1
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Saha S, Huang L, Khoso MA, Wu H, Han D, Ma X, Poudel TR, Li B, Zhu M, Lan Q, Sakib N, Wei R, Islam MZ, Zhang P, Shen H. Fine root decomposition in forest ecosystems: an ecological perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1277510. [PMID: 38023858 PMCID: PMC10643187 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1277510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Fine root decomposition is a physio-biochemical activity that is critical to the global carbon cycle (C) in forest ecosystems. It is crucial to investigate the mechanisms and factors that control fine root decomposition in forest ecosystems to understand their system-level carbon balance. This process can be influenced by several abiotic (e.g., mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, site elevation, stand age, salinity, soil pH) and biotic (e.g., microorganism, substrate quality) variables. Comparing decomposition rates within sites reveals positive impacts of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and negative effects of lignin concentration. Nevertheless, estimating the actual fine root breakdown is difficult due to inadequate methods, anthropogenic activities, and the impact of climate change. Herein, we propose that how fine root substrate and soil physiochemical characteristics interact with soil microorganisms to influence fine root decomposition. This review summarized the elements that influence this process, as well as the research methods used to investigate it. There is also need to study the influence of annual and seasonal changes affecting fine root decomposition. This cumulative evidence will provide information on temporal and spatial dynamics of forest ecosystems, and will determine how logging and reforestation affect fine root decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Saha
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Huang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Muneer Ahmed Khoso
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Department of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Donghui Han
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Tika Ram Poudel
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Bei Li
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Meiru Zhu
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiurui Lan
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Nazmus Sakib
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruxiao Wei
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Md. Zahirul Islam
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hailong Shen
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Technology Research Center of Korean Pine, Harbin, China
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2
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Freschet GT, Pagès L, Iversen CM, Comas LH, Rewald B, Roumet C, Klimešová J, Zadworny M, Poorter H, Postma JA, Adams TS, Bagniewska‐Zadworna A, Bengough AG, Blancaflor EB, Brunner I, Cornelissen JHC, Garnier E, Gessler A, Hobbie SE, Meier IC, Mommer L, Picon‐Cochard C, Rose L, Ryser P, Scherer‐Lorenzen M, Soudzilovskaia NA, Stokes A, Sun T, Valverde‐Barrantes OJ, Weemstra M, Weigelt A, Wurzburger N, York LM, Batterman SA, Gomes de Moraes M, Janeček Š, Lambers H, Salmon V, Tharayil N, McCormack ML. A starting guide to root ecology: strengthening ecological concepts and standardising root classification, sampling, processing and trait measurements. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:973-1122. [PMID: 34608637 PMCID: PMC8518129 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the context of a recent massive increase in research on plant root functions and their impact on the environment, root ecologists currently face many important challenges to keep on generating cutting-edge, meaningful and integrated knowledge. Consideration of the below-ground components in plant and ecosystem studies has been consistently called for in recent decades, but methodology is disparate and sometimes inappropriate. This handbook, based on the collective effort of a large team of experts, will improve trait comparisons across studies and integration of information across databases by providing standardised methods and controlled vocabularies. It is meant to be used not only as starting point by students and scientists who desire working on below-ground ecosystems, but also by experts for consolidating and broadening their views on multiple aspects of root ecology. Beyond the classical compilation of measurement protocols, we have synthesised recommendations from the literature to provide key background knowledge useful for: (1) defining below-ground plant entities and giving keys for their meaningful dissection, classification and naming beyond the classical fine-root vs coarse-root approach; (2) considering the specificity of root research to produce sound laboratory and field data; (3) describing typical, but overlooked steps for studying roots (e.g. root handling, cleaning and storage); and (4) gathering metadata necessary for the interpretation of results and their reuse. Most importantly, all root traits have been introduced with some degree of ecological context that will be a foundation for understanding their ecological meaning, their typical use and uncertainties, and some methodological and conceptual perspectives for future research. Considering all of this, we urge readers not to solely extract protocol recommendations for trait measurements from this work, but to take a moment to read and reflect on the extensive information contained in this broader guide to root ecology, including sections I-VII and the many introductions to each section and root trait description. Finally, it is critical to understand that a major aim of this guide is to help break down barriers between the many subdisciplines of root ecology and ecophysiology, broaden researchers' views on the multiple aspects of root study and create favourable conditions for the inception of comprehensive experiments on the role of roots in plant and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire T. Freschet
