1
|
Wöhner TW, Emeriewen OF. A landscape of resistance gene analogs in sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.). BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:292. [PMID: 39370523 PMCID: PMC11457318 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-024-06952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research aims to analyze the presence and distribution of resistance genes in the avium and fruticosa subgenomes of Prunus cerasus through computational methods and bioinformatics tools. RESULTS Analysis of genome and transcriptome sequencing data revealed a total of 19,570 transcripts with at least one resistance gene domain in Prunus cerasus subgenome avium and 19,142 in Prunus cerasus subgenome fruticosa. Key findings include the identification of 804 "complete" resistance gene transcripts in Prunus cerasus subgenome avium and 817 in Prunus cerasus subgenome fruticosa, with distinct distributions of resistance gene classes observed between the subgenomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed clustering of resistance genes, and unique resistance proteins were identified in each subgenome. Functional annotation comparisons with Arabidopsis thaliana highlighted shared and unique resistance genes, emphasizing the complexity of disease resistance in cherry species. Additionally, a higher diversity of RLKs and RLPs was observed, with 504 transcripts identified and 18 showing similarity to known reference genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wolfgang Wöhner
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Dresden, 01326, Saxony, Germany.
| | - Ofere Francis Emeriewen
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Dresden, 01326, Saxony, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen X, Tong C, Zhang X, Song A, Hu M, Dong W, Chen F, Wang Y, Tu J, Liu S, Tang H, Zhang L. A high-quality Brassica napus genome reveals expansion of transposable elements, subgenome evolution and disease resistance. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:615-630. [PMID: 33073445 PMCID: PMC7955885 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a recent allotetraploid crop, which is well known for its high oil production. Here, we report a high-quality genome assembly of a typical semi-winter rapeseed cultivar, 'Zhongshuang11' (hereafter 'ZS11'), using a combination of single-molecule sequencing and chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) techniques. Most of the high-confidence sequences (93.1%) were anchored to the individual chromosomes with a total of 19 centromeres identified, matching the exact chromosome count of B. napus. The repeat sequences in the A and C subgenomes in B. napus expanded significantly from 500 000 years ago, especially over the last 100 000 years. These young and recently amplified LTR-RTs showed dispersed chromosomal distribution but significantly preferentially clustered into centromeric regions. We exhaustively annotated the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) gene repertoire, yielding a total of 597 NLR genes in B. napus genome and 17.4% of which are paired (head-to-head arrangement). Based on the resequencing data of 991 B. napus accessions, we have identified 18 759 245 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and detected a large number of genomic regions under selective sweep among the three major ecotype groups (winter, semi-winter and spring) in B. napus. We found 49 NLR genes and five NLR gene pairs colocated in selective sweep regions with different ecotypes, suggesting a rapid diversification of NLR genes during the domestication of B. napus. The high quality of our B. napus 'ZS11' genome assembly could serve as an important resource for the study of rapeseed genomics and reveal the genetic variations associated with important agronomic traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuequn Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics & Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsCollege of AgricultureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Chaobo Tong
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil CropsThe Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of PRCOil Crops Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Xingtan Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics & Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsCollege of AgricultureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Aixia Song
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics & Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsCollege of AgricultureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Ming Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil CropsThe Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of PRCOil Crops Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Wei Dong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics & Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsCollege of AgricultureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Fei Chen
- College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Youping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementNational Center of Rapeseed ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shengyi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil CropsThe Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of PRCOil Crops Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Haibao Tang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics & Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsCollege of AgricultureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics & Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsCollege of AgricultureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental PlantsCollege of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cantila AY, Saad NSM, Amas JC, Edwards D, Batley J. Recent Findings Unravel Genes and Genetic Factors Underlying Leptosphaeria maculans Resistance