1
|
Jiang S, Tian X, Huang X, Xin J, Yan H. Physcomitrium patens CAD1 has distinct roles in growth and resistance to biotic stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:518. [PMID: 36344936 PMCID: PMC9641914 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physcomitrium patens provides an evolutionary link between green algae and vascular plants. Although the genome of P. patens includes orthologs of all the core lignin biosynthetic enzymes, the occurrence of lignin in moss is very controversial. Besides, little information is available about the lignin enzymes in moss to date. For example, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is a crucial enzyme that catalyzes the last step of the lignin biosynthetic pathway, suggesting an ideal way to study the evolutionary process. By investigating the functions of CAD in evolution, this study will elucidate the evolutionary roles of lignin-like in the early stage of land colonization. RESULTS CAD multigene family in P. patens is composed of four genes. The PpCADs contain a conserved glycine-rich domain to catalyze NADPH-dependent reduction to their corresponding alcohols, indicating that PpCADs have the potential to synthesize monolignols by bioinformatics analysis. Even though PpCAD1 could produce lignin in theory, no conventional monomer was detected in the cell wall or cytoplasm of PpCAD1_OE plants. However, the phenylpropanoids were promoted in PpCAD1_OE transformants to modify gametophore architecture and development, making the distribution of phyllids more scarcity and the moss colony more giant, possibly due to the enhanced expression of the AUX-IAA family. The transcripts of at least one gene encoding the enzyme in the lignin biosynthetic pathway were increased in PpCAD1_OE plants. In addition, the PpCAD1_OE gametophore inhibited the Botrytis cinerea assault mainly by enhanced phenylpropanoids in the cell wall instead of influencing transcripts of defense genes pathogenesis-related 10 (PR10) and nonexpresser of PR genes 1 (NPR1). Likewise, ectopic expression of PpCAD1 in Arabidopsis led to a significant increase in lignin content, exhibiting chunky roots, robust seedlings, advanced flowering, and efficient resistance against pathogens. CONCLUSION PpCAD occurs in more than one copy, suggesting functional divergence in the ancestral plant. PpCAD1 catalyzes monolignol biosynthesis and has homologous functions with vascular plants. Despite no detected conventional monolignol, the increased phenylpropanoids in the PpCAD1_OE gametophore, possibly intermediate metabolites in the lignin pathway, had conserved functions during the evolution of terrestrial plants. The results inferred that the lignin enzyme of the early non-vascular plant played roles in stem elongation and resistance against pathogens of P. patens during the conquest of land.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, 550001 Guiyang, China
- School of International Education, Guizhou Normal University, 550001 Guiyang, China
| | - Xu Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, 550001 Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaolong Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, 550001 Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, 550001 Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Bioaffiliationersity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, Guizhou Normal University, 550001 Guiyang, China
| | - Jiankang Xin
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, 550001 Guiyang, China
| | - Huiqing Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, 550001 Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rencoret J, Gutiérrez A, Marques G, del Río JC, Tobimatsu Y, Lam PY, Pérez-Boada M, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Barrasa JM, Martínez AT. New Insights on Structures Forming the Lignin-Like Fractions of Ancestral Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:740923. [PMID: 34691117 PMCID: PMC8528957 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.740923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, lignin-like fractions were isolated from several ancestral plants -including moss (Hypnum cupressiforme and Polytrichum commune), lycophyte (Selaginella kraussiana), horsetail (Equisetum palustre), fern (Nephrolepis cordifolia and Pteridium aquilinum), cycad (Cycas revoluta), and gnetophyte (Ephedra fragilis) species- and structurally characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) spectroscopy. Py-GC/MS yielded marker compounds characteristic of lignin units, except in the H. cupressiforme, P. commune and E. palustre "lignins," where they were practically absent. Additional structural information on the other five samples was obtained from 2D-NMR experiments displaying intense correlations signals of guaiacyl (G) units in the fern and cycad lignins, along with smaller amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units. Interestingly, the lignins from the lycophyte S. kraussiana and the gnetophyte E. fragilis were not only composed of G- and H-lignin units but they also incorporated significant amounts of the syringyl (S) units characteristic of angiosperms, which appeared much later in plant evolution, most probably due to convergent evolution. The latter finding is also supported by the abundance of syringol derivatives after the Py-GC/MS analyses of these two samples. Regarding lignin structure, β-O-4' alkyl-aryl ethers were the most abundant substructures, followed by condensed β-5' phenylcoumarans and β-β' resinols (and dibenzodioxocins in the fern and cycad lignins). The highest percentages of alkyl-aryl ether structures correlated with the higher S/G ratio in the S. Kraussiana and E. fragilis lignin-like fractions. More interestingly, apart from the typical monolignol-derived lignin units (H, G and S), other structures, assigned to flavonoid compounds never reported before in natural lignins (such as amentoflavone, apigenin, hypnogenol B, kaempferol, and naringenin), could also be identified in the HSQC spectra of all the lignin-like fractions analyzed. With this purpose, in vitro synthesized coniferyl-naringenin and coniferyl-apigenin dehydrogenation polymers were used as standards. These flavonoids were abundant in H. cupressiforme appearing as the only constituents of the moss lignin-like fraction (including 84% of dimeric hypnogenol B) and their abundance decreased in those of S. Kraussiana (with amentoflavone and naringenin representing 14% of the total aromatic units), and the two ancient gymnosperms (0.4-1.2%) and ferns (0-0.7%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Gisela Marques
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - José C. del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Pui Ying Lam
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Marta Pérez-Boada
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas “Margarita Salas” (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José M. Barrasa
