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Sun X, LaVoie M, Lefebvre PA, Gallaher SD, Glaesener AG, Strenkert D, Mehta R, Merchant SS, Silflow CD. Mutation of negative regulatory gene CEHC1 encoding an FBXO3 protein results in normoxic expression of HYDA genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.22.586359. [PMID: 38586028 PMCID: PMC10996464 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.22.586359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen is known to prevent hydrogen production in Chlamydomonas, both by inhibiting the hydrogenase enzyme and by preventing the accumulation of HYDA-encoding transcripts. We developed a screen for mutants showing constitutive accumulation of HYDA1 transcripts in the presence of oxygen. A reporter gene required for ciliary motility, placed under the control of the HYDA1 promoter, conferred motility only in hypoxic conditions. By selecting for mutants able to swim even in the presence of oxygen we obtained strains that express the reporter gene constitutively. One mutant identified a gene encoding an F-box only protein 3 (FBXO3), known to participate in ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation pathways in other eukaryotes. Transcriptome profiles revealed that the mutation, termed cehc1-1 , leads to constitutive expression of HYDA1 and other genes regulated by hypoxia, and of many genes known to be targets of CRR1, a transcription factor in the nutritional copper signaling pathway. CRR1 was required for the constitutive expression of the HYDA1 reporter gene in cehc1-1 mutants. The CRR1 protein, which is normally degraded in Cu-supplemented cells, was stabilized in cehc1-1 cells, supporting the conclusion that CEHC1 acts to facilitate the degradation of CRR1. Our results reveal a novel negative regulator in the CRR1 pathway and possibly other pathways leading to complex metabolic changes associated with response to hypoxia.
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Ahmad A, Ghufran R. Microbial granules on reactors performance during organic butyrate digestion: clean production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:1236-1256. [PMID: 36130802 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2103641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This critical review for anaerobic degradation of complex organic compounds like butyrate using reactors has been enormously applied for biogas production. Biogas production rate has a great impact on: reactor granulation methanogenesis, nutrient content, shear velocity, organic loading and loss of nutrients taking place in the reactor continuously. Various technologies have been applied to closed anaerobic reactors to improve biogas production and treatment efficiency. Recent reviews showed that the application of closed anaerobic reactors can accelerate the degradation of organics like volatile fatty acid-butyrate and affect microbial biofilm formation by increasing the number of methanogens and increase methane production 16.5 L-1 CH4 L-1 POME-1. The closed anaerobic reactors with stable microbial biofilm and established organic load were responsible for the improvement of the reactor and methane production. The technology mentioned in this review can be used to monitor biogas concentration, which directly correlates to organic concentrations. This review attempts to evaluate interactions among the: degradation of organics, closed anaerobic reactors system, and microbial granules. This article provides a useful picture for the improvement of the degradation of organic butyrate for COD removal, biogas and methane production in an anaerobic closed reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Ahmad
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Architecture, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Roomana Ghufran
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources, University Malaysia Pahang (UMP) Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Malaysia
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Pang X, Nawrocki WJ, Cardol P, Zheng M, Jiang J, Fang Y, Yang W, Croce R, Tian L. Weak acids produced during anaerobic respiration suppress both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4207. [PMID: 37452043 PMCID: PMC10349137 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
While photosynthesis transforms sunlight energy into sugar, aerobic and anaerobic respiration (fermentation) catabolizes sugars to fuel cellular activities. These processes take place within one cell across several compartments, however it remains largely unexplored how they interact with one another. Here we report that the weak acids produced during fermentation down-regulate both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration. This effect is mechanistically explained with an "ion trapping" model, in which the lipid bilayer selectively traps protons that effectively acidify subcellular compartments with smaller buffer capacities - such as the thylakoid lumen. Physiologically, we propose that under certain conditions, e.g., dim light at dawn, tuning down the photosynthetic light reaction could mitigate the pressure on its electron transport chains, while suppression of respiration could accelerate the net oxygen evolution, thus speeding up the recovery from hypoxia. Since we show that this effect is conserved across photosynthetic phyla, these results indicate that fermentation metabolites exert widespread feedback control over photosynthesis and aerobic respiration. This likely allows algae to better cope with changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Pang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Wojciech J Nawrocki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab Amsterdam Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Chloroplaste et Perception de la Lumière chez les Microalgues, UMR7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Cardol
- Génétique et Physiologie des Microalgues, InBioS/Phytosystems, Institut de Botanique, Université de Liège, B22, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mengyuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab Amsterdam Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lijin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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Ozawa SI, Buchert F, Reuys R, Hippler M, Takahashi Y. Algal PETC-Pro171-Leu suppresses electron transfer in cytochrome b6f under acidic lumenal conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1803-1817. [PMID: 36516417 PMCID: PMC10022631 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Linear photosynthetic electron flow (LEF) produces NADPH and generates a proton electrochemical potential gradient across the thylakoid membrane to synthesize ATP, both of which are required for CO2 fixation. As cellular demand for ATP and NADPH varies, cyclic electron flow (CEF) between Photosystem I and the cytochrome b6f complex (b6f) produces extra ATP. b6f regulates LEF and CEF via photosynthetic control, which is a pH-dependent b6f slowdown of plastoquinol oxidation at the lumenal site. This protection mechanism is triggered at more alkaline lumen pH in the pgr1 (proton gradient regulation 1) mutant of the vascular plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which contains a Pro194Leu substitution in the b6f Rieske Iron-sulfur protein Photosynthetic Electron Transfer C (PETC) subunit. In this work, we introduced the equivalent pgr1 mutation in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to generate PETC-P171L. Consistent with the pgr1 phenotype, PETC-P171L displayed impaired NPQ induction along with slower photoautotrophic growth under high light conditions. Our data provide evidence that the ΔpH component in PETC-P171L depends on oxygen availability. Only under low oxygen conditions was the ΔpH component sufficient to trigger a phenotype in algal PETC-P171L where the mutant b6f was more restricted to oxidize the plastoquinol pool and showed diminished electron flow through the b6f complex. These results demonstrate that photosynthetic control of different stringency are established in C. reinhardtii depending on the cellular metabolism, and the lumen pH-sensitive PETC-P171L was generated to read out various associated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Buchert
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Ruby Reuys
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Yuichiro Takahashi
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Fu W, Cui Z, Guo J, Cui X, Han G, Zhu Y, Hu J, Gao X, Li Y, Xu M, Fu A, Wang F. Immunophilin CYN28 is required for accumulation of photosystem II and thylakoid FtsH protease in Chlamydomonas. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1002-1016. [PMID: 36417279 PMCID: PMC9922407 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Excess light causes severe photodamage to photosystem II (PSII) where the primary charge separation for electron transfer takes place. Dissection of mechanisms underlying the PSII maintenance and repair cycle in green algae promotes the usage of genetic engineering and synthetic biology to improve photosynthesis and biomass production. In this study, we systematically analyzed the high light (HL) responsive immunophilin genes in Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) and identified one chloroplast lumen-localized immunophilin, CYN28, as an essential player in HL tolerance. Lack of CYN28 caused HL hypersensitivity, severely reduced accumulation of PSII supercomplexes and compromised PSII repair in cyn28. The thylakoid FtsH (filamentation temperature-sensitive H) is an essential AAA family metalloprotease involved in the degradation of photodamaged D1 during the PSII repair cycle and was identified as one potential target of CYN28. In the cyn28 mutant, the thylakoid FtsH undergoes inefficient turnover under HL conditions. The CYN28-FtsH1/2 interaction relies on the FtsH N-terminal proline residues and is strengthened particularly under HL. Further analyses demonstrated CYN28 displays peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) activity, which is necessary for its physiological function. Taken together, we propose that immunophilin CYN28 participates in PSII maintenance and regulates the homeostasis of FtsH under HL stress via its PPIase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihan Fu
- Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zheng Cui
- Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiayu Cui
- Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guomao Han
- Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhu
- Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jinju Hu
- Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yeqing Li
- Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Min Xu
- Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Aigen Fu
- Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
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Abstract
H2 production from green-microalgae, for energy purposes, is the ultimate goal of large-scale production. Here, we present a two-phase protocol for hydrogen production assay under ambient conditions using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which eliminates steps used previously, including centrifugation and resuspension with sulfur-deprived media. We detail steps for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii culture, acetate supply replenishment, anaerobic induction, and H2 quantification. This protocol enables large-scale experiments in an easy and cost-effective method while maintaining cells vital, crucial factors for transition to industrial scales. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Elman et al. (2022). 2-step protocol for ambient hydrogen production in green algae Detailed culture steps of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Acetate supply via addition of glacial acetic acid as a carbon source H2 production assay without centrifugation or sulfur-deprivation requirements
Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Elman
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Iftach Yacoby
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Mellon M, Storti M, Vera-Vives AM, Kramer DM, Alboresi A, Morosinotto T. Inactivation of mitochondrial complex I stimulates chloroplast ATPase in Physcomitrium patens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:931-946. [PMID: 34608952 PMCID: PMC8491079 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light is the ultimate source of energy for photosynthetic organisms, but respiration is fundamental for supporting metabolism during the night or in heterotrophic tissues. In this work, we isolated Physcomitrella (Physcomitrium patens) plants with altered respiration by inactivating Complex I (CI) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain by independently targeting on two essential subunits. Inactivation of CI caused a strong growth impairment even in fully autotrophic conditions in tissues where all cells are photosynthetically active, demonstrating that respiration is essential for photosynthesis. CI mutants showed alterations in the stoichiometry of respiratory complexes while the composition of photosynthetic apparatus was substantially unaffected. CI mutants showed altered photosynthesis with high activity of both Photosystems I and II, likely the result of high chloroplast ATPase activity that led to smaller ΔpH formation across thylakoid membranes, decreasing photosynthetic control on cytochrome b6f in CI mutants. These results demonstrate that alteration of respiratory activity directly impacts photosynthesis in P. patens and that metabolic interaction between organelles is essential in their ability to use light energy for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mellon
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Storti
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | | | - David M. Kramer
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Larrea-Álvarez M, Purton S. The Chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a Testbed for Engineering Nitrogen Fixation into Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8806. [PMID: 34445505 PMCID: PMC8395883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms such as plants are unable to utilise nitrogen gas (N2) directly as a source of this essential element and are dependent either on its biological conversion to ammonium by diazotrophic prokaryotes, or its supply as chemically synthesised nitrate fertiliser. The idea of genetically engineering crops with the capacity to fix N2 by introduction of the bacterial nitrogenase enzyme has long been discussed. However, the expression of an active nitrogenase must overcome several major challenges: the coordinated expression of multiple genes to assemble an enzyme complex containing several different metal cluster co-factors; the supply of sufficient ATP and reductant to the enzyme; the enzyme's sensitivity to oxygen; and the intracellular accumulation of ammonium. The chloroplast of plant cells represents an attractive location for nitrogenase expression, but engineering the organelle's genome is not yet feasible in most crop species. However, the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii represents a simple model for photosynthetic eukaryotes with a genetically tractable chloroplast. In this review, we discuss the main advantages, and limitations, of this microalga as a testbed for producing such a complex multi-subunit enzyme. Furthermore, we suggest that a minimal set of six transgenes are necessary for chloroplast-localised synthesis of an 'Fe-only' nitrogenase, and from this set we demonstrate the stable expression and accumulation of the homocitrate synthase, NifV, under aerobic conditions. Arguably, further studies in C. reinhardtii aimed at testing expression and function of the full gene set would provide the groundwork for a concerted future effort to create nitrogen-fixing crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Larrea-Álvarez
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay-Tech University Hacienda San José, Urcuquí-Imbabura 100650, Ecuador;
- Algal Research Group, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Saul Purton
- Algal Research Group, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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11
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Mahmod SS, Azahar AM, Luthfi AAI, Abdul PM, Mastar MS, Anuar N, Takriff MS, Jahim JMD. Potential Utilisation of Dark-Fermented Palm Oil Mill Effluent in Continuous Production of Biomethane by Self-Granulated Mixed Culture. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9167. [PMID: 32514030 PMCID: PMC7280187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65702-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-stage anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a promising method for converting the waste from the largest agricultural industry in Southeast Asia into a clean and sustainable energy. This study investigates the degradation of acid-rich effluent from the dark fermentation stage for the production of biomethane (BioCH4) in a 30-L continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR). The continuous methanogenic process was operated with varied HRTs (10 - 1 day) and OLRs (4.6-40.6 gCOD/L.d-1) under thermophilic conditions. Methanothermobacter sp. was the dominant thermophilic archaea that was responsible for the production rate of 4.3 LCH4/LPOME.d-1 and methane yield of 256.77 LCH4kgCOD at HRT of 2 d, which is the lowest HRT reported in the literature. The process was able to digest 85% and 64% of the initial POME's COD and TSS, respectively. The formation of methane producing granules (MPG) played a pivotal role in sustaining the efficient and productive anaerobic system. We report herein that the anaerobic digestion was not only beneficial in reducing the contaminants in the liquid effluent, but generating BioCH4 gas with a positive net energy gain of 7.6 kJ/gCOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Senan Mahmod
- Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azratul Madihah Azahar
- Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Amru Indera Luthfi
- Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Peer Mohamed Abdul
- Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahbudin Mastar
- Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurina Anuar
- Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sobri Takriff
- Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamaliah M D Jahim
- Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Grechanik V, Romanova A, Naydov I, Tsygankov A. Photoautotrophic cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: sulfur deficiency, anoxia, and hydrogen production. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 143:275-286. [PMID: 31897856 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was a comparative study of S-repleted and S-depleted photoautotrophic cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under aerobic and anoxic conditions with the main focus on PSII activity. For that we used photobioreactor with short light path connected on-line to PAM fluorometer and cultivated microalgae in twice concentrated HS medium to avoid any uncontrolled limitation by mineral elements. Photoautotrophic cultures grown under Ar + CO2 gas mixture did not reach the same Chl (a + b) concentration as control culture (grown under air + CO2). At pO2 40% of air saturation (96 µM O2), the actual quantum yield of PSII started to decrease. Under microaerobic conditions when cultures stopped growing, the most significant changes in PSII function were observed. Maximum quantum yield Fv/Fm decreased significantly along with performance index, PIabs. It was accompanied by increase of fluorescence at J point, Vj. Results indicate that microaerobic conditions are stressful for photoautotrophic cultures. Photoautotrophic cultures of microalgae under S-deprivation in aerobic or anaerobic conditions showed similar behavior as photoheterotrophic ones described earlier. However, photoautotrophic cultures during anaerobiosis establishment did not show sharp "switch off" effect of actual quantum yield. We show also that S-deprivation under air or argon as well as the growth under Ar + CO2 cause significant increase of initial rise of fluorescence, which indicates that PSII and oxygen-evolving complex might be disintegrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Grechanik
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Institutskaya Str, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
| | - Anastasiya Romanova
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Institutskaya Str, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
| | - Ilya Naydov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Institutskaya Str, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
| | - Anatoly Tsygankov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Institutskaya Str, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290.
