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Sato H, Inoué S, Yoshida J, Kawamura I, Koshoubu J, Yamagishi A. Microscopic vibrational circular dichroism on the forewings of a European hornet: heterogenous sequences of protein domains with different secondary structures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:17918-17922. [PMID: 38888259 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01827c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
We developed a microscopic scanning for vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy in which a quantum cascade laser is equipped with a highly focused infrared light source to attain a spatial resolution of 100 μm. This system was applied to the forewing of a European hornet to reveal how the protein domains are organised. Two-dimensional patterns were obtained from the VCD signals with steps of 100 μm. We scanned the 1500-1740 cm-1 wavenumber range, which covers amide I and II absorptions. Zone sequenced α-helical and β-sheet domains within an area of 200 μm2 in membranes close to where two veins cross. The sign of the VCD signal at 1650 cm-1 changed from positive to negative when probed along the zone axis, intermediated by the absence of VCD activity. The significance of this zone is discussed from the viewpoint of the mechanical properties required for flying motion. These features are unattainable using conventional FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) or FT-VCD methods with a spatial resolution of ∼10 mm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Sato
- Faculty of Science, Ehime University, 1 2-5, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Sayako Inoué
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Jun Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
| | - Izuru Kawamura
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Koshoubu
- JASCO Corporation, Ishikawa 2967-5, Hachioji Tokyo, 192-8537, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yamagishi
- Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 2 5-21-16 Oomori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
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Vallejo-Marin M, Russell AL. Harvesting pollen with vibrations: towards an integrative understanding of the proximate and ultimate reasons for buzz pollination. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:379-398. [PMID: 38071461 PMCID: PMC11006549 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Buzz pollination, a type of interaction in which bees use vibrations to extract pollen from certain kinds of flowers, captures a close relationship between thousands of bee and plant species. In the last 120 years, studies of buzz pollination have contributed to our understanding of the natural history of buzz pollination, and basic properties of the vibrations produced by bees and applied to flowers in model systems. Yet, much remains to be done to establish its adaptive significance and the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of buzz pollination across diverse plant and bee systems. Here, we review for bees and plants the proximate (mechanism and ontogeny) and ultimate (adaptive significance and evolution) explanations for buzz pollination, focusing especially on integrating across these levels to synthesize and identify prominent gaps in our knowledge. Throughout, we highlight new technical and modelling approaches and the importance of considering morphology, biomechanics and behaviour in shaping our understanding of the adaptive significance of buzz pollination. We end by discussing the ecological context of buzz pollination and how a multilevel perspective can contribute to explain the proximate and evolutionary reasons for this ancient bee-plant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Vallejo-Marin
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 752 36, Sweden
| | - Avery L Russell
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, 65897, USA
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Classifying fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) with geometric morphometrics of fore wings. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275570. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Linking fossil species to the extant diversity is often a difficult task, and the correct interpretation of character evidence is crucial for assessing their taxonomic placement. Here, we make use of geometric morphometrics of fore wings to help classify five fossil Darwin wasps from the Early Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark into subfamilies and often tribes. We compile a reference dataset with 342 fore wings of nine extant subfamilies and nine relevant fossil species. Since geometric morphometrics was mostly ignored in the past in Darwin wasp classification, the dataset is first used to examine differences and similarities in wing venation among subfamilies. In a next step, we used the reference dataset to inform the classification of the fossil species, which resulted in the description of one new genus and five new species, Crusopimpla weltii sp. nov., Ebriosa flava gen. et sp. nov., Entypoma? duergari sp. nov., Lathrolestes? zlatorog sp. nov., and Triclistus bibori sp. nov., in four different subfamilies. Carefully assessing data quality, we show that the fore wing venation of fossil Darwin wasps is surprisingly suitable to assign them to a subfamily or even lower taxonomic level, especially when used in conjunction with characters from other parts of the body to narrow down a candidate set of potential subfamilies and tribes. Our results not only demonstrate a fast and useful approach to inform fossil classification but provide a basis for future investigations into evolutionary changes in fore wings of ichneumonids. The high informativeness of wing venation for classification furthermore could be harvested for phylogenetic analyses, which are otherwise often hampered by homoplasy in this parasitoid wasp family.