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Angel T. Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas “Margarita Salas” (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xue JS, Zhang B, Zhan H, Lv YL, Jia XL, Wang T, Yang NY, Lou YX, Zhang ZB, Hu WJ, Gui J, Cao J, Xu P, Zhou Y, Hu JF, Li L, Yang ZN. Phenylpropanoid Derivatives Are Essential Components of Sporopollenin in Vascular Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1644-1653. [PMID: 32810599 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The outer wall of pollen and spores, namely the exine, is composed of sporopollenin, which is highly resistant to chemical reagents and enzymes. In this study, we demonstrated that phenylpropanoid pathway derivatives are essential components of sporopollenin in seed plants. Spectral analyses showed that the autofluorescence of Lilium and Arabidopsis sporopollenin is similar to that of lignin. Thioacidolysis and NMR analyses of pollen from Lilium and Cryptomeria further revealed that the sporopollenin of seed plants contains phenylpropanoid derivatives, including p-hydroxybenzoate (p-BA), p-coumarate (p-CA), ferulate (FA), and lignin guaiacyl (G) units. The phenylpropanoid pathway is expressed in the tapetum in Arabidopsis, consistent with the fact that the sporopollenin precursor originates from the tapetum. Further germination and comet assays showed that this pathway plays an important role in protection of pollen against UV radiation. In the pteridophyte plant species Ophioglossum vulgatum and Lycopodium clavata, phenylpropanoid derivatives including p-BA and p-CA were also detected, but G units were not. Taken together, our results indicate that phenylpropanoid derivatives are essential for sporopollenin synthesis in vascular plants. In addition, sporopollenin autofluorescence spectra of bryophytes, such as Physcomitrella and Haplocladium, exhibit distinct characteristics compared with those of vascular plants, indicating the diversity of sporopollenin among land plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Shi Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - HuaDong Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yong-Lin Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xin-Lei Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - TianHua Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Nai-Ying Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yu-Xia Lou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Zai-Bao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, China
| | - Wen-Jing Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jinshan Gui
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics & CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 200032, China
| | - Jianguo Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin-Feng Hu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No. 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics & CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 200032, China.
| | - Zhong-Nan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kupriyanova EV, Mamoshina PO, Ezhova TA. Evolutionary Divergence of Arabidopsis thaliana Classical Peroxidases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:1362-72. [PMID: 26567581 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms of 62 peroxidase genes derived from Arabidopsis thaliana were investigated to evaluate evolutionary dynamics and divergence of peroxidase proteins. By comparing divergence of duplicated genes AtPrx53-AtPrx54 and AtPrx36-AtPrx72 and their products, nucleotide and amino acid substitutions were identified that were apparently targets of positive selection. These substitutions were detected among paralogs of 461 ecotypes from Arabidopsis thaliana. Some of these substitutions are conservative and matched paralogous peroxidases in other Brassicaceae species. These results suggest that after duplication, peroxidase genes evolved under the pressure of positive selection, and amino acid substitutions identified during our study provided divergence of properties and physiological functions in peroxidases. Our predictions regarding functional significance for amino acid residues identified in variable sites of peroxidases may allow further experimental assessment of evolution of peroxidases after gene duplication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E V Kupriyanova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Engineering Plant Biomass Lignin Content and Composition for Biofuels and Bioproducts. ENERGIES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/en8087654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
6
|
Fernández-Pérez F, Pomar F, Pedreño MA, Novo-Uzal E. The suppression of AtPrx52affects fibers but not xylem lignification in Arabidopsisby altering the proportion of syringyl units. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 154:395-406. [PMID: 25410139 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Pomar
- Department of Animal Biology; Plant Biology and Ecology, 15071, University of A Coruña; A Coruña Spain
| | - María A. Pedreño
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Murcia; Murcia 30100 Spain
| | - Esther Novo-Uzal
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Murcia; Murcia 30100 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Labeeuw L, Martone PT, Boucher Y, Case RJ. Ancient origin of the biosynthesis of lignin precursors. Biol Direct 2015; 10:23. [PMID: 25994183 PMCID: PMC4455696 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-015-0052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin plays an important role in plant structural support and water transport, and is considered one of the hallmarks of land plants. The recent discovery of lignin or its precursors in various algae has raised questions on the evolution of its biosynthetic pathway, which could be much more ancient than previously thought. To determine the taxonomic distribution of the lignin biosynthesis genes, we screened all publicly available genomes of algae and their closest non-photosynthetic relatives, as well as representative land plants. We also performed phylogenetic analysis of these genes to decipher the evolution and origin(s) of lignin biosynthesis. RESULTS Enzymes involved in making p-coumaryl alcohol, the simplest lignin monomer, are found in a variety of photosynthetic eukaryotes, including diatoms, dinoflagellates, haptophytes, cryptophytes as well as green and red algae. Phylogenetic analysis of these enzymes suggests that they are ancient and spread to some secondarily photosynthetic lineages when they acquired red and/or green algal endosymbionts. In some cases, one or more of these enzymes was likely acquired through lateral gene transfer (LGT) from bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Genes associated with p-coumaryl alcohol biosynthesis are likely to have evolved long before the transition of photosynthetic eukaryotes to land. The original function of this lignin precursor is therefore unlikely to have been related to water transport. We suggest that it participates in the biological defense of some unicellular and multicellular algae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leen Labeeuw
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, , T6G 2E9, , Canada.