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Rochaix JD. The Dynamics of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Algae. PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN ALGAE: BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33397-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Ben-Zvi O, Dafni E, Feldman Y, Yacoby I. Re-routing photosynthetic energy for continuous hydrogen production in vivo. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:266. [PMID: 31737095 PMCID: PMC6844042 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1608-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen is considered a promising energy vector that can be produced from sustainable resources such as sunlight and water. In green algae, such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, photoproduction of hydrogen is catalyzed by the enzyme [FeFe]-hydrogenase (HydA). Although highly efficient, this process is transitory and thought to serve as a release valve for excess reducing power. Up to date, prolonged production of hydrogen was achieved by the deprivation of either nutrients or light, thus, hindering the full potential of photosynthetic hydrogen production. Previously we showed that the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) can enhance HydA activity in vitro, specifically when tied together to a fusion protein. RESULTS In this work, we explored the in vivo hydrogen production phenotype of HydA-SOD fusion. We found a sustained hydrogen production, which is dependent on linear electron flow, although other pathways feed it as well. In addition, other characteristics such as slower growth and oxygen production were also observed in Hyd-SOD-expressing algae. CONCLUSIONS The Hyd-SOD fusion manages to outcompete the Calvin-Benson cycle, allowing sustained hydrogen production for up to 14 days in non-limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Ben-Zvi
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Eyal Dafni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Yael Feldman
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Iftach Yacoby
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
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Halim R, Hill DRA, Hanssen E, Webley PA, Martin GJO. Thermally coupled dark-anoxia incubation: A platform technology to induce auto-fermentation and thus cell-wall thinning in both nitrogen-replete and nitrogen-deplete Nannochloropsis slurries. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 290:121769. [PMID: 31323512 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-deprived Nannochloropsis cells invested their fixed carbon into the accumulation of triacylglycerol and cell wall cellulose (thickness of N-replete cell walls = 27.8 ± 5.8, N-deplete cell walls = 51.0 ± 10.2 nm). In this study, the effect of nitrogen depletion on the ability of the cells to weaken their own cell walls via autolysis was investigated. Autolytic cell wall thinning was achieved in both N-replete and N-deplete biomass by incubating highly concentrated slurries in darkness at 38 °C. The incubation forced cells to anaerobically ferment their intracellular cellulose and resulted in 30-40% reduction in cell wall thickness for both biomass types. This wall depletion weakened the cells and increased the extent of cell rupture by mechanical force (from 42 to 78% for N-replete biomass, from 36 to 62% for N-deplete biomass). Importantly, autolysis did not adversely impact the amino acid content of protein-rich N-replete biomass or the fatty acid content of lipid-rich N-deplete biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Halim
- Algal Processing Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - David R A Hill
- Algal Processing Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eric Hanssen
- Advanced Microscopy Unit, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Webley
- Algal Processing Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gregory J O Martin
- Algal Processing Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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16
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Löwe J, Siewert A, Scholpp AC, Wobbe L, Gröger H. Providing reducing power by microalgal photosynthesis: a novel perspective towards sustainable biocatalytic production of bulk chemicals exemplified for aliphatic amines. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10436. [PMID: 29993023 PMCID: PMC6041261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A biotechnological process is reported, which enables an enzymatic reduction without the need for addition of an organic co-substrate for in situ-cofactor recycling. The process is based on merging the fields of enzymatic reductive amination with formate dehydrogenase-based in situ-cofactor recycling and algae biotechnology by means of the photoautotrophic microorganism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, providing the needed formate in situ by formation from carbon dioxide, water and light. This biotransformation has been exemplified for the synthesis of various aliphatic amines known as bulk chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Löwe
- Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr, 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Arthur Siewert
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy Group, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology/CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr, 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anna-Catharina Scholpp
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy Group, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology/CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr, 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lutz Wobbe
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy Group, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology/CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr, 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Harald Gröger
- Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr, 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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17
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Rühle T, Reiter B, Leister D. Chlorophyll Fluorescence Video Imaging: A Versatile Tool for Identifying Factors Related to Photosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:55. [PMID: 29472935 PMCID: PMC5810273 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence provide an elegant and non-invasive means of probing the dynamics of photosynthesis. Advances in video imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence have now made it possible to study photosynthesis at all levels from individual cells to entire crop populations. Since the technology delivers quantitative data, is easily scaled up and can be readily combined with other approaches, it has become a powerful phenotyping tool for the identification of factors relevant to photosynthesis. Here, we review genetic chlorophyll fluorescence-based screens of libraries of Arabidopsis and Chlamydomonas mutants, discuss its application to high-throughput phenotyping in quantitative genetics and highlight potential future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Rühle
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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18
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Zhang P, Lyu D, Jia L, He J, Qin S. Physiological and de novo transcriptome analysis of the fermentation mechanism of Cerasus sachalinensis roots in response to short-term waterlogging. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:649. [PMID: 28830345 PMCID: PMC5568329 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerasus sachalinensis is widely used in cool regions as a sweet cherry rootstock and is known for its sensitivity to soil waterlogging and waterlogging stress. However, the limited availability of Cerasus genomic resources has considerably restricted the exploration of its waterlogging response mechanism. To understand its reaction to short-term waterlogging, we analyzed the physiology and transcriptomes of C. sachalinensis roots in response to different waterlogging durations. Results In this study, 12,487 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from Cerasus sachalinensis roots under different waterlogging durations. Carbon metabolism and energy maintenance formed the first coping mechanism stage of C. sachalinensis in response to low oxygen conditions. Root energy processes, including root respiration and activities of the fermentation enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and lactate dehydrogenase, showed unique changes after 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h of waterlogging exposure. Ribonucleic acid sequencing was used to analyze transcriptome changes in C. sachalinensis roots treated with 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h of waterlogging stress. After de novo assembly, 597,474 unigenes were recognized, of which 355,350 (59.47%) were annotated. To identify the most important pathways represented by DEGs, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases were used to compare these genes. The first stage of root reaction to waterlogging stress was activation of carbohydrate metabolism to produce more glucose and maintain energy levels. At 3 h, the glycolytic and fermentation pathways were activated to maintain adenosine triphosphate production. At 24 h, pathways involved in the translation of proteins were activated to further assist the plant in tolerating waterlogging stress. These findings will facilitate a further understanding of the potential mechanisms of plant responses to waterlogging at physiological and transcriptome levels. Conclusions Carbon metabolism and energy maintenance formed the first coping mechanism C. sachalinensis in response to low oxygen conditions, and they may be responsible for its short-term waterlogging response. Our study not only provides the assessment of genomic resources of Cerasus but also paves the way for probing the metabolic and molecular mechanisms underlying the short-term waterlogging response in C. sachalinensis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4055-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- College of Horticulture/Key Lab of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Deguo Lyu
- College of Horticulture/Key Lab of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Luting Jia
- College of Horticulture/Key Lab of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali He
- College of Horticulture/Key Lab of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijun Qin
- College of Horticulture/Key Lab of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China.
