focus on the recent findings and attempt to elucidate the anatomical and functional mechanisms underlying respiratory control in the lower brainstem and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Ikeda
- Division of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Kawakami
- Division of Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Onimaru
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Yasumasa Okada
- Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Shigefumi Yokota
- Department of Anatomy and Morphological Neuroscience, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Naohiro Koshiya
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Yoshitaka Oku
- Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Makito Iizuka
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Hidehiko Koizumi
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Zena LA, Fonseca EM, Santin JM, Porto L, Gargaglioni LH, Bícego KC, Hartzler LK. Effect of temperature on chemosensitive locus coeruleus neurons of savannah monitor lizards, Varanus exanthematicus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:2856-2864. [PMID: 27401762 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.138800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Savannah monitor lizards (Varanus exanthematicus) are unusual among ectothermic vertebrates in maintaining arterial pH nearly constant during changes in body temperature in contrast to the typical α-stat regulating strategy of most other ectotherms. Given the importance of pH in the control of ventilation, we examined the CO2/H+ sensitivity of neurons from the locus coeruleus (LC) region of monitor lizard brainstems. Whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology was used to record membrane voltage in LC neurons in brainstem slices. Artificial cerebral spinal fluid equilibrated with 80% O2, 0.0-10.0% CO2, balance N2, was superfused across brainstem slices. Changes in firing rate of LC neurons were calculated from action potential recordings to quantify the chemosensitive response to hypercapnic acidosis. Our results demonstrate that the LC brainstem region contains neurons that can be excited or inhibited by, and/or are not sensitive to CO2 in V. exanthematicus While few LC neurons were activated by hypercapnic acidosis (15%), a higher proportion of the LC neurons responded by decreasing their firing rate during exposure to high CO2 at 20°C (37%); this chemosensitive response was no longer exhibited when the temperature was increased to 30°C. Further, the proportion of chemosensitive LC neurons changed at 35°C with a reduction in CO2-inhibited (11%) neurons and an increase in CO2-activated (35%) neurons. Expressing a high proportion of inhibited neurons at low temperature may provide insights into mechanisms underlying the temperature-dependent pH-stat regulatory strategy of savannah monitor lizards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Zena
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
| | - Elisa M Fonseca
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
| | - Joseph M Santin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Lays Porto
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
| | - Kênia C Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
| | - Lynn K Hartzler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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Lopes LT, Patrone LGA, Li KY, Imber AN, Graham CD, Gargaglioni LH, Putnam RW. Anatomical and functional connections between the locus coeruleus and the nucleus tractus solitarius in neonatal rats. Neuroscience 2016; 324:446-68. [PMID: 27001176 PMCID: PMC4841468 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate brain connections among chemosensitive areas in newborn rats. Rhodamine beads were injected unilaterally into the locus coeruleus (LC) or into the caudal part of the nucleus tractus solitarius (cNTS) in Sprague-Dawley rat pups (P7-P10). Rhodamine-labeled neurons were patched in brainstem slices to study their electrophysiological responses to hypercapnia and to determine if chemosensitive neurons are communicating between LC and cNTS regions. After 7-10 days, retrograde labeling was observed in numerous areas of the brainstem, including many chemosensitive regions, such as the contralateral LC, cNTS and medullary raphe. Whole-cell patch clamp was done in cNTS. In 4 of 5 retrogradely labeled cNTS neurons that projected to the LC, firing rate increased in response to hypercapnic acidosis (15% CO2), even in synaptic blockade medium (SNB) (high Mg(2+)/low Ca(2+)). In contrast, 2 of 3 retrogradely labeled LC neurons that projected to cNTS had reduced firing rate in response to hypercapnic acidosis, both in the presence and absence of SNB. Extensive anatomical connections among chemosensitive brainstem regions in newborn rats were found and at least for the LC and cNTS, the connections involve some CO2-sensitive neurons. Such anatomical and functional coupling suggests a complex central respiratory control network, such as seen in adult rats, is already largely present in neonatal rats by at least day P7-P10. Since the NTS and the LC play a major role in memory consolidation, our results may also contribute to the understanding of the development of memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Lopes
- Dept of Animal Morphology and Physiology. São Paulo State University, FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - L G A Patrone
- Dept of Animal Morphology and Physiology. São Paulo State University, FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - K-Y Li
- Dept of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - A N Imber
- Dept of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - C D Graham
- Dept of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - L H Gargaglioni
- Dept of Animal Morphology and Physiology. São Paulo State University, FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - R W Putnam
- Dept of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA.