in Brassica napus and Its Relatives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E313. [PMID: 33396785 PMCID: PMC7795555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the Brassica oilseeds, canola (Brassica napus) is the most economically significant globally. However, its production can be limited by blackleg disease, caused by the fungal pathogen Lepstosphaeria maculans. The deployment of resistance genes has been implemented as one of the key strategies to manage the disease. Genetic resistance against blackleg comes in two forms: qualitative resistance, controlled by a single, major resistance gene (R gene), and quantitative resistance (QR), controlled by numerous, small effect loci. R-gene-mediated blackleg resistance has been extensively studied, wherein several genomic regions harbouring R genes against L. maculans have been identified and three of these genes were cloned. These studies advance our understanding of the mechanism of R gene and pathogen avirulence (Avr) gene interaction. Notably, these studies revealed a more complex interaction than originally thought. Advances in genomics help unravel these complexities, providing insights into the genes and genetic factors towards improving blackleg resistance. Here, we aim to discuss the existing R-gene-mediated resistance, make a summary of candidate R genes against the disease, and emphasise the role of players involved in the pathogenicity and resistance. The comprehensive result will allow breeders to improve resistance to L. maculans, thereby increasing yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (A.Y.C.); (N.S.M.S.); (J.C.A.); (D.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cerutti A, Jauneau A, Laufs P, Leonhardt N, Schattat MH, Berthomé R, Routaboul JM, Noël LD. Mangroves in the Leaves: Anatomy, Physiology, and Immunity of Epithemal Hydathodes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:91-116. [PMID: 31100996 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydathodes are organs found on aerial parts of a wide range of plant species that provide almost direct access for several pathogenic microbes to the plant vascular system. Hydathodes are better known as the site of guttation, which is the release of droplets of plant apoplastic fluid to the outer leaf surface. Because these organs are only described through sporadic allusions in the literature, this review aims to provide a comprehensive view of hydathode development, physiology, and immunity by compiling a historic and contemporary bibliography. In particular, we refine the definition of hydathodes.We illustrate their important roles in the maintenance of plant osmotic balance, nutrient retrieval, and exclusion of deleterious chemicals from the xylem sap. Finally, we present our current understanding of the infection of hydathodes by adapted vascular pathogens and the associated plant immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aude Cerutti
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA and CNRS and Université Paul Sabatier, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;
| | - Alain Jauneau
- Plateforme Imagerie, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 3450, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Patrick Laufs
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA and AgroParisTech and CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Nathalie Leonhardt
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université and Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives and CNRS, UMR 7265, F-13108 Saint Paul-Les-Durance, France
| | - Martin H Schattat
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Richard Berthomé
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse and INRA and CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;
| | - Jean-Marc Routaboul
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse and INRA and CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;
| | - Laurent D Noël
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse and INRA and CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Haddadi P, Larkan NJ, Borhan MH. Dissecting R gene and host genetic background effect on the Brassica napus defense response to Leptosphaeria maculans. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6947. [PMID: 31061421 PMCID: PMC6502879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43419-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While our understanding of the genetics underlying the Brassica-Leptosphaeria pathosystem has advanced greatly in the last decade, differences in molecular responses due to interaction between resistance genes and host genetic background has not been studied. We applied RNAseq technology to monitor the transcriptome profiles of Brassica napus (Bn) lines carrying one of four blackleg R genes (Rlm2, Rlm3, LepR1 & LepR2) in Topas or Westar background, during the early stages of infection by a Leptosphaeria maculans (Lm) isolate carrying the corresponding Avr genes. We observed upregulation of host genes involved in hormone signalling, cell wall thickening, response to chitin and glucosinolate production in all R gene lines at 3 day after inoculation (dai) albeit having higher level of expression in LepR1 and Rlm2 than in Rlm3 and LepR2 lines. Bn-SOBIR1 (Suppressor Of BIR1-1), a receptor like kinase (RLK) that forms complex receptor like proteins (RLPs) was highly expressed in LepR1 and Rlm2 at 3 dai. In contrast Bn-SOBIR1 induction was low in Rlm3 line, which could indicate that Rlm3 may function independent of SOBIR1. Expression of Salicylic acid (SA) related defense was enhanced in LepR1 and Rlm2 at 3 dai. In contrast to SA, expression of Bn genes with homology to PDF1.2, a jasmonic acid (JA) pathway marker, were increased in all Rlm and LepR lines at 6 and 9 dai. Effect of host genetic background on induction of defense, was determined by comparison of LepR1 and LepR2 in Topas vs Westar genotype (i.e. T-LepR1 vs W-LepR1 and T-LepR2 vs W-LepR2). In both cases (regardless of R gene) overall number of defense related genes at the earliest time point (3 dai) was higher in Tops compared to Westar. SA and JA markers genes such as PR1 and PDF1.2 were more induced in Topas compared to Westar introgression lines at this time point. Even in the absence of any R gene, effect of Topas genotype in enhanced defense, was also evident by the induction of PDF1.2 that started at a low level at 3 dai and peaked at 6 and 9 dai, while no induction in Westar genotype was observed at any of these time points. Overall, variation in time and intensity of expression of genes related to defense, was clearly dependent on both R gene and the host genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parham Haddadi