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Duell ME, Klok CJ, Roubik DW, Harrison JF. Size-dependent Scaling of Stingless Bee Flight Metabolism Reveals an Energetic Benefit to Small Body Size. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac131. [PMID: 36066644 PMCID: PMC9825317 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the effect of body size on flight costs is critical for development of models of aerodynamics and animal energetics. Prior scaling studies that have shown that flight costs scale hypometrically have focused primarily on larger (> 100 mg) insects and birds, but most flying species are smaller. We studied the flight physiology of thirteen stingless bee species over a large range of body sizes (1-115 mg). Metabolic rate during hovering scaled hypermetrically (scaling slope = 2.11). Larger bees had warm thoraxes while small bees were nearly ecothermic; however, even controlling for body temperature variation, flight metabolic rate scaled hypermetrically across this clade. Despite having a lower mass-specific metabolic rate during flight, smaller bees could carry the same proportional load. Wingbeat frequency did not vary with body size, in contrast to most studies that find wingbeat frequency increases as body size decreases. Smaller stingless bees have greater relative forewing surface area which may help them reduce the energy requirements needed to fly. Further, we hypothesize that the relatively larger heads of smaller species may change their body pitch in flight. Synthesizing across all flying insects, we demonstrate that the scaling of flight metabolic rate changes from hypermetric to hypometric at approximately 58 mg body mass with hypermetic scaling below (slope = 1.2) and hypometric scaling (slope = 0.67) above 58 mg in body mass. The reduced cost of flight likely provides selective advantages for the evolution of small body size in insects. The biphasic scaling of flight metabolic rates and wingbeat frequencies in insects supports the hypothesis that the scaling of metabolic rate is closely related to the power requirements of locomotion and cycle frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Duell
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - C Jaco Klok
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | - David W Roubik
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Luis Clement Avenue, Bldg. 401 Tupper, Balboa Ancon, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Jon F Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
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O'Donnell S, Gallen C. The evolution of head size hypoallometry: Biomechanical implications and brain investment as a possible cause. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2022; 70:101175. [PMID: 35803030 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Species' mean relative head size decreases with increasing species mean body size in paper wasps, which may have important implications for biomechanics in these flying animals. Here we quantify the allometric relationship (log/log slope) of head size to body size in paper wasps. We sampled species in two genera (Agelaia and Polybia) to test whether head/body allometry was consistent among genera. Head mass/total mass relationships were significantly hypoallometric (log/log slopes ∼0.90) and statistically similar between Agelaia and Polybia. We reanalyzed previously published multi-genus data to calculate the slope of head/body allometry, and to compare two different aspects of head size: the allometry of head mass which could impact weight distribution along the longitudinal axis of the body, and the allometry of head volume which could impact fluid resistance and mobility. The multi-genus data set yielded a similar estimate for the slope of head mass allometry (∼0.90), but the slope of head volume allometry was significantly shallower (∼0.80): relative head volume increases faster than relative head mass as total size decreases. We suggest the demands of brain housing affect the greater investment in head size and head weight in smaller species. Relative brain size is greater for smaller-bodied species within clades (Haller's rule), and brain volume had a significantly lower allometric slope than both head mass and head volume. Relatively large brains may require increased relative head size in smaller-bodied species. Brain housing may represent a basic developmental constraint on head size and head weight, and brain allometry could consequently impact the relationships of body shape and body mass distribution to body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean O'Donnell
- Department of Biodiversity Earth & Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Caroline Gallen
- Department of Biodiversity Earth & Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Mazón M, Nuñez-Penichet C, Cobos ME. Relationship Between Body Mass and Forewing Length in Neotropical Ichneumonidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera). NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:713-721. [PMID: 32557404 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-020-00784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biomass is an important indicator of various ecological factors in insect populations and communities. Although the utility of this variable is proven, it is usually dismissed in ecological studies, generally, because of the difficulty of measuring it. Considering that insect biomass is apparently declining worldwide, here, we aimed to test the accuracy of forewing length as an estimator of body mass in Neotropical Ichneumonidae to help in monitoring insect biomass. Forewing length and dry body mass were measured in 728 individuals from distinct localities in Venezuela and Ecuador. A clear log-linear relationship existed between the two variables, and a log-linear regression had significant and strong predictive power of mass based on wing length. To derive the final values of mass from predictions made using our equation, we used an exponential transformation. We present an R function for predicting mass from wing length. We consider our findings applicable to many Neotropical species of Ichneumonidae, and helpful especially when specimens are measured in dry collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mazón
- Programa de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos, Univ Nacional de Loja, Ciudadela Universitaria, sector La Argelia, EC 110101, Loja, Ecuador.
