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Benitez‐Vieyra S, Pérez‐Alquicira J, Sazatornil FD, Domínguez CA, Boege K, Pérez‐Ishiwara R, Fornoni J. Evolutionary transition between bee pollination and hummingbird pollination in
Salvia
: Comparing means, variances and covariances of corolla traits. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:783-793. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Benitez‐Vieyra
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET Córdoba Argentina
| | - Jessica Pérez‐Alquicira
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología CONACYT – Laboratorio Nacional de Identificación y Caracterización Vegetal Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Universidad de Guadalajara Zapopan Mexico
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México México
| | - Federico D. Sazatornil
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET Córdoba Argentina
| | - César A. Domínguez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México México
| | - Karina Boege
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México México
| | - Rubén Pérez‐Ishiwara
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México México
| | - Juan Fornoni
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET Córdoba Argentina
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México México
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Pérez‐Alquicira J, Weller SG, Domínguez CA, Molina‐Freaner FE, Tsyusko OV. Different patterns of colonization of Oxalis alpina in the Sky Islands of the Sonoran desert via pollen and seed flow. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:5661-5673. [PMID: 29938082 PMCID: PMC6010862 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical factors such as climatic oscillations during the Pleistocene epoch have dramatically impacted species distributions. Studies of the patterns of genetic structure in angiosperm species using molecular markers with different modes of inheritance contribute to a better understanding of potential differences in colonization and patterns of gene flow via pollen and seeds. These markers may also provide insights into the evolution of reproductive systems in plants. Oxalis alpina is a tetraploid, herbaceous species inhabiting the Sky Island region of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Our main objective in this study was to analyze the influence of climatic oscillations on the genetic structure of O. alpina and the impact of these oscillations on the evolutionary transition from tristylous to distylous reproductive systems. We used microsatellite markers and compared our results to a previous study using chloroplast genetic markers. The phylogeographic structure inferred by both markers was different, suggesting that intrinsic characteristics including the pollination system and seed dispersal have influenced patterns of gene flow. Microsatellites exhibited low genetic structure, showed no significant association between geographic and genetic distances, and all individual genotypes were assigned to two main groups. In contrast, chloroplast markers exhibited a strong association between geographic and genetic distance, had higher levels of genetic differentiation, and were assigned to five groups. Both types of DNA markers showed evidence of a northward expansion as a consequence of climate warming occurring in the last 10,000 years. The data from both types of markers support the hypothesis for several independent transitions from tristyly to distyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pérez‐Alquicira
- Departamento de Botánica y ZoologíaCONACYT – Laboratorio Nacional de Identificación y Caracterización VegetalCentro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y AgropecuariasUniversidad de GuadalajaraZapopanMexico
| | - Stephen G. Weller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - César A. Domínguez
- Departamento de Ecología EvolutivaInstituto de EcologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Francisco E. Molina‐Freaner
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Estación Regional del NoroesteInstituto de EcologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoHermosilloMéxico
| | - Olga V. Tsyusko
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentucky
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Jacquemyn H, Gielen M, Brys R. Is sexual organ reciprocity related to legitimate pollen deposition in distylous Pulmonaria
(Boraginaceae)? OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jacquemyn
- KU Leuven, Biology Department; Plant Conservation and Population Biology; Kasteelpark Arenberg 31 BE-3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Marie Gielen
- KU Leuven, Biology Department; Plant Conservation and Population Biology; Kasteelpark Arenberg 31 BE-3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Rein Brys
- Research Inst. for Forest and Nature; Geraardsbergen Belgium
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Baena-Díaz F, Fornoni J, Sosenski P, Weller SG, Domínguez CA. Pollen and stigma size changes during the transition from tristyly to distyly in Oxalis alpina (Oxalidaceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:994-1002. [PMID: 28834046 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pollen and stigma size have the potential to influence male fitness of hermaphroditic plants, particularly in species presenting floral polymorphisms characterised by marked differences in these traits among floral morphs. In this study, we take advantage of the evolutionary transition from tristyly to distyly experienced by Oxalis alpina (Oxalidaceae), and examined whether modifications in the ancillary traits (pollen and stigma size) respond to allometric changes in other floral traits. Also, we tested whether these modifications are in accordance with what would be expected under the hypothesis that novel competitive scenarios (as in distylous-derived reproductive system) exert morph- and whorl-specific selective pressures to match the available stigmas. We measure pollen and stigma size in five populations of O. alpina representing the tristyly-distyly transition. A general reduction in pollen and stigma size occurred along the tristyly-distyly transition, and pollen size from the two anther levels within each morph converged to a similar size that was characterised by whorl-specific changes (increases or decreases) in pollen size of different anthers in each floral type. Overall, results from this study show that the evolution of distyly in this species is characterised not only by changes in sexual organ position and flower size, but also by morph-specific changes in pollen and stigma size. This evidence supports the importance of selection on pollen and stigma size, which increase fitness of remaining morphs following the evolution of distyly, and raises questions to explore on the functional value of pollen size in heterostylous systems under pollen competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Baena-Díaz