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de Carvalho D, Marques D, Bernuci M, Leite C, Araújo-Lopes R, Anselmo-Franci J, Bícego K, Szawka R, Gargaglioni L. Role of sex hormones in hypercapnia-induced activation of the locus coeruleus in female and male rats. Neuroscience 2016; 313:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Role of Astrocytes in Central Respiratory Chemoreception. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 949:109-145. [PMID: 27714687 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes perform various homeostatic functions in the nervous system beyond that of a supportive or metabolic role for neurons. A growing body of evidence indicates that astrocytes are crucial for central respiratory chemoreception. This review presents a classical overview of respiratory central chemoreception and the new evidence for astrocytes as brainstem sensors in the respiratory response to hypercapnia. We review properties of astrocytes for chemosensory function and for modulation of the respiratory network. We propose that astrocytes not only mediate between CO2/H+ levels and motor responses, but they also allow for two emergent functions: (1) Amplifying the responses of intrinsic chemosensitive neurons through feedforward signaling via gliotransmitters and; (2) Recruiting non-intrinsically chemosensitive cells thanks to volume spreading of signals (calcium waves and gliotransmitters) to regions distant from the CO2/H+ sensitive domains. Thus, astrocytes may both increase the intensity of the neuron responses at the chemosensitive sites and recruit of a greater number of respiratory neurons to participate in the response to hypercapnia.
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Mirabile I, Jat PS, Brandner S, Collinge J. Identification of clinical target areas in the brainstem of prion-infected mice. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:613-30. [PMID: 25311251 PMCID: PMC4949711 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS While prion infection ultimately involves the entire brain, it has long been thought that the abrupt clinical onset and rapid neurological decline in laboratory rodents relates to involvement of specific critical neuroanatomical target areas. The severity and type of clinical signs, together with the rapid progression, suggest the brainstem as a candidate location for such critical areas. In this study we aimed to correlate prion pathology with clinical phenotype in order to identify clinical target areas. METHOD We conducted a comprehensive survey of brainstem pathology in mice infected with two distinct prion strains, which produce different patterns of pathology, in mice overexpressing prion protein (with accelerated clinical onset) and in mice in which neuronal expression was reduced by gene targeting (which greatly delays clinical onset). RESULTS We identified specific brainstem areas that are affected by prion pathology during the progression of the disease. In the early phase of disease the locus coeruleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the pre-Bötzinger complex were affected by prion protein deposition. This was followed by involvement of the motor and autonomic centres of the brainstem. CONCLUSIONS Neurodegeneration in the locus coeruleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the pre-Bötzinger complex predominated and corresponded to the manifestation of the clinical phenotype. Because of their fundamental role in controlling autonomic function and the overlap with clinical signs in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, we suggest that these nuclei represent key clinical target areas in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Mirabile
- MRC Prion UnitDepartment of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Parmjit S. Jat
- MRC Prion UnitDepartment of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- MRC Prion UnitDepartment of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion UnitDepartment of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
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The brain acid–base homeostasis and serotonin: A perspective on the use of carbon dioxide as human and rodent experimental model of panic. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 129:58-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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de Carvalho D, Patrone LGA, Taxini CL, Biancardi V, Vicente MC, Gargaglioni LH. Neurochemical and electrical modulation of the locus coeruleus: contribution to CO2drive to breathe. Front Physiol 2014; 5:288. [PMID: 25183958 PMCID: PMC4135231 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a dorsal pontine region, situated bilaterally on the floor of the fourth ventricle. It is considered to be the major source of noradrenergic innervation in the brain. These neurons are highly sensitive to CO2/pH, and chemical lesions of LC neurons largely attenuate the hypercapnic ventilatory response in unanesthetized adult rats. Developmental dysfunctions in these neurons are linked to pathological conditions such as Rett and sudden infant death syndromes, which can impair the control of the cardio-respiratory system. LC is densely innervated by fibers that contain glutamate, serotonin, and adenosine triphosphate, and these neurotransmitters strongly affect LC activity, including central chemoreflexes. Aside from neurochemical modulation, LC neurons are also strongly electrically coupled, specifically through gap junctions, which play a role in the CO2 ventilatory response. This article reviews the available data on the role of chemical and electrical neuromodulation of the LC in the control of ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora de Carvalho