- Depto de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales, Univ de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | - C Nuñez-Penichet
- Programa de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos, Univ Nacional de Loja, Ciudadela Universitaria, sector La Argelia, EC 110101, Loja, Ecuador
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Biodiversity Institute, Univ of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - M E Cobos
- Programa de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos, Univ Nacional de Loja, Ciudadela Universitaria, sector La Argelia, EC 110101, Loja, Ecuador
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Biodiversity Institute, Univ of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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8
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Belyaev OA, Farisenkov SE. A Study on Allometry of Wing Shape and Venation in Insects. Part 1. Hymenoptera. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.3103/s0096392518040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Leijs R, Dorey J, Hogendoorn K. Twenty six new species of Leioproctus (Colletellus): Australian Neopasiphaeinae, all but one with two submarginal cells (Hymenoptera, Colletidae, Leioproctus). Zookeys 2018:109-168. [PMID: 30627041 PMCID: PMC6323115 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.811.28924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty six new species of Australian Leioproctus (subgenusColletellus) (Hymenoptera, Colletidae) are described: aberrans Leijs, sp. n., alatus Leijs, sp. n., albipilosus Leijs, sp. n., albiscopis Leijs, sp. n., aliceafontanus Leijs, sp. n., altispinosus Leijs, sp. n., aratus Leijs, sp. n., auricorneus Leijs, sp. n., bidentatus Leijs, sp. n., centralis Leijs, sp. n., ciliatus Leijs, sp. n., claviger Leijs, sp. n., consobrinus Leijs, sp. n., constrictus Leijs, sp. n., laciniosus Leijs, sp. n., longivultu Leijs, sp. n., lucidus Leijs, sp. n., nitidifuscus Leijs, sp. n., pectinatus Leijs, sp. n., pilotapilus Leijs, sp. n., quadripinnatus Leijs, sp. n., rubicundus Leijs, sp. n., rubricinctus Leijs, sp. n., similis Leijs, sp. n., splendens Leijs, sp. n., submetallicus Leijs, sp. n. High resolution images of diagnostic characters for all type specimens are included. Identification keys are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remko Leijs
- South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia South Australian Museum Adelaide Australia
| | - James Dorey
- School of Biology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia Flinders University Adelaide Australia
| | - Katja Hogendoorn
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
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Wickman PO. SEXUAL SELECTION AND BUTTERFLY DESIGN-A COMPARATIVE STUDY. Evolution 2017; 46:1525-1536. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1992.tb01142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/1991] [Accepted: 01/15/1992] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per-Olof Wickman
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; S-106 91 Stockholm SWEDEN
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11
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Hunt JH. TRAIT MAPPING AND SALIENCE IN THE EVOLUTION OF EUSOCIAL VESPID WASPS. Evolution 2017; 53:225-237. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb05348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/1998] [Accepted: 09/24/1998] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James H. Hunt
- Department of Biology; University of Missouri-St. Louis; St. Louis Missouri 63121
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12
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Gao T, Shih C, Engel MS, Ren D. A new xyelotomid (Hymenoptera) from the Middle Jurassic of China displaying enigmatic venational asymmetry. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:155. [PMID: 27485108 PMCID: PMC4971703 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0730-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pterygota insects typically have symmetric veins in left and right wings. For studying taxonomy and phylogeny of fossil insects, venational patterns are commonly used as diagnostic characters, in conjunction with preserved body characters. Some examples of asymmetrical venation are known among extant insects, but only a few fossil insects with asymmetric wings have been reported, among which a previously described xyelotomid of Hymenoptera, Xyelocerus diaphanous, displays an unusual, small cell of vein Rs in the left forewing, but not in the right. RESULTS Herein we report a new sawfly of the family Xyelotomidae, Aethotoma aninomorpha gen. et sp. nov., from the late Middle Jurassic of China having a simple Sc in the forewing and Sc with two branches in the hind wing. In additional, the new specimen exhibits an enigmatic venational asymmetry. In the right forewing, crossvein 2r-rs of forms a loop, then forks into 2 long branches reaching Rs, while 2r-rs of the left forewing forks into 2 short branches reaching Rs, in contrast to a linear 2r-rs in typical fossil and extant sawflies. CONCLUSION Such rare asymmetrical venation found from fossil sawflies provides a glance at early occurrences of venational variability and instability, or possibly aberrational development, for insects in the late Middle Jurassic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiping Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048 China