| | - Patrick T Martone
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British, Columbia, BC, , V6T 1Z4, , Canada.
| | - Yan Boucher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, , T6G 2E9, , Canada.
| | - Rebecca J Case
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, , T6G 2E9, , Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Syringyl lignin production in conifers: Proof of concept in a Pine tracheary element system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6218-23. [PMID: 25902506 PMCID: PMC4434704 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1411926112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conifers (softwoods) naturally lack syringyl units in their lignins, rendering lignocellulosic materials from such species more difficult to process than syringyl-rich hardwood species. Using a transformable Pinus radiata tracheary element (TE) system as an experimental platform, we investigated whether metabolic engineering can be used to create syringyl lignin in conifers. Pyrolysis-GC/MS and 2D-NMR analysis of P. radiata TE cultures transformed to express ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H) and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) from Liquidambar styraciflua confirmed the production and incorporation of sinapyl alcohol into the lignin polymer. Transformation with F5H was sufficient for the production of syringyl lignin in TEs, but cotransformation with COMT improved its formation. In addition, lower levels of the pathway intermediate 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol were evidenced in cotransformation experiments, indicating that the introduction of the COMT overcame the inefficiency of the native pine methyltransferases for supporting sinapyl alcohol production.Our results provide the proof of concept that it is possible to generate a lignin polymer that contains syringyl units in softwood species such as P. radiata, suggesting that it might be possible to retain the outstanding fiber properties of softwoods while imbuing them with the lignin characteristics of hardwoods that are more favorable for industrial processing.
Collapse
|
9
|
Fernández-Pérez F, Vivar T, Pomar F, Pedreño MA, Novo-Uzal E. Peroxidase 4 is involved in syringyl lignin formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 175:86-94. [PMID: 25506770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Syringyl lignins result from the oxidative polymerization of sinapyl alcohol in a reaction mediated by syringyl (basic) peroxidases. Several peroxidases have been identified in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana as close homologues to ZePrx, the best characterized basic peroxidase so far, but none of these has been directly involved in lignification. We have used a knock-out mutant of AtPrx4, the closest homologue to ZePrx, to study the involvement of this basic peroxidase in the physiology of the plant under both long- and short-day light conditions. Our results suggest that AtPrx4 is involved in cell wall lignification, especially in syringyl monomer formation. The disruption of AtPrx4 causes a decrease in syringyl units proportion, but only when light conditions are optimal. Moreover, the effect of AtPrx4 disruption is age-dependent, and it is only significant when the elongation process of the stem has ceased and lignification becomes active. In conclusion, AtPrx4 emerges as a basic peroxidase regulated by day length with an important role in lignification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamara Vivar
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Federico Pomar
- Deparment of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, University of A Coruña, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - María A Pedreño
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Esther Novo-Uzal
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Araújo P, Cesarino I, Mayer JLS, Ferrari IF, Kiyota E, Sawaya ACHF, Paes Leme AF, Mazzafera P. A model system to study the lignification process in Eucalyptus globulus. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 152:17-31. [PMID: 24444279 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recalcitrance of plant biomass is closely related to the presence of the phenolic heteropolymer lignin in secondary cell walls, which has a negative effect on forage digestibility, biomass-to-biofuels conversion and chemical pulping. The genus Eucalyptus is the main source of wood for pulp and paper industry. However, when compared to model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and poplar, relatively little is known about lignin biosynthesis in Eucalyptus and only a few genes were functionally characterized. An efficient, fast and inexpensive in vitro system was developed to study lignification in Eucalyptus globulus and to evaluate the potential role of candidate genes in this biological process. Seedlings were grown in four different conditions, in the presence or absence of light and with or without sucrose in the growth medium, and several aspects of lignin metabolism were evaluated. Our results showed that light and, to a lesser extent, sucrose induced lignin biosynthesis, which was followed by changes in S/G ratio, lignin oligomers accumulation and gene expression. In addition, higher total peroxidase activity and differential isoperoxidase profile were observed when seedlings were grown in the presence of light and sucrose. Peptide sequencing allowed the identification of differentially expressed peroxidases, which can be considered potential candidate class III peroxidases involved in lignin polymerization in E. globulus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, CP 6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Augusto L, De Schrijver A, Vesterdal L, Smolander A, Prescott C, Ranger J. Influences of evergreen gymnosperm and deciduous angiosperm tree species on the functioning of temperate and boreal forests. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:444-66. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Augusto