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Venkanna D, Südfeld C, Baier T, Homburg SV, Patel AV, Wobbe L, Kruse O. Knock-Down of the IFR1 Protein Perturbs the Homeostasis of Reactive Electrophile Species and Boosts Photosynthetic Hydrogen Production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1347. [PMID: 28824682 PMCID: PMC5540887 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The protein superfamily of short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR), including members of the atypical type (aSDR), covers a huge range of catalyzed reactions and in vivo substrates. This superfamily also comprises isoflavone reductase-like (IRL) proteins, which are aSDRs highly homologous to isoflavone reductases from leguminous plants. The molecular function of IRLs in non-leguminous plants and green microalgae has not been identified as yet, but several lines of evidence point at their implication in reactive oxygen species homeostasis. The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii IRL protein IFR1 was identified in a previous study, analyzing the transcriptomic changes occurring during the acclimation to sulfur deprivation and anaerobiosis, a condition that triggers photobiological hydrogen production in this microalgae. Accumulation of the cytosolic IFR1 protein is induced by sulfur limitation as well as by the exposure of C. reinhardtii cells to reactive electrophile species (RES) such as reactive carbonyls. The latter has not been described for IRL proteins before. Over-accumulation of IFR1 in the singlet oxygen response 1 (sor1) mutant together with the presence of an electrophile response element, known to be required for SOR1-dependent gene activation as a response to RES, in the promoter of IFR1, indicate that IFR1 expression is controlled by the SOR1-dependent pathway. An implication of IFR1 into RES homeostasis, is further implied by a knock-down of IFR1, which results in a diminished tolerance toward RES. Intriguingly, IFR1 knock-down has a positive effect on photosystem II (PSII) stability under sulfur-deprived conditions used to trigger photobiological hydrogen production, by reducing PSII-dependent oxygen evolution, in C. reinhardtii. Reduced PSII photoinhibition in IFR1 knock-down strains prolongs the hydrogen production phase resulting in an almost doubled final hydrogen yield compared to the parental strain. Finally, IFR1 knock-down could be successfully used to further increase hydrogen yields of the high hydrogen-producing mutant stm6, demonstrating that IFR1 is a promising target for genetic engineering approaches aiming at an increased hydrogen production capacity of C. reinhardtii cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Venkanna
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Südfeld
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Baier
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Sarah V. Homburg
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Fermentation and Formulation of Biologicals and Chemicals, Bielefeld University of Applied SciencesBielefeld, Germany
| | - Anant V. Patel
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Fermentation and Formulation of Biologicals and Chemicals, Bielefeld University of Applied SciencesBielefeld, Germany
| | - Lutz Wobbe
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Olaf Kruse
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
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20
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Esquível MG, Matos A.R, Marques Silva J. Rubisco mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii display divergent photosynthetic parameters and lipid allocation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5569-5580. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Burns JA, Zhang H, Hill E, Kim E, Kerney R. Transcriptome analysis illuminates the nature of the intracellular interaction in a vertebrate-algal symbiosis. eLife 2017; 6:e22054. [PMID: 28462779 PMCID: PMC5413350 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, cells of the green alga Oophila amblystomatis enter cells of the salamander Ambystoma maculatum forming an endosymbiosis. Here, using de novo dual-RNA seq, we compared the host salamander cells that harbored intracellular algae to those without algae and the algae inside the animal cells to those in the egg capsule. This two-by-two-way analysis revealed that intracellular algae exhibit hallmarks of cellular stress and undergo a striking metabolic shift from oxidative metabolism to fermentation. Culturing experiments with the alga showed that host glutamine may be utilized by the algal endosymbiont as a primary nitrogen source. Transcriptional changes in salamander cells suggest an innate immune response to the alga, with potential attenuation of NF-κB, and metabolic alterations indicative of modulation of insulin sensitivity. In stark contrast to its algal endosymbiont, the salamander cells did not exhibit major stress responses, suggesting that the host cell experience is neutral or beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Burns
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States
| | - Huanjia Zhang
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, United States
| | - Elizabeth Hill
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, United States
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States
| | - Ryan Kerney
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, United States
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22
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Abstract
Transcriptomics is shedding new light on the relationship between photosynthetic algae and salamander eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Ball
- Institute for Functional and Structural Glycobiology (UGSF), UMR8576 University of Lille/CNRS, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Ugo Cenci
- Institute for Functional and Structural Glycobiology (UGSF), UMR8576 University of Lille/CNRS, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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23
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Wang F, Qi Y, Malnoë A, Choquet Y, Wollman FA, de Vitry C. The High Light Response and Redox Control of Thylakoid FtsH Protease in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:99-114. [PMID: 27702692 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the major protease involved in the maintenance of photosynthetic machinery in thylakoid membranes, the FtsH protease, mostly forms large hetero-oligomers (∼1 MDa) comprising FtsH1 and FtsH2 subunits, whatever the light intensity for growth. Upon high light exposure, the FtsH subunits display a shorter half-life, which is counterbalanced by an increase in FTSH1/2 mRNA levels, resulting in the modest upregulation of FtsH1/2 proteins. Furthermore, we found that high light increases the protease activity through a hitherto unnoticed redox-controlled reduction of intermolecular disulfide bridges. We isolated a Chlamydomonas FTSH1 promoter-deficient mutant, ftsh1-3, resulting from the insertion of a TOC1 transposon, in which the high light-induced upregulation of FTSH1 gene expression is largely lost. In ftsh1-3, the abundance of FtsH1 and FtsH2 proteins are loosely coupled (decreased by 70% and 30%, respectively) with no formation of large and stable homo-oligomers. Using strains exhibiting different accumulation levels of the FtsH1 subunit after complementation of ftsh1-3, we demonstrate that high light tolerance is tightly correlated with the abundance of the FtsH protease. Thus, the response of Chlamydomonas to light stress involves higher levels of FtsH1/2 subunits associated into large complexes with increased proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Yafei Qi
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Alizée Malnoë
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Yves Choquet
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Francis-André Wollman
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Catherine de Vitry
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France.
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24
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Banerjee C, Singh PK, Shukla P. Microalgal bioengineering for sustainable energy development: Recent transgenesis and metabolic engineering strategies. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:303-14. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Banerjee
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering; Indian School of Mines; Dhanbad Jharkhand India
| | - Puneet Kumar Singh
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology; Maharshi Dayanand University; Rohtak Haryana India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology; Maharshi Dayanand University; Rohtak Haryana India
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25
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Hlavova M, Turoczy Z, Bisova K. Improving microalgae for biotechnology — From genetics to synthetic biology. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1194-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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26
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Huwald D, Schrapers P, Kositzki R, Haumann M, Hemschemeier A. Characterization of unusual truncated hemoglobins of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii suggests specialized functions. PLANTA 2015; 242:167-85. [PMID: 25893868 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Annotated hemoglobin genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii form functional globins, despite unusual architectures. Spectral characteristics show subtle biochemical differences. Multiple globins might help the alga to cope with its versatile environment. The unicellular green alga C. reinhardtii is a photosynthetic, often soil-dwelling organism, subjected to a changeable environment in nature. The alga contains 12 genes encoding so-called truncated hemoglobins that feature a two-on-two helical fold instead of the three-on-three helix arrangement of the long-studied vertebrate globins or plant symbiotic and non-symbiotic hemoglobins. In plants, non-symbiotic hemoglobins often play a role in acclimation to stress, and we could show recently that one of the C. reinhardtii globin genes is vital for anoxic growth. Here, three further globin encoding transcripts (Cre16.g661000.t1.1, Cre16.g661300.t2.1 and Cre16.g662750.t1.2) were heterologously expressed along with the recently studied THB1. UV-Vis and X-ray absorption spectroscopy analyses show that the sequences indeed encode functional hemoglobins, despite their uncommon primary sequences, which include long C-termini without any predictable function, or a split heme-binding domain. The proteins show some variations regarding the coordination of the heme iron or the interaction with diatomic ligands, indicating different functionalities. The respective transcripts are not responsive to the nitrogen source, in contrast to results reported for THB1, but they accumulate in darkness. This work advances experimental data on the very large globin family in general, and, more specifically, on hemoglobins in photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Huwald
- Work Group Photobiotechnology, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, ND2/134, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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27
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Mussgnug JH. Genetic tools and techniques for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:5407-18. [PMID: 26025017 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of tools has always been a major driving force for the advancement of science. Optical microscopes were the first instruments that allowed discovery and descriptive studies of the subcellular features of microorganisms. Although optical and electron microscopes remained at the forefront of microbiological research tools since their inventions, the advent of molecular genetics brought about questions which had to be addressed with new "genetic tools". The unicellular green microalgal genus Chlamydomonas, especially the most prominent species C. reinhardtii, has become a frequently used model organism for many diverse fields of research and molecular genetic analyses of C. reinhardtii, as well as the available genetic tools and techniques, have become increasingly sophisticated throughout the last decades. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the molecular key features of C. reinhardtii and summarize the progress related to the development of tools and techniques for genetic engineering of this organism, from pioneering DNA transformation experiments to state-of-the-art techniques for targeted nuclear genome editing and high-throughput screening approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Mussgnug