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | | | - M Hossein Borhan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lievens L, Pollier J, Goossens A, Beyaert R, Staal J. Abscisic Acid as Pathogen Effector and Immune Regulator. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:587. [PMID: 28469630 PMCID: PMC5395610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a sesquiterpene signaling molecule produced in all kingdoms of life. To date, the best known functions of ABA are derived from its role as a major phytohormone in plant abiotic stress resistance. Different organisms have developed different biosynthesis and signal transduction pathways related to ABA. Despite this, there are also intriguing common themes where ABA often suppresses host immune responses and is utilized by pathogens as an effector molecule. ABA also seems to play an important role in compatible mutualistic interactions such as mycorrhiza and rhizosphere bacteria with plants, and possibly also the animal gut microbiome. The frequent use of ABA in inter-species communication could be a possible reason for the wide distribution and re-invention of ABA as a signaling molecule in different organisms. In humans and animal models, it has been shown that ABA treatment or nutrient-derived ABA is beneficial in inflammatory diseases like colitis and type 2 diabetes, which confer potential to ABA as an interesting nutraceutical or pharmacognostic drug. The anti-inflammatory activity, cellular metabolic reprogramming, and other beneficial physiological and psychological effects of ABA treatment in humans and animal models has sparked an interest in this molecule and its signaling pathway as a novel pharmacological target. In contrast to plants, however, very little is known about the ABA biosynthesis and signaling in other organisms. Genes, tools and knowledge about ABA from plant sciences and studies of phytopathogenic fungi might benefit biomedical studies on the physiological role of endogenously generated ABA in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Lievens
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIBGhent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIBGhent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIBGhent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIBGhent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Jens Staal
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIBGhent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Jens Staal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Raman H, Raman R, Coombes N, Song J, Diffey S, Kilian A, Lindbeck K, Barbulescu DM, Batley J, Edwards D, Salisbury PA, Marcroft S. Genome-wide Association Study Identifies New Loci for Resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans in Canola. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1513. [PMID: 27822217 PMCID: PMC5075532 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Key message "We identified both quantitative and quantitative resistance loci to Leptosphaeria maculans, a fungal pathogen, causing blackleg disease in canola. Several genome-wide significant associations were detected at known and new loci for blackleg resistance. We further validated statistically significant associations in four genetic mapping populations, demonstrating that GWAS marker loci are indeed associated with resistance to L. maculans. One of the novel loci identified for the first time, Rlm12, conveys adult plant resistance in canola." Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, is a significant disease which affects the sustainable production of canola (Brassica napus). This study reports a genome-wide association study based on 18,804 polymorphic SNPs to identify loci associated with qualitative and quantitative resistance to L. maculans. Genomic regions delimited with 694 significant SNP markers, that are associated with resistance evaluated using 12 single spore isolates and pathotypes from four canola stubble were identified. Several significant associations were detected at known disease resistance loci including in the vicinity of recently cloned Rlm2/LepR3 genes, and at new loci on chromosomes A01/C01, A02/C02, A03/C03, A05/C05, A06, A08, and A09. In addition, we validated statistically significant associations on A01, A07, and A10 in four genetic mapping populations, demonstrating that GWAS marker loci are indeed associated with resistance to L. maculans. One of the novel loci identified for the first time, Rlm12, conveys adult plant resistance and mapped within 13.2 kb from Arabidopsis R gene of TIR-NBS class. We showed that resistance loci are located in the vicinity of R genes of Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus on the sequenced genome of B. napus cv. Darmor-bzh. Significantly associated SNP markers provide a valuable tool to enrich germplasm for favorable alleles in order to improve the level of resistance to L. maculans in canola.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Raman
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (an alliance between NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga WaggaNSW, Australia
| | - Rosy Raman