- UMR 1391 ISPA, INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro; Villenave d'Ornon 33883 France
| | - An De Schrijver
- Forest & Nature Lab; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University; Geraardsbergse Steenweg 267 9090 Gontrode (Melle) Belgium
| | - Lars Vesterdal
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management; University of Copenhagen; Rolighedsvej 23 DK-1958 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Aino Smolander
- Vantaa Research Department, Finnish Forest Research Institute; PO Box 18 FI-01301 Vantaa Finland
| | - Cindy Prescott
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Jacques Ranger
- Biogéochimie des écosystèmes forestiers; INRA; Centre de Nancy 54280 Champenoux France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Corti Monzón G, Pinedo M, Di Rienzo J, Novo-Uzal E, Pomar F, Lamattina L, de la Canal L. Nitric oxide is required for determining root architecture and lignin composition in sunflower. Supporting evidence from microarray analyses. Nitric Oxide 2014; 39:20-8. [PMID: 24747108 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a signal molecule involved in several physiological processes in plants, including root development. Despite the importance of NO as a root growth regulator, the knowledge about the genes and metabolic pathways modulated by NO in this process is still limited. A constraint to unravel these pathways has been the use of exogenous applications of NO donors that may produce toxic effects. We have analyzed the role of NO in root architecture through the depletion of endogenous NO using the scavenger cPTIO. Sunflower seedlings growing in liquid medium supplemented with cPTIO showed unaltered primary root length while the number of lateral roots was deeply reduced; indicating that endogenous NO participates in determining root branching in sunflower. The transcriptional changes induced by NO depletion have been analyzed using a large-scale approach. A microarray analysis showed 330 genes regulated in the roots (p≤0.001) upon endogenous NO depletion. A general cPTIO-induced up-regulation of genes involved in the lignin biosynthetic pathway was observed. Even if no detectable changes in total lignin content could be detected, cell walls analyses revealed that the ratio G/S lignin increased in roots treated with cPTIO. This means that endogenous NO may control lignin composition in planta. Our results suggest that a fine tuning regulation of NO levels could be used by plants to regulate root architecture and lignin composition. The functional implications of these findings are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Corti Monzón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Marcela Pinedo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Julio Di Rienzo
- Cátedra de Estadística y Biometría, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Esther Novo-Uzal
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Federico Pomar
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Laura de la Canal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Novo-Uzal E, Fernández-Pérez F, Herrero J, Gutiérrez J, Gómez-Ros LV, Bernal MÁ, Díaz J, Cuello J, Pomar F, Pedreño MÁ. From Zinnia to Arabidopsis: approaching the involvement of peroxidases in lignification. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3499-518. [PMID: 23956408 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Zinnia elegans constitutes one of the most useful model systems for studying xylem differentiation, which simultaneously involves secondary cell wall synthesis, cell wall lignification, and programmed cell death. Likewise, the in vitro culture system of Z. elegans has been the best characterized as the differentiation of mesophyll cells into tracheary elements allows study of the biochemistry and physiology of xylogenesis free from the complexity that heterogeneous plant tissues impose. Moreover, Z. elegans has emerged as an excellent plant model to study the involvement of peroxidases in cell wall lignification. This is due to the simplicity and duality of the lignification pattern shown by the stems and hypocotyls, and to the basic nature of the peroxidase isoenzyme. This protein is expressed not only in hypocotyls and stems but also in mesophyll cells transdifferentiating into tracheary elements. Therefore, not only does this peroxidase fulfil all the catalytic requirements to be involved in lignification overcoming all restrictions imposed by the polymerization step, but also its expression is inherent in lignification. In fact, its basic nature is not exceptional since basic peroxidases are differentially expressed during lignification in other model systems, showing unusual and unique biochemical properties such as oxidation of syringyl moieties. This review focuses on the experiments which led to a better understanding of the lignification process in Zinnia, starting with the basic knowledge about the lignin pattern in this plant, how lignification takes place, and how a sole basic peroxidase with unusual catalytic properties is involved and regulated by hormones, H2O2, and nitric oxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Novo-Uzal