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany,
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28
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Wang Y, Stessman DJ, Spalding MH. The CO2 concentrating mechanism and photosynthetic carbon assimilation in limiting CO2 : how Chlamydomonas works against the gradient. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:429-448. [PMID: 25765072 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) represents an effective strategy for carbon acquisition that enables microalgae to survive and proliferate when the CO2 concentration limits photosynthesis. The CCM improves photosynthetic performance by raising the CO2 concentration at the site of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), simultaneously enhancing carbon fixation and suppressing photorespiration. Active inorganic carbon (Ci) uptake, Rubisco sequestration and interconversion between different Ci species catalyzed by carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are key components in the CCM, and an array of molecular regulatory elements is present to facilitate the sensing of CO2 availability, to regulate the expression of the CCM and to coordinate interplay between photosynthetic carbon metabolism and other metabolic processes in response to limiting CO2 conditions. This review intends to integrate our current understanding of the eukaryotic algal CCM and its interaction with carbon assimilation, based largely on Chlamydomonas as a model, and to illustrate how Chlamydomonas acclimates to limiting CO2 conditions and how its CCM is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Wang
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Dan J Stessman
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Martin H Spalding
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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29
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Yang W, Catalanotti C, Wittkopp TM, Posewitz MC, Grossman AR. Algae after dark: mechanisms to cope with anoxic/hypoxic conditions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:481-503. [PMID: 25752440 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular, soil-dwelling (and aquatic) green alga that has significant metabolic flexibility for balancing redox equivalents and generating ATP when it experiences hypoxic/anoxic conditions. The diversity of pathways available to ferment sugars is often revealed in mutants in which the activities of specific branches of fermentative metabolism have been eliminated; compensatory pathways that have little activity in parental strains under standard laboratory fermentative conditions are often activated. The ways in which these pathways are regulated and integrated have not been extensively explored. In this review, we primarily discuss the intricacies of dark anoxic metabolism in Chlamydomonas, but also discuss aspects of dark oxic metabolism, the utilization of acetate, and the relatively uncharacterized but critical interactions that link chloroplastic and mitochondrial metabolic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Yang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Claudia Catalanotti
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tyler M Wittkopp
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Matthew C Posewitz
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Cornish AJ, Green R, Gärtner K, Mason S, Hegg EL. Characterization of Hydrogen Metabolism in the Multicellular Green Alga Volvox carteri. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125324. [PMID: 25927230 PMCID: PMC4416025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen gas functions as a key component in the metabolism of a wide variety of microorganisms, often acting as either a fermentative end-product or an energy source. The number of organisms reported to utilize hydrogen continues to grow, contributing to and expanding our knowledge of biological hydrogen processes. Here we demonstrate that Volvox carteri f. nagariensis, a multicellular green alga with differentiated cells, evolves H2 both when supplied with an abiotic electron donor and under physiological conditions. The genome of Volvox carteri contains two genes encoding putative [FeFe]-hydrogenases (HYDA1 and HYDA2), and the transcripts for these genes accumulate under anaerobic conditions. The HYDA1 and HYDA2 gene products were cloned, expressed, and purified, and both are functional [FeFe]-hydrogenases. Additionally, within the genome the HYDA1 and HYDA2 genes cluster with two putative genes which encode hydrogenase maturation proteins. This gene cluster resembles operon-like structures found within bacterial genomes and may provide further insight into evolutionary relationships between bacterial and algal [FeFe]-hydrogenase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Cornish
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robin Green
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Katrin Gärtner
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Saundra Mason
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Eric L. Hegg
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Voesenek LACJ, Bailey-Serres J. Flood adaptive traits and processes: an overview. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:57-73. [PMID: 25580769 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Unanticipated flooding challenges plant growth and fitness in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Here we describe mechanisms of developmental plasticity and metabolic modulation that underpin adaptive traits and acclimation responses to waterlogging of root systems and submergence of aerial tissues. This includes insights into processes that enhance ventilation of submerged organs. At the intersection between metabolism and growth, submergence survival strategies have evolved involving an ethylene-driven and gibberellin-enhanced module that regulates growth of submerged organs. Opposing regulation of this pathway is facilitated by a subgroup of ethylene-response transcription factors (ERFs), which include members that require low O₂ or low nitric oxide (NO) conditions for their stabilization. These transcription factors control genes encoding enzymes required for anaerobic metabolism as well as proteins that fine-tune their function in transcription and turnover. Other mechanisms that control metabolism and growth at seed, seedling and mature stages under flooding conditions are reviewed, as well as findings demonstrating that true endurance of submergence includes an ability to restore growth following the deluge. Finally, we highlight molecular insights obtained from natural variation of domesticated and wild species that occupy different hydrological niches, emphasizing the value of understanding natural flooding survival strategies in efforts to stabilize crop yields in flood-prone environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurentius A C J Voesenek
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Julia Bailey-Serres
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Puzanskiy RK, Shavarda AL, Tarakhovskaya ER, Shishova MF. Analysis of metabolic profile of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultivated under autotrophic conditions. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683815010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yang W, Catalanotti C, D'Adamo S, Wittkopp TM, Ingram-Smith CJ, Mackinder L, Miller TE, Heuberger AL, Peers G, Smith KS, Jonikas MC, Grossman AR, Posewitz MC. Alternative acetate production pathways in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during dark anoxia and the dominant role of chloroplasts in fermentative acetate production. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:4499-518. [PMID: 25381350 PMCID: PMC4277214 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.129965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii insertion mutants disrupted for genes encoding acetate kinases (EC 2.7.2.1) (ACK1 and ACK2) and a phosphate acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.8) (PAT2, but not PAT1) were isolated to characterize fermentative acetate production. ACK1 and PAT2 were localized to chloroplasts, while ACK2 and PAT1 were shown to be in mitochondria. Characterization of the mutants showed that PAT2 and ACK1 activity in chloroplasts plays a dominant role (relative to ACK2 and PAT1 in mitochondria) in producing acetate under dark, anoxic conditions and, surprisingly, also suggested that Chlamydomonas has other pathways that generate acetate in the absence of ACK activity. We identified a number of proteins associated with alternative pathways for acetate production that are encoded on the Chlamydomonas genome. Furthermore, we observed that only modest alterations in the accumulation of fermentative products occurred in the ack1, ack2, and ack1 ack2 mutants, which contrasts with the substantial metabolite alterations described in strains devoid of other key fermentation enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Yang
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Claudia Catalanotti
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Sarah D'Adamo
- Colorado School of Mines, Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Tyler M Wittkopp
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, California 94305 Stanford University, Department of Biology, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Cheryl J Ingram-Smith
- Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Luke Mackinder
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Tarryn E Miller
- Colorado School of Mines, Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Adam L Heuberger
- Colorado State University, Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Graham Peers
- Colorado State University, Department of Biology, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Kerry S Smith
- Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Martin C Jonikas
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Matthew C Posewitz
- Colorado School of Mines, Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Golden, Colorado 80401
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Kukuczka B, Magneschi L, Petroutsos D, Steinbeck J, Bald T, Powikrowska M, Fufezan C, Finazzi G, Hippler M. Proton Gradient Regulation5-Like1-Mediated Cyclic Electron Flow Is Crucial for Acclimation to Anoxia and Complementary to Nonphotochemical Quenching in Stress Adaptation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1604-1617. [PMID: 24948831 PMCID: PMC4119042 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.240648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the functional importance of Proton Gradient Regulation5-Like1 (PGRL1) for photosynthetic performances in the moss Physcomitrella patens, we generated a pgrl1 knockout mutant. Functional analysis revealed diminished nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) as well as decreased capacity for cyclic electron flow (CEF) in pgrl1. Under anoxia, where CEF is induced, quantitative proteomics evidenced severe down-regulation of photosystems but up-regulation of the chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase complex, plastocyanin, and Ca2+ sensors in the mutant, indicating that the absence of PGRL1 triggered a mechanism compensatory for diminished CEF. On the other hand, proteins required for NPQ, such as light-harvesting complex stress-related protein1 (LHCSR1), violaxanthin de-epoxidase, and PSII subunit S, remained stable. To further investigate the interrelation between CEF and NPQ, we generated a pgrl1 npq4 double mutant in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii lacking both PGRL1 and LHCSR3 expression. Phenotypic comparative analyses of this double mutant, together with the single knockout strains and with the P. patens pgrl1, demonstrated that PGRL1 is crucial for acclimation to high light and anoxia in both organisms. Moreover, the data generated for the C. reinhardtii double mutant clearly showed a complementary role of PGRL1 and LHCSR3 in managing high light stress response. We conclude that both proteins are needed for photoprotection and for survival under low oxygen, underpinning a tight link between CEF and NPQ in oxygenic photosynthesis. Given the complementarity of the energy-dependent component of NPQ (qE) and PGRL1-mediated CEF, we suggest that PGRL1 is a capacitor linked to the evolution of the PSII subunit S-dependent qE in terrestrial plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadeta Kukuczka
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Muenster, Germany (B.K., L.M., D.P., J.S., T.B., C.F., M.H.);Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, l'Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte Recherche 1200, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38041 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.); andDepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark (M.P.)