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (an alliance between NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga WaggaNSW, Australia
| | - Neil Coombes
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (an alliance between NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga WaggaNSW, Australia
| | - Jie Song
- Diversity Array Technology P/L, University of Canberra, CanberraACT, Australia
| | - Simon Diffey
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Biometrics, University of Wollongong, WollongongNSW, Australia
| | - Andrzej Kilian
- Diversity Array Technology P/L, University of Canberra, CanberraACT, Australia
| | - Kurt Lindbeck
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (an alliance between NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga WaggaNSW, Australia
| | - Denise M. Barbulescu
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, HorshamVIC, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, CrawleyWA, Australia
| | - David Edwards
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, CrawleyWA, Australia
- Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, CrawleyWA, Australia
| | - Phil A. Salisbury
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, HorshamVIC, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nováková M, Šašek V, Trdá L, Krutinová H, Mongin T, Valentová O, Balesdent MH, Rouxel T, Burketová L. Leptosphaeria maculans effector AvrLm4-7 affects salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene (ET) signalling and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) accumulation in Brassica napus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:818-31. [PMID: 26575525 PMCID: PMC6638468 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To achieve host colonization, successful pathogens need to overcome plant basal defences. For this, (hemi)biotrophic pathogens secrete effectors that interfere with a range of physiological processes of the host plant. AvrLm4-7 is one of the cloned effectors from the hemibiotrophic fungus Leptosphaeria maculans 'brassicaceae' infecting mainly oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Although its mode of action is still unknown, AvrLm4-7 is strongly involved in L. maculans virulence. Here, we investigated the effect of AvrLm4-7 on plant defence responses in a susceptible cultivar of B. napus. Using two isogenic L. maculans isolates differing in the presence of a functional AvrLm4-7 allele [absence ('a4a7') and presence ('A4A7') of the allele], the plant hormone concentrations, defence-related gene transcription and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation were analysed in infected B. napus cotyledons. Various components of the plant immune system were affected. Infection with the 'A4A7' isolate caused suppression of salicylic acid- and ethylene-dependent signalling, the pathways regulating an effective defence against L. maculans infection. Furthermore, ROS accumulation was decreased in cotyledons infected with the 'A4A7' isolate. Treatment with an antioxidant agent, ascorbic acid, increased the aggressiveness of the 'a4a7' L. maculans isolate, but not that of the 'A4A7' isolate. Together, our results suggest that the increased aggressiveness of the 'A4A7' L. maculans isolate could be caused by defects in ROS-dependent defence and/or linked to suppressed SA and ET signalling. This is the first study to provide insights into the manipulation of B. napus defence responses by an effector of L. maculans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Nováková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Šašek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Trdá
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Krutinová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Mongin
- INRA, UMR INRA-AgroParisTech 1290 Bioger, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Olga Valentová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie-HelEne Balesdent
- INRA, UMR INRA-AgroParisTech 1290 Bioger, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Thierry Rouxel
- INRA, UMR INRA-AgroParisTech 1290 Bioger, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Overexpression of the brassinosteroid biosynthetic gene DWF4 in Brassica napus simultaneously increases seed yield and stress tolerance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28298. [PMID: 27324083 PMCID: PMC4915011 DOI: 10.1038/srep28298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a resource allocation strategy, plant growth and defense responses are generally mutually antagonistic. Brassinosteroid (BR) regulates many aspects of plant development and stress responses, however, genetic evidence of its integrated effects on plant growth and stress tolerance is lacking. We overexpressed the Arabidopsis BR biosynthetic gene AtDWF4 in the oilseed plant Brassica napus and scored growth and stress response phenotypes. The transgenic B. napus plants, in comparison to wild type, displayed increased seed yield leading to increased overall oil content per plant, higher root biomass and root length, significantly better tolerance to dehydration and heat stress, and enhanced resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens Leptosphaeria maculans and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Transcriptome analysis supported the integrated effects of BR on growth and stress responses; in addition to BR responses associated with growth, a predominant plant defense signature, likely mediated by BES1/BZR1, was evident in the transgenic plants. These results establish that BR can interactively and simultaneously enhance abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and plant productivity. The ability to confer pleiotropic beneficial effects that are associated with different agronomic traits suggests that BR–related genes may be important targets for simultaneously increasing plant productivity and performance under stress conditions.