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Fornoni
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - P Sosenski
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - S G Weller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - C A Domínguez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Fornoni J, Ordano M, Pérez-Ishiwara R, Boege K, Domínguez CA. A comparison of floral integration between selfing and outcrossing species: a meta-analysis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:299-306. [PMID: 26578721 PMCID: PMC4724042 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Floral integration is thought to be an adaptation to promote cross-fertilization, and it is often assumed that it increases morphological matching between flowers and pollinators, increasing the efficiency of pollen transfer. However, the evidence for this role of floral integration is limited, and recent studies have suggested a possible positive association between floral integration and selfing. Although a number of explanations exist to account for this inconsistency, to date there has been no attempt to examine the existence of an association between floral integration and mating system. This study hypothesized that if pollinator-mediated pollen movement among plants (outcrossing) is the main factor promoting floral integration, species with a predominantly outcrossing mating system should present higher levels of floral integration than those with a predominantly selfing mating system. METHODS A phylogenetically informed meta-analysis of published data was performed in order to evaluate whether mating system (outcrossing vs. selfing) accounts for the variation in floral integration among 64 species of flowering plants. Morphometric floral information was used to compare intra-floral integration among traits describing sexual organs (androecium and gynoecium) and those corresponding to the perianth (calix and corolla). KEY RESULTS The analysis showed that outcrossing species have lower floral integration than selfing species. This pattern was caused by significantly higher integration of sexual traits than perianth traits, as integration of the latter group remained unchanged across mating categories. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the evolution of selfing is associated with concomitant changes in intra-floral integration. Thus, floral integration of sexual traits should be considered as a critical component of the selfing syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fornoni
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria 04510, México Distrito Federal, México and
| | - Mariano Ordano
- Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán T4000JFE, Tucumán, Argentina, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Rubén Pérez-Ishiwara
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria 04510, México Distrito Federal, México and
| | - Karina Boege
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria 04510, México Distrito Federal, México and
| | - César A Domínguez
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria 04510, México Distrito Federal, México and
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6
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Weller SG, Sakai AK, Gray T, Weber JJ, Tsyusko OV, Domínguez CA, Fornoni J, Molina-Freaner FE. Variation in heterostylous breeding systems in neighbouring populations of Oxalis alpina (Oxalidaceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:104-110. [PMID: 25924801 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The heterostylous reproductive system of Oxalis alpina in the Galiuro Mts. of Arizona was investigated using field surveys, controlled crosses in the greenhouse and measurements of reproductive morphs. Although populations in the Pinaleño Mts. to the immediate east and in the Santa Catalina Mts. to the immediate west have derived distylous reproductive systems, tristyly, the ancestral reproductive system in O. alpina, has been retained in the Galiuro Mts. POPULATION Tristylous incompatibility relationships in the Galiuro population are modified from the ancestral condition, with significant loss of incompatibility differentiation between stamen whorls of both short- and long-styled morphs. Morphological adjustments of anther positions in the Galiuro population of O. alpina match those expected in light of incompatibility modification, with divergence of the mid-level anthers away from the position of the mid stigmas of the mid-styled morph. The occurrence of tristyly in an area of Arizona where distyly is found in adjacent mountain ranges is particularly remarkable, and indicates both the isolation of populations restricted to the upper elevations of these mountain ranges and variation in the tempo of evolution over short geographic distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Weller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - A K Sakai
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - T Gray
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - J J Weber
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - O V Tsyusko
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - C A Domínguez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Fornoni
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Estación Regional del Noroeste, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - F E Molina-Freaner
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Estación Regional del Noroeste, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
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7
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Fornoni J, Domínguez CA. Beyond the heterostylous syndrome. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:1191-1192. [PMID: 25952537 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fornoni
- Depto. Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Pos. 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Distrito Federal, México