| | - Leonardo Magneschi
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Muenster, Germany (B.K., L.M., D.P., J.S., T.B., C.F., M.H.);Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, l'Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte Recherche 1200, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38041 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.); andDepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark (M.P.)
| | - Dimitris Petroutsos
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Muenster, Germany (B.K., L.M., D.P., J.S., T.B., C.F., M.H.);Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, l'Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte Recherche 1200, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38041 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.); andDepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark (M.P.)
| | - Janina Steinbeck
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Muenster, Germany (B.K., L.M., D.P., J.S., T.B., C.F., M.H.);Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, l'Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte Recherche 1200, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38041 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.); andDepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark (M.P.)
| | - Till Bald
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Muenster, Germany (B.K., L.M., D.P., J.S., T.B., C.F., M.H.);Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, l'Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte Recherche 1200, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38041 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.); andDepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark (M.P.)
| | - Marta Powikrowska
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Muenster, Germany (B.K., L.M., D.P., J.S., T.B., C.F., M.H.);Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, l'Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte Recherche 1200, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38041 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.); andDepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark (M.P.)
| | - Christian Fufezan
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Muenster, Germany (B.K., L.M., D.P., J.S., T.B., C.F., M.H.);Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, l'Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte Recherche 1200, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38041 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.); andDepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark (M.P.)
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Muenster, Germany (B.K., L.M., D.P., J.S., T.B., C.F., M.H.);Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, l'Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte Recherche 1200, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38041 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.); andDepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark (M.P.)
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Muenster, Germany (B.K., L.M., D.P., J.S., T.B., C.F., M.H.);Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, l'Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte Recherche 1200, F-38054 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.);Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38041 Grenoble, France (D.P., G.F.); andDepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark (M.P.)
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Photobiological hydrogen production: Bioenergetics and challenges for its practical application. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Overexpression of ferredoxin, PETF, enhances tolerance to heat stress in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:20913-29. [PMID: 24141188 PMCID: PMC3821650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141020913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by plants in adverse environments can cause damage to organelles and trigger cell death. Removal of excess ROS can be achieved through the ascorbate scavenger pathway to prevent plant cell death. The amount of this scavenger can be regulated by ferredoxin (FDX). Chloroplastic FDXs are electron transfer proteins that perform in distributing photosynthetic reducing power. In this study, we demonstrate that overexpression of the endogenous photosynthetic FDX gene, PETF, in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii could raise the level of reduced ascorbate and diminish H2O2 levels under normal growth conditions. Furthermore, the overexpressing PETF transgenic Chlamydomonas lines produced low levels of H2O2 and exhibited protective effects that were observed through decreased chlorophyll degradation and increased cell survival under heat-stress conditions. The findings of this study suggest that overexpression of PETF can increase the efficiency of ROS scavenging in chloroplasts to confer heat tolerance. The roles of PETF in the downregulation of the ROS level offer a method for potentially improving the tolerance of crops against heat stress.
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Chen HC, Melis A. Marker-free genetic engineering of the chloroplast in the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:818-28. [PMID: 23647698 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The work applied a transgene expression method based on the replacement of an inactive rbcL gene as the selection marker in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplasts. The native rbcL gene in strain CC2653 has a point mutation that causes early translation termination, thus resulting in a photosynthesis mutant. Recovery of rbcL function for selection is offered along with the heterologous expression of the alcohol dehydrogenase ADH1 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the Chlamydomonas chloroplast. The CrCpADH1 gene was inserted via double homologous recombination in the psaB-rbcL chloroplast intergenic region of recipient strain CC2653, using the psaB and rbcL gene sequences for the double homologous recombination. This transformation conferred a functional rbcL gene and expression of the CrCpADH1 transgene in the recipient strain. This method alleviated the need to use antibiotics for selection, resulting in a negligible number of false positives during screening, and attaining a transformation efficiency greater than 90%. The approach also ensured segregation of chloroplast DNA copies, so as to achieve homoplasmy of the transformant chloroplast DNA, with a concomitant elimination of recipient strain Cp DNA. High levels of steady-state CrCpADH1 transcripts were detected in the homoplasmic transformants. However, CrCpADH1 protein levels were attenuated under continuous illumination growth conditions due to oxygen accumulation in the cells. Under conditions of low oxygen partial pressure, or anoxia, accumulation of CrCpADH1 protein in the cells and ethanol in the growth medium was observed. A metabolic pathway for ethanol production is proposed in Chlamydomonas, mediated by the chloroplast-localized CrCpADH1 transgenic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Ching Chen
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Toepel J, Illmer-Kephalides M, Jaenicke S, Straube J, May P, Goesmann A, Kruse O. New insights into Chlamydomonas reinhardtii hydrogen production processes by combined microarray/RNA-seq transcriptomics. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:717-33. [PMID: 23551401 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen production with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii induced by sulphur starvation is a multiphase process while the cell internal metabolism is completely remodelled. The first cellular response is characterized by induction of genes with regulatory functions, followed by a total remodelling of the metabolism to provide reduction equivalents for cellular processes. We were able to characterize all major processes that provide energy and reduction equivalents during hydrogen production. Furthermore, C. reinhardtii showed a strong transcript increase for gene models responsible for stress response and detoxification of oxygen radicals. Finally, we were able to determine potential bottlenecks and target genes for manipulation to increase hydrogen production or to prolong the hydrogen production phase. The investigation of transcriptomic changes during the time course of hydrogen production in C. reinhardtii with microarrays and RNA-seq revealed new insights into the regulation and remodelling of the cell internal metabolism. Both methods showed a good correlation. The microarray platform can be used as a reliable standard tool for routine gene expression analysis. RNA-seq additionally allowed a detailed time-dependent study of gene expression and determination of new genes involved in the hydrogen production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Toepel
- Algae Biotechnology & Bioenergy Group, Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Rubisco mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii enhance photosynthetic hydrogen production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:5635-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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40
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Blifernez-Klassen O, Klassen V, Doebbe A, Kersting K, Grimm P, Wobbe L, Kruse O. Cellulose degradation and assimilation by the unicellular phototrophic eukaryote Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Nat Commun 2013; 3:1214. [PMID: 23169055 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants convert sunlight to biomass, which is primarily composed of lignocellulose, the most abundant natural biopolymer and a potential feedstock for fuel and chemical production. Cellulose assimilation has so far only been described for heterotrophic organisms that rely on photosynthetically active primary producers of organic compounds. Among phototrophs, the unicellular green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is widely known as one of the best established model organisms. It occupies many habitats, including aquatic and soil ecosystems. This ubiquity underscores the versatile metabolic properties of this microorganism. Here we present yet another paradigm of adaptation for C. reinhardtii, highlighting its photoheterotrophic ability to utilize cellulose for growth in the absence of other carbon sources. When grown under CO(2)-limiting conditions in the light, secretion of endo-β-1,4-glucanases by the cell causes digestion of exogenous cellulose, followed by cellobiose uptake and assimilation. Phototrophic microbes like C. reinhardtii may thus serve as biocatalysts for cellulosic biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Blifernez-Klassen