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Herrero J, Fernández-Pérez F, Yebra T, Novo-Uzal E, Pomar F, Pedreño MÁ, Cuello J, Guéra A, Esteban-Carrasco A, Zapata JM. Bioinformatic and functional characterization of the basic peroxidase 72 from Arabidopsis thaliana involved in lignin biosynthesis. PLANTA 2013; 237:1599-612. [PMID: 23508663 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lignins result from the oxidative polymerization of three hydroxycinnamyl (p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl) alcohols in a reaction mediated by peroxidases. The most important of these is the cationic peroxidase from Zinnia elegans (ZePrx), an enzyme considered to be responsible for the last step of lignification in this plant. Bibliographical evidence indicates that the arabidopsis peroxidase 72 (AtPrx72), which is homolog to ZePrx, could have an important role in lignification. For this reason, we performed a bioinformatic, histochemical, photosynthetic, and phenotypical and lignin composition analysis of an arabidopsis knock-out mutant of AtPrx72 with the aim of characterizing the effects that occurred due to the absence of expression of this peroxidase from the aspects of plant physiology such as vascular development, lignification, and photosynthesis. In silico analyses indicated a high homology between AtPrx72 and ZePrx, cell wall localization and probably optimal levels of translation of AtPrx72. The histochemical study revealed a low content in syringyl units and a decrease in the amount of lignin in the atprx72 mutant plants compared to WT. The atprx72 mutant plants grew more slowly than WT plants, with both smaller rosette and principal stem, and with fewer branches and siliques than the WT plants. Lastly, chlorophyll a fluorescence revealed a significant decrease in ΦPSII and q L in atprx72 mutant plants that could be related to changes in carbon partitioning and/or utilization of redox equivalents in arabidopsis metabolism. The results suggest an important role of AtPrx72 in lignin biosynthesis. In addition, knock-out plants were able to respond and adapt to an insufficiency of lignification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Herrero
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tohge T, Watanabe M, Hoefgen R, Fernie AR. The evolution of phenylpropanoid metabolism in the green lineage. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:123-52. [PMID: 23350798 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2012.758083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic secondary metabolites are only produced by plants wherein they play important roles in both biotic and abiotic defense in seed plants as well as being potentially important bioactive compounds with both nutritional and medicinal benefits reported for animals and humans as a consequence of their potent antioxidant activity. During the long evolutionary period in which plants have adapted to the environmental niches in which they exist (and especially during the evolution of land plants from their aquatic algal ancestors), several strategies such as gene duplication and convergent evolution have contributed to the evolution of this pathway. In this respect, diversity and redundancy of several key genes of phenolic secondary metabolism such as polyketide synthases, cytochrome P450s, Fe(2+)/2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and UDP-glycosyltransferases have played an essential role. Recent technical developments allowing affordable whole genome sequencing as well as a better inventory of species-by-species chemical diversity have resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of tools we have to assess how these pathways evolved. In parallel, reverse genetics combined with detailed molecular phenotyping is allowing us to elucidate the functional importance of individual genes and metabolites and by this means to provide further mechanistic insight into their biological roles. In this review, phenolic metabolite-related gene sequences (for a total of 65 gene families including shikimate biosynthetic genes) are compared across 23 independent species, and the phenolic metabolic complement of various plant species are compared with one another, in attempt to better understand the evolution of diversity in this crucial pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tohge
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cesarino I, Araújo P, Paes Leme AF, Creste S, Mazzafera P. Suspension cell culture as a tool for the characterization of class III peroxidases in sugarcane. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 62:1-10. [PMID: 23159486 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Secreted class III peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.7) are implicated in a broad range of physiological processes throughout the plant life cycle. However, the unambiguous determination of the precise biological role of an individual class III peroxidase isoenzyme is still a difficult task due to genetic redundancy and broad substrate specificity in vitro. In addition, many difficulties are encountered during extraction and analysis of cell wall proteins. Since class III peroxidases are also secreted into the apoplast, the use of suspension cell cultures can facilitate isolation and functional characterization of individual isoforms. Here, we report on the characterization of class III peroxidases secreted in the spent medium of sugarcane suspension cell cultures. After treatment with specific inducers of cell wall lignification, peroxidases were isolated and activities assayed with guaiacol, syringaldazine and coniferyl alcohol. Enzymatic activity was not significantly different after treatments, regardless of the substrate, with the exception of methyl-jasmonate treatment, which led to a decreased guaiacol peroxidase activity. Remarkably, peroxidases isolated from the medium were capable of oxidizing syringaldazine, an analog to sinapyl alcohol, suggesting that sugarcane cultures can produce peroxidases putatively correlated to lignification. A proteomic approach using activity staining of 2-DE gels revealed a complex isoperoxidase profile, composed predominantly of cationic isoforms. Individual spots were excised and analyzed by LC-ESI-Q-TOF and homology-based search against the Sugarcane EST Database resulted in the identification of several proteins. Spatio-temporal expression pattern of selected genes was determined for validation of identified class III peroxidases that were preferentially expressed during sugarcane stem development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Cesarino