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - São Paulo State University Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Luis G A Patrone
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - São Paulo State University Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Camila L Taxini
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - São Paulo State University Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Vivian Biancardi
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - São Paulo State University Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Mariane C Vicente
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - São Paulo State University Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - São Paulo State University Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Role of cardiorespiratory synchronization and sleep physiology: effects on membrane potential in the restorative functions of sleep. Sleep Med 2014; 15:279-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Buchanan GF. Timing, sleep, and respiration in health and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 119:191-219. [PMID: 23899599 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396971-2.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Breathing is perhaps the physiological function that is most vital to human survival. Without breathing and adequate oxygenation of tissues, life ceases. As would be expected for such a vital function, breathing occurs automatically, without the requirement of conscious input. Breathing is subject to regulation by a variety of factors including circadian rhythms and vigilance state. Given the need for breathing to occur continuously with little tolerance for interruption, it is not surprising that breathing is subject to both circadian phase-dependent and vigilance-state-dependent regulation. Similarly, the information regarding respiratory state, including blood-gas concentrations, can affect circadian timing and sleep-wake state. The exact nature of the interactions between breathing, circadian phase, and vigilance state can vary depending upon the species studied and the methodologies employed. These interactions between breathing, circadian phase, and vigilance state may have important implications for a variety of human diseases, including sleep apnea, asthma, sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, and sudden infant death syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon F Buchanan
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, and Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Abstract
Pontine respiratory nuclei provide synaptic input to medullary rhythmogenic circuits to shape and adapt the breathing pattern. An understanding of this statement depends on appreciating breathing as a behavior, rather than a stereotypic rhythm. In this review, we focus on the pontine-mediated inspiratory off-switch (IOS) associated with postinspiratory glottal constriction. Further, IOS is examined in the context of pontine regulation of glottal resistance in response to multimodal sensory inputs and higher commands, which in turn rules timing, duration, and patterning of respiratory airflow. In addition, network plasticity in respiratory control emerges during the development of the pons. Synaptic plasticity is required for dynamic and efficient modulation of the expiratory breathing pattern to cope with rapid changes from eupneic to adaptive breathing linked to exploratory (foraging and sniffing) and expulsive (vocalizing, coughing, sneezing, and retching) behaviors, as well as conveyance of basic emotions. The speed and complexity of changes in the breathing pattern of behaving animals implies that "learning to breathe" is necessary to adjust to changing internal and external states to maintain homeostasis and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Dutschmann
- Florey Neurosciences Institutes, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Biancardi V, Bícego KC, Gargaglioni LH. ATP in the locus coeruleus as a modulator of cardiorespiratory control in unanaesthetized male rats. Exp Physiol 2013; 99:232-47. [PMID: 24058188 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2013.074195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons are chemosensitive to CO2 and pH in mammals and amphibians and are involved in the CO2-related drive to breathe. Purinergic neuromodulation in the LC is of particular interest because ATP acts as a neuromodulator in brainstem regions involved in cardiovascular and respiratory regulation, such as the LC. ATP acting on LC P2 receptors influences the release of noradrenaline. Thus, the goal of the present study was to investigate the role of LC purinergic neuromodulation of ventilatory and cardiovascular responses in normocapnic and hypercapnic conditions in unanaesthetized male Wistar rats. We assessed the purinergic modulation of cardiorespiratory systems by microinjecting an ATP P2X receptor agonist [α,β-methylene ATP (α,β-meATP), 0.5 