- Department of Biology, Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy-Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Banti V, Giuntoli B, Gonzali S, Loreti E, Magneschi L, Novi G, Paparelli E, Parlanti S, Pucciariello C, Santaniello A, Perata P. Low oxygen response mechanisms in green organisms. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:4734-61. [PMID: 23446868 PMCID: PMC3634410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14034734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Low oxygen stress often occurs during the life of green organisms, mostly due to the environmental conditions affecting oxygen availability. Both plants and algae respond to low oxygen by resetting their metabolism. The shift from mitochondrial respiration to fermentation is the hallmark of anaerobic metabolism in most organisms. This involves a modified carbohydrate metabolism coupled with glycolysis and fermentation. For a coordinated response to low oxygen, plants exploit various molecular mechanisms to sense when oxygen is either absent or in limited amounts. In Arabidopsis thaliana, a direct oxygen sensing system has recently been discovered, where a conserved N-terminal motif on some ethylene responsive factors (ERFs), targets the fate of the protein under normoxia/hypoxia. In Oryza sativa, this same group of ERFs drives physiological and anatomical modifications that vary in relation to the genotype studied. The microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii responses to low oxygen seem to have evolved independently of higher plants, posing questions on how the fermentative metabolism is modulated. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings related to these topics, highlighting promising developments for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Banti
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, Pisa 56124, Italy; E-Mails: (V.B.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (S.P.); (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Beatrice Giuntoli
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, Pisa 56124, Italy; E-Mails: (V.B.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (S.P.); (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Silvia Gonzali
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, Pisa 56124, Italy; E-Mails: (V.B.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (S.P.); (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Elena Loreti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56100, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Leonardo Magneschi
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, Münster 48143, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Giacomo Novi
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, Pisa 56124, Italy; E-Mails: (V.B.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (S.P.); (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Eleonora Paparelli
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, Pisa 56124, Italy; E-Mails: (V.B.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (S.P.); (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Sandro Parlanti
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, Pisa 56124, Italy; E-Mails: (V.B.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (S.P.); (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Chiara Pucciariello
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, Pisa 56124, Italy; E-Mails: (V.B.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (S.P.); (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonietta Santaniello
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, Pisa 56124, Italy; E-Mails: (V.B.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (S.P.); (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, Pisa 56124, Italy; E-Mails: (V.B.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (G.N.); (E.P.); (S.P.); (C.P.); (A.S.)
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van Lis R, Baffert C, Couté Y, Nitschke W, Atteia A. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplasts contain a homodimeric pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase that functions with FDX1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:57-71. [PMID: 23154536 PMCID: PMC3532286 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.208181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic algae have long been known to live in anoxic environments, but interest in their anaerobic energy metabolism has only recently gained momentum, largely due to their utility in biofuel production. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii figures remarkably in this respect, because it efficiently produces hydrogen and its genome harbors many genes for anaerobic metabolic routes. Central to anaerobic energy metabolism in many unicellular eukaryotes (protists) is pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO), which decarboxylates pyruvate and forms acetyl-coenzyme A with concomitant reduction of low-potential ferredoxins or flavodoxins. Here, we report the biochemical properties of the homodimeric PFO of C. reinhardtii expressed in Escherichia coli. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of the recombinant enzyme (Cr-rPFO) showed three distinct [4Fe-4S] iron-sulfur clusters and a thiamine pyrophosphate radical upon reduction by pyruvate. Purified Cr-rPFO exhibits a specific decarboxylase activity of 12 µmol pyruvate min⁻¹ mg⁻¹ protein using benzyl viologen as electron acceptor. Despite the fact that the enzyme is very oxygen sensitive, it localizes to the chloroplast. Among the six known chloroplast ferredoxins (FDX1-FDX6) in C. reinhardtii, FDX1 and FDX2 were the most efficient electron acceptors from Cr-rPFO, with comparable apparent K(m) values of approximately 4 µm. As revealed by immunoblotting, anaerobic conditions that lead to the induction of CrPFO did not increase levels of either FDX1 or FDX2. FDX1, being by far the most abundant ferredoxin, is thus likely the partner of PFO in C. reinhardtii. This finding postulates a direct link between CrPFO and hydrogenase and provides new opportunities to better study and engineer hydrogen production in this protist.
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Noth J, Krawietz D, Hemschemeier A, Happe T. Pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase is coupled to light-independent hydrogen production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:4368-77. [PMID: 23258532 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.429985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In anaerobiosis, the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii evolves molecular hydrogen (H(2)) as one of several fermentation products. H(2) is generated mostly by the [Fe-Fe]-hydrogenase HYDA1, which uses plant type ferredoxin PETF/FDX1 (PETF) as an electron donor. Dark fermentation of the alga is mainly of the mixed acid type, because formate, ethanol, and acetate are generated by a pyruvate:formate lyase pathway similar to Escherichia coli. However, C. reinhardtii also possesses the pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase PFR1, which, like pyruvate:formate lyase and HYDA1, is localized in the chloroplast. PFR1 has long been suggested to be responsible for the low but significant H(2) accumulation in the dark because the catalytic mechanism of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase involves the reduction of ferredoxin. With the aim of proving the biochemical feasibility of the postulated reaction, we have heterologously expressed the PFR1 gene in E. coli. Purified recombinant PFR1 is able to transfer electrons from pyruvate to HYDA1, using the ferredoxins PETF and FDX2 as electron carriers. The high reactivity of PFR1 toward oxaloacetate indicates that in vivo, fermentation might also be coupled to an anaerobically active glyoxylate cycle. Our results suggest that C. reinhardtii employs a clostridial type H(2) production pathway in the dark, especially because C. reinhardtii PFR1 was also able to allow H(2) evolution in reaction mixtures containing Clostridium acetobutylicum 2[4Fe-4S]-ferredoxin and [Fe-Fe]-hydrogenase HYDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Noth
- Ruhr Universität Bochum, Fakultät für Biologie und Biotechnologie, AG Photobiotechnologie, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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44
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Atteia A, van Lis R, Tielens AGM, Martin WF. Anaerobic energy metabolism in unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1827:210-23. [PMID: 22902601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Anaerobic metabolic pathways allow unicellular organisms to tolerate or colonize anoxic environments. Over the past ten years, genome sequencing projects have brought a new light on the extent of anaerobic metabolism in eukaryotes. A surprising development has been that free-living unicellular algae capable of photoautotrophic lifestyle are, in terms of their enzymatic repertoire, among the best equipped eukaryotes known when it comes to anaerobic energy metabolism. Some of these algae are marine organisms, common in the oceans, others are more typically soil inhabitants. All these species are important from the ecological (O(2)/CO(2) budget), biotechnological, and evolutionary perspectives. In the unicellular algae surveyed here, mixed-acid type fermentations are widespread while anaerobic respiration, which is more typical of eukaryotic heterotrophs, appears to be rare. The presence of a core anaerobic metabolism among the algae provides insights into its evolutionary origin, which traces to the eukaryote common ancestor. The predicted fermentative enzymes often exhibit an amino acid extension at the N-terminus, suggesting that these proteins might be compartmentalized in the cell, likely in the chloroplast or the mitochondrion. The green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlorella NC64 have the most extended set of fermentative enzymes reported so far. Among the eukaryotes with secondary plastids, the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana has the most pronounced anaerobic capabilities as yet. From the standpoints of genomic, transcriptomic, and biochemical studies, anaerobic energy metabolism in C. reinhardtii remains the best characterized among photosynthetic protists. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The evolutionary aspects of bioenergetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Atteia
- Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines-UMR 7281, CNRS-Aix-Marseille Univ, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille, France
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Swirsky Whitney LA, Novi G, Perata P, Loreti E. Distinct mechanisms regulating gene expression coexist within the fermentative pathways in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:565047. [PMID: 22792045 PMCID: PMC3385630 DOI: 10.1100/2012/565047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Under dark anoxia, the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii may produce hydrogen by means of its hydrogenase enzymes, in particular HYD1, using reductants derived from the degradation of intercellular carbon stores. Other enzymes belonging to the fermentative pathways compete for the same reductants. A complete understanding of the mechanisms determining the activation of one pathway rather than another will help us engineer Chlamydomonas for fermentative metabolite production, including hydrogen. We examined the expression pattern of the fermentative genes PDC3, LDH1, ADH2, PFL1, and PFR1 in response to day-night cycles, continuous light, continuous darkness, and low or high oxygen availability, which are all conditions that vary on a regular basis in Chlamydomonas' natural environment. We found that all genes except PFL1 show daily fluctuations in expression, and that PFR1 differentiated itself from the others in that it is clearly responsive to low oxygen, where as PDC3, LDH1, and ADH2 are primarily under diurnal regulation. Our results provide evidence that there exist at least three different regulatory mechanisms within the fermentative pathways and suggest that the fermentative pathways are not redundant but rather that availability of a variety of pathways allows for a differential metabolic response to different environmental conditions.