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, CP 6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Martínez-Cortés T, Pomar F, Espiñeira JM, Merino F, Novo-Uzal E. Purification and kinetic characterization of two peroxidases of Selaginella martensii Spring. involved in lignification. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 52:130-9. [PMID: 22305076 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two cationic peroxidases from Selaginella martensii Spring. (SmaPrx2 and SmaPrx3) were purified using a three-step protocol which includes ammonium sulfate precipitation, adsorption chromatography on phenyl sepharose and cationic exchange chromatography on SP sepharose. The molecular mass for SmaPrx2 and SmaPrx3 was calculated to be 36.3 kDa and 45.6 kDa, respectively, according to MALDI-TOF/TOF. The isoelectric points were estimated in 9.2 and 9.5 for SmaPrx2 and SmaPrx3, respectively, according to isoelectrofocusing. Both enzymes show a typical peroxidase UV-visible spectrum with a Soret peak at 403 nm for SmaPrx2 and 404 nm for SmaPrx3. The specific activities showed against several substrates and the kinetic parameters suggest SmaPrx2 and SmaPrx3 have specific roles in cell wall formation and especially in lignin biosynthesis. Several peptides from tryptic digestion of both peroxidases were identified through MALDI-TOF MS/MS. The presence in these peptides of structural determinants typical of syringyl peroxidases indicates these proteins show no structural restrictions to oxidize syringyl moieties. These data, along with the in vitro capacity of using sinapyl alcohol as substrate and the low K(m) in the μM range suggest these two peroxidases may be responsible for the oxidation of syringyl monolignols that leads to syringyl lignins biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Martínez-Cortés
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, University of A Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Espiñeira JM, Novo Uzal E, Gómez Ros LV, Carrión JS, Merino F, Ros Barceló A, Pomar F. Distribution of lignin monomers and the evolution of lignification among lower plants. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2011; 13:59-68. [PMID: 21143726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Through application of chemical, biochemical and histochemical analyses, we provide new data on the absence/presence of syringyl lignins in the algal species Mastocarpus stellatus, Cystoseira baccata and Ulva rigida, the bryophytes Physcomitrella patens and Marchantia polymorpha, the lycophytes Selaginella martensii, Isoetes fluitans and Isoetes histrix, the sphenophyte Equisetum telmateia, the ferns Ceratopteris thalictroides, Ceratopteris cornuta, Pteridium aquilinum, Phyllitis scolopendrium and Dryopteris affinis, and the angiosperm Posidonia oceanica. Lignins, and especially syringyl lignins, are distributed from non-vascular basal land plants, such as liverworts, to lycopods and ferns. This distribution, along with the already reported presence of syringyl lignins in ginkgoopsids, suggests that syringyl lignin is a primitive character in land plant evolution. Here, we discuss whether the pathway for sinapyl alcohol recruitment was iterative during the evolution of land plants or, alternatively, was incorporated into the earliest land plants and subsequently repressed in several basal liverworts, lycopods, equisetopsids and ferns. This last hypothesis, which is supported by recent studies of transcriptional regulation of the biosynthesis of lignins, implies that lignification originated as a developmental enabler in the peripheral tissues of protracheophytes and would only later have been co-opted for the strengthening of tracheids in eutracheophytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Espiñeira
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, University of La Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Versteegh GJM, Riboulleau A. An organic geochemical perspective on terrestrialization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1144/sp339.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe colonization of land required new strategies for safe gamete/diaspore dispersal, and to cope with desiccation, harmful radiation, fire and gravity. Accordingly, the morphology, behaviour and physiology of the organisms changed. Here, we explore to what extent physiological adaptations, reflected in the molecular content of the sediments, add to our understanding of the terrestrialization. Many compounds considered characteristic of land organisms do not provide valuable information from the fossil record since (1) they were not preserved; (2) they occur or correspond to substances that evolved prior to the terrestrialization (e.g. cutan vs. algaenan, cellulose); or (3) they have been changed diagenetically and/or catagenetically. The latter leads to geo(macro)molecules without a chemical fingerprint relating them to their original bio(macro)molecules despite, sometimes, excellent morphological preservation of the organic remains. Nevertheless, some molecular markers and their stable isotopes provide independent information on the terrestrialization process. The odd predominance of n-alkane surface waxes is a feature already apparent in early land plants and could, with caution, be used as such. Furthermore, fossil terpenoids and their derivatives are valuable for reconstructing the evolution of major plant groups. The radiation of the phenylpropanoid pathway with for example, sporopollenin and lignin seems to be closely related to the evolution of land plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Armelle Riboulleau
- Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille – Bât. SN5, UMR 8157 du CNRS Géosystèmes, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vanholme R, Demedts B, Morreel K, Ralph J, Boerjan W. Lignin biosynthesis and structure. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:895-905. [PMID: 20472751 PMCID: PMC2899938 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.155119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1122] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (R.V., B.D., K.M., W.B.); Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (R.V., B.D., K.M., W.B.); Department of Biochemistry and Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (J.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Lignin, a phenolic polymer derived mainly from hydroxycinnamyl alcohols, is ubiquitously present in tracheophytes. The development of lignin biosynthesis has been considered to be one of the key factors that allowed land plants to flourish in terrestrial ecosystems. Lignin provides structural rigidity for tracheophytes to stand upright, and strengthens the cell wall of their water-conducting tracheary elements to withstand the negative pressure generated during transpiration. In this review, we discuss a number of aspects regarding the origin and evolution of lignin biosynthesis during land plant evolution, including the establishment of its monomer biosynthetic scaffold, potential precursors to the lignin polymer, as well as the emergence of the polymerization machinery and regulatory system. The accumulated knowledge on the topic, as summarized here, provides us with an evolutionary view on how this complex metabolic system emerged and developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ke Weng
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Popper ZA, Tuohy MG. Beyond the green: understanding the evolutionary puzzle of plant and algal cell walls. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:373-83. [PMID: 20421458 PMCID: PMC2879814 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.158055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoë A Popper
- Botany and Plant Science , School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li JLY, Sulaiman M, Beckett RP, Minibayeva FV. Cell wall peroxidases in the liverwort Dumortiera hirsuta are responsible for extracellular superoxide production, and can display tyrosinase activity. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2010; 138:474-84. [PMID: 19947974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In our earlier work, we showed that the liverwort Dumortiera hirsuta produces an extracellular oxidative burst of superoxide radicals during rehydration following desiccation stress. The oxidative burst is a common early response of organisms to biotic and abiotic stresses, with suggested roles in signal transduction, formation of protective substances such as suberin, melanin and lignin and defense against pathogens. To discover which enzymes are responsible for the extracellular superoxide production, we isolated apoplastic fractions from D. hirsuta, surveyed for the presence of potential redox enzymes, and performed non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis activity stains. Various isoforms of peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and tyrosinase (o-diphenolase) (EC 1.10.3.1) were present at significant levels in the apoplast. In-gel activity staining revealed that some peroxidases isoforms could produce superoxide, while tryosinases could readily metabolize 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl l-alanine (l-dopa) into melanins. Interestingly, some peroxidase isoforms could oxidize the native tyrosinase substrate l-dopa at significant levels, even in the absence of hydrogen peroxide, while others could do so only in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. In D. hirsuta, peroxidases may play an important role in melanin formation. Possible functions for these diverse oxidases in liverwort biology are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson L Y Li
- School of Biological and Conservation Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a major component of plant cell wall, lignin plays important roles in mechanical support, water transport, and stress responses. As the main cause for the recalcitrance of plant cell wall, lignin modification has been a major task for bioenergy feedstock improvement. The study of the evolution and function of lignin biosynthesis genes thus has two-fold implications. First, the lignin biosynthesis pathway provides an excellent model to study the coordinative evolution of a biochemical pathway in plants. Second, understanding the function and evolution of lignin biosynthesis genes will guide us to develop better strategies for bioenergy feedstock improvement. RESULTS We analyzed lignin biosynthesis genes from fourteen plant species and one symbiotic fungal species. Comprehensive comparative genome analysis was carried out to study the distribution, relatedness, and family expansion of the lignin biosynthesis genes across the plant kingdom. In addition, we also analyzed the comparative synteny map between rice and sorghum to study the evolution of lignin biosynthesis genes within the Poaceae family and the chromosome evolution between the two species. Comprehensive lignin biosynthesis gene expression analysis was performed in rice, poplar and Arabidopsis. The representative data from rice indicates that different fates of gene duplications exist for lignin biosynthesis genes. In addition, we also carried out the biomass composition analysis of nine Arabidopsis mutants with both MBMS analysis and traditional wet chemistry methods. The results were analyzed together with the genomics analysis. CONCLUSION The research revealed that, among the species analyzed, the complete lignin biosynthesis pathway first appeared in moss; the pathway is absent in green algae. The expansion of lignin biosynthesis gene families correlates with substrate diversity. In addition, we found that the expansion of the gene families mostly occurred after the divergence of monocots and dicots, with the exception of the C4H gene family. Gene expression analysis revealed different fates of gene duplications, largely confirming plants are tolerant to gene dosage effects. The rapid expansion of lignin biosynthesis genes indicated that the translation of transgenic lignin modification strategies from model species to bioenergy feedstock might only be successful between the closely relevant species within the same family.