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lowe RGT, Cassin A, Grandaubert J, Clark BL, Van de Wouw AP, Rouxel T, Howlett BJ. Genomes and transcriptomes of partners in plant-fungal-interactions between canola (Brassica napus) and two Leptosphaeria species. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103098. [PMID: 25068644 PMCID: PMC4113356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptosphaeria maculans ‘brassicae’ is a damaging fungal pathogen of canola (Brassica napus), causing lesions on cotyledons and leaves, and cankers on the lower stem. A related species, L. biglobosa ‘canadensis’, colonises cotyledons but causes few stem cankers. We describe the complement of genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZys) and peptidases of these fungi, as well as of four related plant pathogens. We also report dual-organism RNA-seq transcriptomes of these two Leptosphaeria species and B. napus during disease. During the first seven days of infection L. biglobosa ‘canadensis’, a necrotroph, expressed more cell wall degrading genes than L. maculans ‘brassicae’, a hemi-biotroph. L. maculans ‘brassicae’ expressed many genes in the Carbohydrate Binding Module class of CAZy, particularly CBM50 genes, with potential roles in the evasion of basal innate immunity in the host plant. At this time, three avirulence genes were amongst the top 20 most highly upregulated L. maculans ‘brassicae’ genes in planta. The two fungi had a similar number of peptidase genes, and trypsin was transcribed at high levels by both fungi early in infection. L. biglobosa ‘canadensis’ infection activated the jasmonic acid and salicylic acid defence pathways in B. napus, consistent with defence against necrotrophs. L. maculans ‘brassicae’ triggered a high level of expression of isochorismate synthase 1, a reporter for salicylic acid signalling. L. biglobosa ‘canadensis’ infection triggered coordinated shutdown of photosynthesis genes, and a concomitant increase in transcription of cell wall remodelling genes of the host plant. Expression of particular classes of CAZy genes and the triggering of host defence and particular metabolic pathways are consistent with the necrotrophic lifestyle of L. biglobosa ‘canadensis’, and the hemibiotrophic life style of L. maculans ‘brassicae’.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan G. T. Lowe
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Cassin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Bethany L. Clark
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Barbara J. Howlett
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Oide S, Bejai S, Staal J, Guan N, Kaliff M, Dixelius C. A novel role of PR2 in abscisic acid (ABA) mediated, pathogen-induced callose deposition in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:1187-99. [PMID: 23952213 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related protein 2 (PR2) is known to play a major role in plant defense and general stress responses. Resistance against the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans in Arabidopsis requires abscisic acid (ABA), which promotes the deposition of callose, a β-1,3-glucan polymer. Here, we examined the role of PR2 in callose deposition in relation to ABA treatment and challenge with L. maculans and Pseudomonas syringae. Characterization of PR2-overexpressing plants and the knockout line indicated that PR2 negatively affects callose deposition. Recombinant PR2 purified from Pichia pastoris showed callose-degrading activity, and a considerable reduction in the callose-degrading activity was observed in the leaf extract of the PR2 knockout line compared with the wild-type. ABA pretreatment before challenge with L. maculans concomitantly repressed PR2 and enhanced callose accumulation. Likewise, overexpression of an ABA biosynthesis gene NCED3 resulted in reduced PR2 expression and increased callose deposition. We propose that ABA promotes callose deposition through the transcriptional repression of PR2 in Arabidopsis challenged by L. maculans and P. syringae. Callose by itself is likely to act antagonistically on salicylic acid (SA) defense signaling, suggesting that PR2 may function as a modulator of callose- and SA-dependent defense responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Oide
- Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, PO Box 7080, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sašek V, Nováková M, Jindřichová B, Bóka K, Valentová O, Burketová L. Recognition of avirulence gene AvrLm1 from hemibiotrophic ascomycete Leptosphaeria maculans triggers salicylic acid and ethylene signaling in Brassica napus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1238-50. [PMID: 22624662 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-12-0033-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of a plant with a fungal pathogen is an encounter with hundreds of molecules. In contrast to this, a single molecule often decides between the disease and resistance. In the present article, we describe the defense responses triggered by AvrLm1, an avirulence gene from a hemibiotrophic ascomycete, Leptosphaeria maculans, responsible for an incompatible interaction with Brassica napus. Using multiple hormone quantification and expression analysis of defense-related genes, we investigated signaling events in Rlm1 plants infected with two sister isolates of L. maculans differentiated by the presence or absence of AvrLm1. Infection with the isolate carrying AvrLm1 increased the biosynthesis of salicylic acid (SA) and induced expression of the SA-associated genes ICS1, WRKY70, and PR-1, a feature characteristic of responses to biotrophic pathogens and resistance gene-mediated resistance. In addition to SA-signaling elements, we also observed the induction of ASC2a, HEL, and CHI genes associated with ethylene (ET) signaling. Pharmacological experiments confirmed the positive roles of SA and ET in mediating resistance to L. maculans. The unusual cooperation of SA and ET signaling might be a response to the hemibiotrophic nature of L. maculans. Our results also demonstrate the profound difference between the natural host B. napus and the model plant Arabidopsis in their response to L. maculans infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Sašek