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Philipps G, Happe T, Hemschemeier A. Nitrogen deprivation results in photosynthetic hydrogen production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANTA 2012; 235:729-45. [PMID: 22020754 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1537-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is able to use photosynthetically provided electrons for the production of molecular hydrogen by an [FeFe]-hydrogenase HYD1 accepting electrons from ferredoxin PetF. Despite the severe sensitivity of HYD1 towards oxygen, a sustained and relatively high photosynthetic hydrogen evolution capacity is established in C. reinhardtii cultures when deprived of sulfur. One of the major electron sources for proton reduction under this condition is the oxidation of starch and subsequent non-photochemical transfer of electrons to the plastoquinone pool. Here we report on the induction of photosynthetic hydrogen production by Chlamydomonas upon nitrogen starvation, a nutritional condition known to trigger the accumulation of large deposits of starch and lipids in the green alga. Photochemistry of photosystem II initially remained on a higher level in nitrogen-starved cells, resulting in a 2-day delay of the onset of hydrogen production compared with sulfur-deprived cells. Furthermore, though nitrogen-depleted cells accumulated large amounts of starch, both hydrogen yields and the extent of starch degradation were significantly lower than upon sulfur deficiency. Starch breakdown rates in nitrogen or sulfur-starved cultures transferred to darkness were comparable in both nutritional conditions. Methyl viologen treatment of illuminated cells significantly enhanced the efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry in sulfur-depleted cells, but had a minor effect on nitrogen-starved algae. Both the degradation of the cytochrome b₆ f complex which occurs in C. reinhardtii upon nitrogen starvation and lower ferredoxin amounts might create a bottleneck impeding the conversion of carbohydrate reserves into hydrogen evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Philipps
- AG Photobiotechnologie, Fakultät für Biologie und Biotechnologie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Magneschi L, Catalanotti C, Subramanian V, Dubini A, Yang W, Mus F, Posewitz MC, Seibert M, Perata P, Grossman AR. A mutant in the ADH1 gene of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii elicits metabolic restructuring during anaerobiosis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:1293-305. [PMID: 22271746 PMCID: PMC3291268 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.191569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has numerous genes encoding enzymes that function in fermentative pathways. Among these, the bifunctional alcohol/acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH1), highly homologous to the Escherichia coli AdhE enzyme, is proposed to be a key component of fermentative metabolism. To investigate the physiological role of ADH1 in dark anoxic metabolism, a Chlamydomonas adh1 mutant was generated. We detected no ethanol synthesis in this mutant when it was placed under anoxia; the two other ADH homologs encoded on the Chlamydomonas genome do not appear to participate in ethanol production under our experimental conditions. Pyruvate formate lyase, acetate kinase, and hydrogenase protein levels were similar in wild-type cells and the adh1 mutant, while the mutant had significantly more pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Furthermore, a marked change in metabolite levels (in addition to ethanol) synthesized by the mutant under anoxic conditions was observed; formate levels were reduced, acetate levels were elevated, and the production of CO(2) was significantly reduced, but fermentative H(2) production was unchanged relative to wild-type cells. Of particular interest is the finding that the mutant accumulates high levels of extracellular glycerol, which requires NADH as a substrate for its synthesis. Lactate production is also increased slightly in the mutant relative to the control strain. These findings demonstrate a restructuring of fermentative metabolism in the adh1 mutant in a way that sustains the recycling (oxidation) of NADH and the survival of the mutant (similar to wild-type cell survival) during dark anoxic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Magneschi
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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48
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Efficient H2 production via Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:595-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kontur WS, Noguera DR, Donohue TJ. Maximizing reductant flow into microbial H2 production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 23:382-9. [PMID: 22036711 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Developing microbes into a sustainable source of hydrogen gas (H2) will require maximizing intracellular reductant flow toward the H2-producing enzymes. Recent attempts to increase H2 production in dark fermentative bacteria include increasing oxidation of organic substrates through metabolic engineering and expression of exogenous hydrogenases. In photofermentative bacteria, H2 production can be increased by minimizing reductant flow into competing pathways such as biomass formation and the Calvin cycle. One method of directing reductant toward H2 production being investigated in oxygenic phototrophs, which could potentially be applied to other H2-producing organisms, is the tethering of electron donors and acceptors, such as hydrogenase and photosystem I, to create new intermolecular electron transfer pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne S Kontur
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI, United States
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Terashima M, Specht M, Hippler M. The chloroplast proteome: a survey from the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii perspective with a focus on distinctive features. Curr Genet 2011; 57:151-68. [PMID: 21533645 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-011-0339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has emerged to be an important model organism for the study of oxygenic eukaryotic photosynthesis as well as other processes occurring in the chloroplast. However, the chloroplast proteome in C. reinhardtii has only recently been comprehensively characterized, made possible by proteomics emerging as an accessible and powerful tool over the last decade. In this review, we introduce a compiled list of 996 experimentally chloroplast-localized proteins for C. reinhardtii, stemming largely from our previous proteomic dataset comparing chloroplasts and mitochondria samples to localize proteins. In order to get a taste of some cellular functions taking place in the C. reinhardtii chloroplast, we will focus this review particularly on metabolic differences between chloroplasts of C. reinhardtii and higher plants. Areas that will be covered are photosynthesis, chlorophyll biosynthesis, carbon metabolism, fermentative metabolism, ferredoxins and ferredoxin-interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Terashima
- Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Hindenburgplatz 55, 48143, Münster, Germany
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