or 1 nmol in 40 nl] and two non-selective P2 receptor antagonists [pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS), 0.5 or 1 nmol in 40 nl; and suramin, 1 nmol in 40 nl] into the LC. Pulmonary ventilation (measured by plethysmography), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were determined before and after unilateral microinjection (40 nl) of α,β-meATP, PPADS, suramin or 0.9% saline (vehicle) into the LC. These measurements were made during a 60 min exposure to normocapnic conditions or a 30 min exposure to 7% CO2. Subsequently, animals undergoing pharmacological treatment were subjected to a 30 min exposure to normocapnic conditions as a recovery period. In normocapnic conditions, α,β-meATP did not affect any parameter, whereas PPADS decreased respiratory frequency and increased MAP and HR. Suramin increased MAP and HR but did not change ventilation. Moreover, hypercapnic conditions induced an increase in ventilation and a decrease in HR in all groups. In hypercapnic conditions, α,β-meATP increased ventilation but did not change cardiovascular parameters, whereas PPADS increased MAP but did not alter ventilation, and suramin increased both ventilation and MAP. Thus, our data suggest that purinergic signalling, specifically through P2 receptors, in the LC plays an important role in cardiorespiratory control in normocapnic and hypercapnic conditions in unanaesthetized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Biancardi
- L. H. Gargaglioni: Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinaria, São Paulo State University at Jaboticabal, Rod. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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Patrone LGA, Bícego KC, Hartzler LK, Putnam RW, Gargaglioni LH. Cardiorespiratory effects of gap junction blockade in the locus coeruleus in unanesthetized adult rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 190:86-95. [PMID: 24035835 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) plays an important role in central chemoreception. In young rats (P9 or younger), 85% of LC neurons increase firing rate in response to hypercapnia vs. only about 45% of neurons from rats P10 or older. Carbenoxolone (CARB - gap junction blocker) does not affect the % of LC neurons responding in young rats but it decreases the % responding by half in older animals. We evaluated the participation of gap junctions in the CO2 ventilatory response in unanesthetized adult rats by bilaterally microinjecting CARB (300μM, 1mM or 3mM/100nL), glycyrrhizic acid (GZA, CARB analog, 3mM) or vehicle (aCSF - artificial cerebrospinal fluid) into the LC of Wistar rats. Bilateral gap junction blockade in LC neurons did not affect resting ventilation; however, the increase in ventilation produced by hypercapnia (7% CO2) was reduced by ∼25% after CARB 1mM or 3mM injection (1939.7±104.8mLkg(-1)min(-1) for the aCSF group and 1468.3±122.2mLkg(-1)min(-1) for 1mM CARB, P<0.05; 1939.7±104.8mLkg(-1)min(-1) for the aCSF group and 1540.9±68.4mLkg(-1)min(-1) for the 3mM CARB group, P<0.05) due largely to a decrease in respiratory frequency. GZA injection or CARB injection outside the LC (peri-LC) had no effect on ventilation under any conditions. The results suggest that gap junctions in the LC modulate the hypercapnic ventilatory response of adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G A Patrone
- Department of Animal Physiology and Morphology, Sao Paulo State University- UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT, Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
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Zhang J, Peng H, Veasey SC, Ma J, Wang GF, Wang KW. Blockade of Na+/H+ exchanger type 3 causes intracellular acidification and hyperexcitability via inhibition of pH-sensitive K+ channels in chemosensitive respiratory neurons of the dorsal vagal nucleus in rats. Neurosci Bull 2013; 30:43-52. [PMID: 23990222 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular pH (pHe) and intracellular pH (pHi) are important factors for the excitability of chemosensitive central respiratory neurons that play an important role in respiration and obstructive sleep apnea. It has been proposed that inhibition of central Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 3 (NHE-3), a key pHi regulator in the brainstem, decreases the pHi, leading to membrane depolarization for the maintenance of respiration. However, how intracellular pH affects the neuronal excitability of respiratory neurons remains largely unknown. In this study, we showed that NHE-3 mRNA is widely distributed in respiration-related neurons of the rat brainstem, including the dorsal vagal nucleus (DVN). Whole-cell patch clamp recordings from DVN neurons in brain slices revealed that the standing outward current (Iso) through pH-sensitive K(+) channels was inhibited in the presence of the specific NHE-3 inhibitor AVE0657 that decreased the pHi. Exposure of DVN neurons to an acidified pHe and AVE0657 (5 μmol/L) resulted in a stronger effect on firing rate and Iso than acidified pHe alone. Taken together, our results showed that intracellular acidification by blocking NHE-3 results in inhibition of a pH-sensitive K(+) current, leading to synergistic excitation of chemosensitive DVN neurons for the regulation of respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
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