Collapse
|
25
|
Amatangelo KL, Vitousek PM. Contrasting Predictors of Fern versus Angiosperm Decomposition in a Common Garden. Biotropica 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2008.00470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
26
|
Uzal EN, Gómez Ros LV, Pomar F, Bernal MA, Paradela A, Albar JP, Ros Barceló A. The presence of sinapyl lignin in Ginkgo biloba cell cultures changes our views of the evolution of lignin biosynthesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2009; 135:196-213. [PMID: 19055540 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Suspension cell cultures (SCCs) from one of the oldest seed plants, Ginkgo biloba, show unpredictable alterations in the nature of the lignins, such as is the recruitment of sinapyl alcohol for lignin biosynthesis, compared with the woody tissues of the same species, which lack syringyl (S) lignins. These results show that, in this gymnosperm, the genes involved in sinapyl alcohol biosynthesis are latent and that their regulatory regions respond, by initiating gene expression, to the developmental signals and the environmental clues, which condition its in vitro culture. G. biloba SCCs not only synthesize S lignins but also their extracellular proteome contains both class III peroxidases capable of oxidizing sinapyl alcohol and enzymes involved in H2O2 production, observation which suggests that the peroxidase branch for the oxidative coupling of sinapyl alcohol units into lignins is operative. The incomplete knowledge of the G. biloba peroxidase-encoding genes led us to purify, characterize and partially sequence the peroxidase responsible for monolignol oxidation. When the major peroxidase from G. biloba SCCs (GbPrx) was purified to homogeneity, it showed absorption maxima in the visible region at 414 (Soret band), and at 543 and 570 nm, which calls to mind those shown by low-spin ferric peroxidases. However, the results also showed that the paraperoxidase-like character of GbPrx is not an obstacle for oxidizing the three monolignols compared with high-spin ferric peroxidases. Taken together, these results mean that the time at which the evolutionary gain of the segment of the route that leads to the biosynthesis of S lignins took place in seed plants needs to be revised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Novo Uzal
- Department of Plant Biology, University of La Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Marjamaa K, Kukkola EM, Fagerstedt KV. The role of xylem class III peroxidases in lignification. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:367-76. [PMID: 19264758 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lignification is a cell wall fortifying process which occurs in xylem tissue in a scheduled manner during tissue differentiation. In this review, enzymes and the genes responsible for lignin biosynthesis have been studied with an emphasis on lignin polymerizing class III secretable plant peroxidases. Our aim is to understand the cell and molecular biology of the polymerization of lignin especially in tracheids and vessels of woody species but much of the experimental evidence comes from herbaceous plants. Class III peroxidases pose many problems for empirical work as their encoding genes are variable, their substrate specificities are wide and the half-life of many of the isozymes is very long. However, there is some evidence for the role of specific peroxidases in lignin polymerization through antisense mutants in tobacco and poplar and from tissue and cell culture lines of Picea abies and Zinnia elegans. Peroxidase enzyme action has been shown by substrate specificity studies and, for example, RT-PCR results have pointed out that many peroxidases have tissue-specific expression patterns. Tissue-level location of gene expression of some peroxidases has been studied by in situ hybridization and their cellular localization with antibodies and using EGFP-fusion genes. From these, it can be concluded that, although many of the xylem class III peroxidases have the potential for functioning in the synthesis of the lignin polymer, the combined information of catalytic properties, expression, and localization can reveal differences in the significance of different peroxidases in the lignification process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Marjamaa
- Technical Research Center of Finland (VTT), PL 1000, 02044 VTT, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Discovery of Lignin in Seaweed Reveals Convergent Evolution of Cell-Wall Architecture. Curr Biol 2009; 19:169-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
29
|
Weng JK, Li X, Bonawitz ND, Chapple C. Emerging strategies of lignin engineering and degradation for cellulosic biofuel production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2008; 19:166-72. [PMID: 18403196 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol and other biofuels produced from lignocellulosic biomass represent a renewable, more carbon-balanced alternative to both fossil fuels and corn-derived or sugarcane-derived ethanol. Unfortunately, the presence of lignin in plant cell walls impedes the breakdown of cell wall polysaccharides to simple sugars and the subsequent conversion of these sugars to usable fuel. Recent advances in the understanding of lignin composition, polymerization, and regulation have revealed new opportunities for the rational manipulation of lignin in future bioenergy crops, augmenting the previous successful approach of manipulating lignin monomer biosynthesis. Furthermore, recent studies on lignin degradation in nature may provide novel resources for the delignification of dedicated bioenergy crops and other sources of lignocellulosic biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ke Weng
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2063, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|