| | - Chungkun Shih
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048 China
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012 USA
| | - Michael S. Engel
- Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 66045 KS USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048 China
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Cariveau DP, Nayak GK, Bartomeus I, Zientek J, Ascher JS, Gibbs J, Winfree R. The Allometry of Bee Proboscis Length and Its Uses in Ecology. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151482. [PMID: 26986000 PMCID: PMC4795761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Allometric relationships among morphological traits underlie important patterns in ecology. These relationships are often phylogenetically shared; thus quantifying allometric relationships may allow for estimating difficult-to-measure traits across species. One such trait, proboscis length in bees, is assumed to be important in structuring bee communities and plant-pollinator networks. However, it is difficult to measure and thus rarely included in ecological analyses. We measured intertegular distance (as a measure of body size) and proboscis length (glossa and prementum, both individually and combined) of 786 individual bees of 100 species across 5 of the 7 extant bee families (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). Using linear models and model selection, we determined which parameters provided the best estimate of proboscis length. We then used coefficients to estimate the relationship between intertegular distance and proboscis length, while also considering family. Using allometric equations with an estimation for a scaling coefficient between intertegular distance and proboscis length and coefficients for each family, we explain 91% of the variance in species-level means for bee proboscis length among bee species. However, within species, individual-level intertegular distance was a poor predictor of individual proboscis length. To make our findings easy to use, we created an R package that allows estimation of proboscis length for individual bee species by inputting only family and intertegular distance. The R package also calculates foraging distance and body mass based on previously published equations. Thus by considering both taxonomy and intertegular distance we enable accurate estimation of an ecologically and evolutionarily important trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Cariveau
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Geetha K. Nayak
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ignasi Bartomeus
- Departamento Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EDB-CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joseph Zientek
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - John S. Ascher
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Jason Gibbs
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rachael Winfree
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
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Mountcastle AM, Combes SA. Biomechanical strategies for mitigating collision damage in insect wings: structural design versus embedded elastic materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 217:1108-15. [PMID: 24311806 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.092916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The wings of many insects accumulate considerable wear and tear during their lifespan, and this irreversible structural damage can impose significant costs on insect flight performance and survivability. Wing wear in foraging bumblebees (and likely many other species) is caused by inadvertent, repeated collisions with vegetation during flight, suggesting the possibility that insect wings may display biomechanical adaptations to mitigate the damage associated with collisions. We used a novel experimental technique to artificially induce wing wear in bumblebees and yellowjacket wasps, closely related species with similar life histories but distinct wing morphologies. Wasps have a flexible resilin joint (the costal break) positioned distally along the leading edge of the wing, which allows the wing tip to crumple reversibly when it hits an obstacle, whereas bumblebees lack an analogous joint. Through experimental manipulation of its stiffness, we found that the costal break plays a critical role in mitigating collision damage in yellowjacket wings. However, bumblebee wings do not experience as much damage as would be expected based on their lack of a costal break, possibly due to differences in the spatial arrangement of supporting wing veins. Our results indicate that these two species utilize different wing design strategies for mitigating damage resulting from collisions. A simple inertial model of a flapping wing reveals the biomechanical constraints acting on the costal break, which may help explain its absence in bumblebee wings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Mountcastle