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - César A Domínguez
- Depto. Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Pos. 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Distrito Federal, México
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8
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Brys R, Jacquemyn H. Disruption of the distylous syndrome in Primula veris. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:27-39. [PMID: 25429005 PMCID: PMC4284109 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Distyly is a floral polymorphism characterized by the presence of two discrete morphs with reciprocal positioning of anthers and stigmas in flowers on different plants within the same population. Although reciprocal herkogamy and associated floral traits are generally thought to be discrete and strict polymorphisms, little is known about variation in floral traits related to the distylous syndrome within and among populations of a single species. In this study, variation in floral morphology and reciprocal positioning of the sexual organs in the distylous Primula veris (cowslip) is quantified. METHODS Data were collected in ten populations occurring in two contrasting habitat types (grasslands and forests), and for each population the average level of reciprocity was assessed, the strength of the self-incompatibility system was determined, and seed production under natural conditions was quantified. RESULTS In grassland populations, flowers showed clear distyly with low and symmetric reciprocity indices at both the lower and upper level. In forests, P. veris produced larger flowers that showed strong deviations in stigma-anther separation, especially in the L-morph. This deviation was mainly driven by variation in stigma height, resulting in high and asymmetric reciprocity indices and the occurrence of several short-styled homostylous plants. Self-incompatibility was, however, strict in both habitats, and morph ratios did not differ significantly from isoplethy. The observed shift in reciprocity in forest populations was associated with a significant reduction in seed production in the L-morph. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that populations of P. veris show habitat-specific variation in flower morphology. Deviations from perfect reciprocal positioning of stigmas and anthers also translate into reduced seed production, suggesting that small changes in sexual organ reciprocity can have far-reaching ecological and evolutionary implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rein Brys
- Division of Plant Ecology and Systematics, Biology Department, University of Leuven, Belgium and Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Kliniekstraat 25, BE-1070 Brussels, Belgium Division of Plant Ecology and Systematics, Biology Department, University of Leuven, Belgium and Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Kliniekstraat 25, BE-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Division of Plant Ecology and Systematics, Biology Department, University of Leuven, Belgium and Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Kliniekstraat 25, BE-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Sampson DA, Krebs RA. Developmental variation and the evolution of distyly in Hedyotis caerulea (Rubiaceae). SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:383. [PMID: 24010041 PMCID: PMC3755807 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of distyly is thought to arise from differential growth patterns in the pin and thrum morphs. However, few detailed studies exist on the early floral development of distylous flowers, and fewer still look at variation in these traits among populations. Buds at multiple stages of development were collected from five populations of Hedyotis caerulea to quantify how pins and thrums diverge with respect to the initiation, rate, and termination of growth between the stamens and stigmas. The growth rate of anthers varied little spatially across five populations and temporally in both pins and thrums, although thrum anthers grew faster than pin anthers. Dimorphy in stigma height was more complex. Pin stigmas first grew at a faster rate than those of thrums, and late in bud development, growth of thrum styles slowed. These rate changes varied among populations, and they differed from the congeneric H. salzmanii. Similar differences between morphs are known in other heterostylous species, and such variation in growth pattern among related species has been used to infer independent evolution of distylous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A Sampson
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44115-2406 USA
| | - Robert A Krebs
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44115-2406 USA
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Vaio M, Gardner A, Emshwiller E, Guerra M. Molecular phylogeny and chromosome evolution among the creeping herbaceous Oxalis species of sections Corniculatae and Ripariae (Oxalidaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 68:199-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Weber JJ, Weller SG, Sakai AK, Tsyusko OV, Glenn TC, Domínguez CA, Molina-Freaner FE, Fornoni J, Tran M, Nguyen N, Nguyen K, Tran LK, Joice G, Harding E. THE ROLE OF INBREEDING DEPRESSION AND MATING SYSTEM IN THE EVOLUTION OF HETEROSTYLY. Evolution 2013; 67:2309-22. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J. Weber
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Irvine California 92697
| | - Stephen G. Weller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Irvine California 92697
| | - Ann K. Sakai
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Irvine California 92697
| | - Olga V. Tsyusko
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences; University of Kentucky; Lexington Kentucky 40546
| | - Travis C. Glenn
- Environmental Health Sciences; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia 30602
| | - César A. Domínguez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Apartado Postal 70-275, México Distrito Federal 04510 México
| | - Francisco E. Molina-Freaner
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Estación Regional del Noroeste, Instituto de Ecología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Apartado Postal 1354 Hermosillo 83000 Sonora México
| | - Juan Fornoni
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Apartado Postal 70-275, México Distrito Federal 04510 México
| | - Mike Tran