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tollenaere R, Hayward A, Dalton-Morgan J, Campbell E, Lee JRM, Lorenc MT, Manoli S, Stiller J, Raman R, Raman H, Edwards D, Batley J. Identification and characterization of candidate Rlm4 blackleg resistance genes in Brassica napus using next-generation sequencing. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:709-15. [PMID: 22726421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A thorough understanding of the relationships between plants and pathogens is essential if we are to continue to meet the agricultural needs of the world's growing population. The identification of genes underlying important quantitative trait loci is extremely challenging in complex genomes such as Brassica napus (canola, oilseed rape or rapeseed). However, recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) enable much quicker identification of candidate genes for traits of interest. Here, we demonstrate this with the identification of candidate disease resistance genes from B. napus for its most devastating fungal pathogen, Leptosphaeria maculans (blackleg fungus). These two species are locked in an evolutionary arms race whereby a gene-for-gene interaction confers either resistance or susceptibility in the plant depending on the genotype of the plant and pathogen. Preliminary analysis of the complete genome sequence of Brassica rapa, the diploid progenitor of B. napus, identified numerous candidate genes with disease resistance characteristics, several of which were clustered around a region syntenic with a major locus (Rlm4) for blackleg resistance on A7 of B. napus. Molecular analyses of the candidate genes using B. napus NGS data are presented, and the difficulties associated with identifying functional gene copies within the highly duplicated Brassica genome are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reece Tollenaere
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hayward A, McLanders J, Campbell E, Edwards D, Batley J. Genomic advances will herald new insights into the Brassica: Leptosphaeria maculans pathosystem. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2012; 14 Suppl 1:1-10. [PMID: 21973193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2011.00481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The study of the relationship between plants and phytopathogenic fungi is one of the most rapidly moving fields in the plant sciences, the findings of which have contributed to the development of new strategies and technologies to protect crops. Plants employ sophisticated mechanisms to perceive and appropriately defend themselves against pathogens. A good example of plant and pathogen evolution is the gene-for-gene interaction between the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans, the causal agent of blackleg disease, and Brassica crops. This interaction has been studied at the genetic and physiological level due to its agro-economic importance. The newly available genome sequence for Brassica spp. and L. maculans will provide the resources to study the co-evolution of this plant and pathogen. Particularly, an understanding of the co-evolution of genes responsible for virulence and resistance will lead to improved plant protection strategies for Brassica canola and provide a model to understand plant-pathogen interactions in other major crops. This review summarises the research-to-date in the study of the Brassica-L. maculans gene-for-gene interaction, with a focus on the genetics of resistance in Brassica and the wealth of information to be gained from genome sequencing efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hayward
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brun H, Chèvre AM, Fitt BDL, Powers S, Besnard AL, Ermel M, Huteau V, Marquer B, Eber F, Renard M, Andrivon D. Quantitative resistance increases the durability of qualitative resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans in Brassica napus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 185:285-99. [PMID: 19814776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It has frequently been hypothesized that quantitative resistance increases the durability of qualitative (R-gene mediated) resistance but supporting experimental evidence is rare. To test this hypothesis, near-isogenic lines with/without the R-gene Rlm6 introduced into two Brassica napus cultivars differing in quantitative resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans were used in a 5-yr field experiment. Recurrent selection of natural fungal populations was done annually on each of the four plant genotypes, using crop residues from each genotype to inoculate separately the four series of field trials for five consecutive cropping seasons. Severity of phoma stem canker was measured on each genotype and frequencies of avirulence alleles in L. maculans populations were estimated. Recurrent selection of virulent isolates by Rlm6 in a susceptible background rendered the resistance ineffective by the third cropping season. By contrast, the resistance was still effective after 5 yr of selection by the genotype combining this gene with quantitative resistance. No significant variation in the performance of quantitative resistance alone was noted over the course of the experiment. We conclude that quantitative resistance can increase the durability of Rlm6. We recommend combining quantitative resistance with R-gene mediated resistance to enhance disease control and crop production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hortense Brun
- INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Univ. Rennes1, UMR1099 BiO3P (Biology of Organisms and Populations applied to Plant Protection), F-35653 Le Rheu, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|