- Harvard University, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Concord Field Station, 100 Old Causeway Road, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
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15
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Outomuro D, Adams DC, Johansson F. Wing shape allometry and aerodynamics in calopterygid damselflies: a comparative approach. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:118. [PMID: 23742224 PMCID: PMC3699362 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wing size and shape have important aerodynamic implications on flight performance. We explored how wing size was related to wing shape in territorial males of 37 taxa of the damselfly family Calopterygidae. Wing coloration was also included in the analyses because it is sexually and naturally selected and has been shown to be related to wing shape. We studied wing shape using both the non-dimensional radius of the second moment of wing area (RSM) and geometric morphometrics. Lower values of the RSM result in less energetically demanding flight and wider ranges of flight speed. We also re-analyzed previously published data on other damselflies and dragonflies. RESULTS The RSM showed a hump-shaped relationship with wing size. However, after correcting for phylogeny using independent contrast, this pattern changed to a negative linear relationship. The basal genus of the study family, Hetaerina, was mainly driving that change. The obtained patterns were specific for the study family and differed from other damselflies and dragonflies. The relationship between the RSM and wing shape measured by geometric morphometrics was linear, but relatively small changes along the RSM axis can result in large changes in wing shape. Our results also showed that wing coloration may have some effect on RSM. CONCLUSIONS We found that RSM showed a complex relationship with size in calopterygid damselflies, probably as a result of other selection pressures besides wing size per se. Wing coloration and specific behavior (e.g. courtship) are potential candidates for explaining the complexity. Univariate measures of wing shape such as RSM are more intuitive but lack the high resolution of other multivariate techniques such as geometric morphometrics. We suggest that the relationship between wing shape and size are taxa-specific and differ among closely-related insect groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Outomuro
- Population and Conservation Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dean C Adams
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 241 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Frank Johansson
- Population and Conservation Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
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Heraty JM, Burks RA, Cruaud A, Gibson GAP, Liljeblad J, Munro J, Rasplus JY, Delvare G, Janšta P, Gumovsky A, Huber J, Woolley JB, Krogmann L, Heydon S, Polaszek A, Schmidt S, Darling DC, Gates MW, Mottern J, Murray E, Dal Molin A, Triapitsyn S, Baur H, Pinto JD, van Noort S, George J, Yoder M. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 2013; 29:466-542. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Heraty
- Department of Entomology; University of California; Riverside; CA; 92521; USA
| | | | | | - Gary A. P. Gibson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; 960 Carling Avenue; Ottawa; ON; K1A 0C6; Canada
| | | | | | | | - Gerard Delvare
- Cirad; INRA; UMR 1062 CBGP CS30016; F-34988; Montferrier-sur-Lez; France
| | - Peter Janšta
- Department of Zoology; Charles University; Vinicna 7; CZ-128 44; Praha 2; Czech Republic
| | - Alex Gumovsky
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Kiev; 30 01601; Ukraine
| | - John Huber
- Natural Resources Canada; c/o Canadian National Collection of Insects; 960 Carling Ave; Ottawa; ON; K1A 0C6; Canada
| | - James B. Woolley
- Department of Entomology; Texas A&M University; College Station; TX; 77843; USA
| | - Lars Krogmann
- Department of Entomology; State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart; Rosenstein 1; 70191; Stuttgart; Germany
| | - Steve Heydon
- Bohart Museum of Entomology; University of California; Davis; CA; 95616; USA
| | - Andrew Polaszek
- Department of Entomology; Natural History Museum; London; SW7 5BD; UK
| | - Stefan Schmidt
- Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns; Zoologische Staatssammlung; Münchhausenstr. 21; 81247; Munich; Germany
| | | | - Michael W. Gates
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory; USDA; ARS; PSI; c/o National Museum of Natural History; Washington; DC; 20013; USA
| | - Jason Mottern
- Department of Entomology; University of California; Riverside; CA; 92521; USA
| | - Elizabeth Murray
- Department of Entomology; University of California; Riverside; CA; 92521; USA
| | - Ana Dal Molin
- Department of Entomology; Texas A&M University; College Station; TX; 77843; USA
| | - Serguei Triapitsyn
- Department of Entomology; University of California; Riverside; CA; 92521; USA