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Irvine California 92697
| | - Nhu Nguyen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Irvine California 92697
| | - Karen Nguyen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Irvine California 92697
| | - Lien-Khuong Tran
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Irvine California 92697
| | - Greg Joice
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences; University of Kentucky; Lexington Kentucky 40546
| | - Ellen Harding
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences; University of Kentucky; Lexington Kentucky 40546
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Sánchez JM, Ferrero V, Navarro L. Quantifying reciprocity in distylous and tristylous plant populations. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15:616-620. [PMID: 23696971 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Reciprocal herkogamy (heterostyly) is an example of extreme relevance of accuracy of the location of the sexual organs within some floral systems. It involves the reciprocal positioning of anthers and stigmas in flowers of different plants within the same population, and the accuracy of this positioning is important to promote out-cross pollination, prevent self-interference, or both. Hence, several indices have been proposed to quantify reciprocity, most of them for populations with two different morphs (distylous). Here, we propose an extension of our index of reciprocity for distylous populations to be applied also to populations with three morphs (tristylous), allowing effective comparisons of reciprocity between tristylous, but also distylous populations. As for the distylous version, the index is based on comparison of the position of every single sexual organ in the sample with each and every organ of the opposite sex, for each of the three possible organ levels. Due to the massive amount of calculations required, a macro was developed that is available as Supplementary Information and at the website of the authors. The index and macro were tested on several hypothetical tristylous and distylous populations with predetermined mean and dispersion of sexual organs at each level, as well as on several actual tristylous and distylous populations. The index proposed is a solid tool for the study of reciprocity in distylous and tristylous populations. Comparisons between distylous and tristylous populations are easily performed and can be readily interpreted. The applicability of the index is facilitated through the software provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sánchez
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain.
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13
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Santos-Gally R, Pérez-Barrales R, Simón VI, Arroyo J. The role of short-tongued insects in floral variation across the range of a style-dimorphic plant. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:317-28. [PMID: 23223205 PMCID: PMC3555527 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Heterostyly and related style polymorphisms are suitable model systems to evaluate the importance of functional pollinators in the maintenance of population variability. In Narcissus papyraceus different functional pollinators, incompatibility system and flower morphology have been proposed to influence the maintenance of polymorphism through their effect on disassortative mating. Here a test is done to find out if the visitation rate of long- versus short-tongued pollinators correlates with the morph ratio and if the latter is related to other flower traits of the species across its main geographic range. METHODS Floral traits from 34 populations in the south-west of the Iberian Peninsula and in north-west Africa were measured, perianth variation was described and a comparison was made of allometric relationships between sex organs and floral tube. Correlations between pollinator guilds, stigma-anther separation of reciprocal morphs (our proxy for disassortative mating) and morph-ratio variation were analysed. Finally, the incompatibility system of the species in the northern and southern borders of its distribution are described. KEY RESULTS Flowers from southern populations were significantly larger than flowers from centre and northern populations. The abundance of short-styled plants decreased gradually with increasing distance from the core region (the Strait of Gibraltar), with these disappearing only in the northern range. Although there was a significant difference in stigma-anther separation among populations, morph ratio was not associated with reciprocity or floral tube length. Long-style morph frequency increased with short-tongued pollinator visitation rate. Populations from both edges of the distribution range were self-incompatible and within- and between-morph compatible. CONCLUSIONS The style morph ratio changed gradually, whereas perianth trait variation showed abrupt changes with two morphotypes across the range. The positive relationship between the visitation rate of short-tongued pollinators and the decrease of the short-style morph supports our initial hypothesis. The results highlight the importance of different pollinators in determining the presence of style polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Santos-Gally
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
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14
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Keller B, de Vos JM, Conti E. Decrease of sexual organ reciprocity between heterostylous primrose species, with possible functional and evolutionary implications. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:1233-44. [PMID: 23002269 PMCID: PMC3478057 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Heterostyly is a floral polymorphism that has fascinated evolutionary biologists since Darwin's seminal studies on primroses. The main morphological characteristic of heterostyly is the reciprocal placement of anthers and stigmas in two distinct (distyly) floral morphs. Variation in the degree of intermorph sexual reciprocity is relatively common and known to affect patterns of pollen transfer within species. However, the partitioning of sexual organ reciprocity within and between closely related species remains unknown. This study aimed at testing whether intermorph sexual reciprocity differs within vs. between primrose species that hybridize in nature and whether the positions of sexual organs are correlated with other floral traits. METHODS Six floral traits were measured in both floral morphs of 15 allopatric populations of Primula elatior, P. veris and P. vulgaris, and anther-stigma reciprocity was estimated within and between species. A combination of univariate and multivariate approaches was used to test whether positions of reproductive organs were less reciprocal between than within species, to assess correlations between sexual organ positions and other corolla traits, and to quantify differences between morphs and species. KEY RESULTS The three species were morphologically well differentiated in most floral traits, except that P. veris and P. vulgaris did not differ significantly in sexual organ positions. Overall, lower interspecific than intraspecific sexual organ reciprocity was detected. This decrease was marked between P. elatior and P. vulgaris, intermediate and variable between P. elatior and P. veris, but negligible between P. veris and P. vulgaris. CONCLUSIONS Differences in anther and stigma heights between the analysed primrose species were of the same magnitude or larger than intraspecific differences that altered pollen flow within other heterostylous systems. Therefore, it is possible to suggest that considerable reductions of sexual organ reciprocity between species may lower interspecific pollen flow, with potential effects on reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Keller
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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Zhou W, Barrett SCH, Wang H, Li DZ. Loss of floral polymorphism in heterostylous Luculia pinceana (Rubiaceae): a molecular phylogeographic perspective. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4631-45. [PMID: 22970974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Both deterministic and stochastic forces determine the representation and frequency of floral morphs in heterostylous plant populations. Phylogeographic analysis of molecular variation can provide information on the role of historical factors, including founder events, in affecting population morph structure. Here, we investigate geographical patterns of floral morph variation in a distylous shrub Luculia pinceana (Rubiaceae) by examining the relations between floral polymorphism and molecular (cpDNA and microsatellite) variation in 25 populations sampled throughout the distribution of the species in southwest China and adjacent countries. In 19 of the 25 populations, the frequency of floral morphs was not significantly different from the expected 1:1 ratio. The remaining populations were either L-morph biased (2) or monomorphic (4) for this form and were morphologically differentiated from the remaining populations in several floral traits, that is, corolla tube length, sex organ position and stigma-anther separation. Phylogeographic analysis supports the hypothesis that L. pinceana was initially split into west-central and eastern lineages in the Early Pleistocene (~1.982 Mya). A centrally located lineage composed of morph-biased and monomorphic populations appears to have been subsequently derived from the west-central lineage, perhaps by a founder event after the last glacial maximum. Hypotheses to explain why these populations have not returned to equilibrium morph frequencies are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
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16
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BAENA-DíAZ F, FORNONI J, SOSENSKI P, MOLINA-FREANER FE, WELLER SG, PÉREZ-ISHIWARA R, DOMÍNGUEZ CA. Changes in reciprocal herkogamy during the tristyly-distyly transition in Oxalis alpina increase efficiency in pollen transfer. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:574-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gardner AG, Vaio M, Guerra M, Emshwiller E. Diversification of the American bulb-bearing Oxalis (Oxalidaceae): dispersal to North America and modification of the tristylous breeding system. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2012; 99:152-164. [PMID: 22186183 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The American bulb-bearing Oxalis (Oxalidaceae) have diverse heterostylous breeding systems and are distributed in mountainous areas from Patagonia to the northeastern United States. To study the evolutionary processes leading to this diversity, we constructed the first molecular phylogeny for the American bulb-bearing Oxalis and used it to infer biogeographic history and breeding system evolution. METHODS We used DNA sequence data (nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer, trnL-trnL-trnF, trnT-trnL, and psbJ-petA) to infer phylogenetic history via parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian analyses. We used Bayes Multistate to infer ancestral geographic distributions at well-supported nodes of the phylogeny. The Shimodaira-Hasegawa (SH) test distinguished among hypotheses of single or multiple transitions from South America to North America, and tristyly to distyly. KEY RESULTS The American bulb-bearing Oxalis include sampled members of sections Ionoxalis and Pseudobulbosae and are derived from a larger clade that includes members of sections Palmatifoliae, Articulatae, and the African species. The American bulb-bearing Oxalis comprise two clades: one distributed in SE South America and the other in the Andes and North America. An SH test supports multiple dispersals to North America. Most sampled distylous species form a single clade, but at least two other independent distylous lineages are supported by the topologies and SH tests. CONCLUSIONS Phylogenetic results suggest the American bulb-bearing Oxalis originated in southern South America, dispersed repeatedly to North America, and had multiple transitions from tristyly to distyly. This study adds to our understanding of biogeographic history and breeding system evolution and provides a foundation for more precise inferences about the study group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Gardner
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA.
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PÉREZ-ALQUICIRA J, MOLINA-FREANER FE, PIÑERO D, WELLER SG, MARTÍNEZ-MEYER E, ROZAS J, DOMÍNGUEZ CA. The role of historical factors and natural selection in the evolution of breeding systems of Oxalis alpina in the Sonoran desert ‘Sky Islands’. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:2163-2175. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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