| | - Hannes Baur
- Abt. Wirbellose Tiere; Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern; Bernastrasse 15; 3005; Bern; Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jeremiah George
- Department of Entomology; University of California; Riverside; CA; 92521; USA
| | - Matthew Yoder
- Illinois Natural History Survey; University of Illinois; Champaign; IL; 61820; USA
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García Z, Sarmiento CE. Relationship between body size and flying-related structures in Neotropical social wasps (Polistinae, Vespidae, Hymenoptera). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-011-0142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- J. H. Brackenbury
- Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
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Michez D, De Meulemeester T, Rasmont P, Nel A, Patiny S. New fossil evidence of the early diversification of bees:Paleohabropoda oudardifrom the French Paleocene (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Anthophorini). ZOOL SCR 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wcislo WT, Tierney SM. Behavioural environments and niche construction: the evolution of dim-light foraging in bees. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2008; 84:19-37. [PMID: 19046401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2008.00059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Most bees forage for floral resources during the day, but temporal patterns of foraging activity vary extensively, and foraging in dim-light environments has evolved repeatedly. Facultative dim-light foraging behaviour is known in five of nine families of bees, while obligate behaviour is known in four families and evolved independently at least 19 times. The light intensity under which bees forage varies by a factor of 10(8), and therefore the evolution of dim-light foraging represents the invasion of a new, extreme niche. The repeated evolution of dim-light foraging behaviour in bees allows tests of the hypothesis that behaviour acts as an evolutionary pacemaker. With the exception of one species of Apis, facultative dim-light foragers show no external structural traits that are thought to enable visually mediated flight behaviour in low-light environments. By contrast, most obligate dim-light foragers show a suite of convergent optical traits such as enlarged ocelli and compound eyes. In one intensively studied species (Megalopta genalis) these optical changes are associated with neurobiological changes to enhance photon capture. The available ecological evidence suggests that an escape from competition for pollen and nectar resources and avoidance of natural enemies are driving factors in the evolution of obligate dim-light foraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Wcislo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá.
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Ohl M, Thiele K. Estimating body size in apoid wasps: the significance of linear variables in a morphologically diverse taxon (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/mmnz.200700003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Pretorius E. Using geometric morphometrics to investigate wing dimorphism in males and females of Hymenoptera - a case study based on the genus Tachysphex Kohl (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Larrinae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.2005.00464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Swiderski DL. SEPARATING SIZE FROM ALLOMETRY: ANALYSIS OF LOWER JAW MORPHOLOGY IN THE FOX SQUIRREL, SCIURUS NIGER. J Mammal 2003. [DOI: 10.1644/brb-025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Stark J, Bonacum J, Remsen J, DeSalle R. The evolution and development of dipteran wing veins: a systematic approach. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 1999; 44:97-129. [PMID: 9990717 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.44.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we use the wing veins of dipteran insects as potential models for understanding the evolution of development. We briefly discuss previous work in this field and examine the genetic complexity of wing formation, discussing the genes involved in wing formation and their roles in Drosophila wing development and vein formation. Furthermore, patterns of wing vein formation, addition, and reduction are discussed as they occur throughout the Diptera. Using the phyletic phenocopy paradigm, we draw attention to many wing vein morphologies that phenocopy various wing mutants in Drosophila melanogaster. The systematic issues of the nature of characters, homology, and the role of modern developmental approaches to evolutionary studies, which has recently become important, can be addressed from the perspective of the wing. We argue that further developmental evolutionary studies, and the interpretation of data therefrom, must be conducted within the context of a well-supported phylogeny of the organisms under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stark
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York 10003, USA.
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