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleCNRS2 route du CNRS09200MoulisFrance
| | - Loïc Pagès
- UR 1115 PSHCentre PACA, site AgroparcINRAE84914Avignon cedex 9France
| | - Colleen M. Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Louise H. Comas
- USDA‐ARS Water Management Research Unit2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg D, Suite 320Fort CollinsCO80526USA
| | - Boris Rewald
- Department of Forest and Soil SciencesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna1190Austria
| | - Catherine Roumet
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Department of Functional EcologyInstitute of Botany CASDukelska 13537901TrebonCzech Republic
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of DendrologyPolish Academy of SciencesParkowa 562‐035KórnikPoland
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG‐2)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHD‐52425JülichGermany
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNSW2109Australia
| | | | - Thomas S. Adams
- Department of Plant SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska‐Zadworna
- Department of General BotanyInstitute of Experimental BiologyFaculty of BiologyAdam Mickiewicz UniversityUniwersytetu Poznańskiego 661-614PoznańPoland
| | - A. Glyn Bengough
- The James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, Dundee,DD2 5DAUK
- School of Science and EngineeringUniversity of DundeeDundee,DD1 4HNUK
| | | | - Ivano Brunner
- Forest Soils and BiogeochemistrySwiss Federal Research Institute WSLZürcherstr. 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Johannes H. C. Cornelissen
- Department of Ecological ScienceFaculty of ScienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1085Amsterdam1081 HVthe Netherlands
| | - Eric Garnier
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Research Institute WSLZürcherstr. 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH Zurich8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sarah E. Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt PaulMN55108USA
| | - Ina C. Meier
- Functional Forest EcologyUniversity of HamburgHaidkrugsweg 122885BarsbütelGermany
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupDepartment of Environmental SciencesWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 476700 AAWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Rose
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleCNRS2 route du CNRS09200MoulisFrance
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F)Senckenberganlage 2560325Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Peter Ryser
- Laurentian University935 Ramsey Lake RoadSudburyONP3E 2C6Canada
| | | | - Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia
- Environmental Biology DepartmentInstitute of Environmental SciencesCMLLeiden UniversityLeiden2300 RAthe Netherlands
| | - Alexia Stokes
- INRAEAMAPCIRAD, IRDCNRSUniversity of MontpellierMontpellier34000France
| | - Tao Sun
- Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
| | - Oscar J. Valverde‐Barrantes
- International Center for Tropical BotanyDepartment of Biological SciencesFlorida International UniversityMiamiFL33199USA
| | - Monique Weemstra
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- Systematic Botany and Functional BiodiversityInstitute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 21-23Leipzig04103Germany
| | - Nina Wurzburger
- Odum School of EcologyUniversity of Georgia140 E. Green StreetAthensGA30602USA
| | - Larry M. York
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy InnovationOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Sarah A. Batterman
- School of Geography and Priestley International Centre for ClimateUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem StudiesMillbrookNY12545USA
| | - Moemy Gomes de Moraes
- Department of BotanyInstitute of Biological SciencesFederal University of Goiás1974690-900Goiânia, GoiásBrazil
| | - Štěpán Janeček
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawley (Perth)WA 6009Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawley (Perth)WAAustralia
| | - Verity Salmon
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSC29634USA
| | - M. Luke McCormack
- Center for Tree ScienceMorton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Rt. 53LisleIL60532USA
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3
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Gray L, Kernaghan G. Fungal Succession During the Decomposition of Ectomycorrhizal Fine Roots. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 79:271-284. [PMID: 31392355 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fine roots account for a substantial proportion of forest production and their decomposition releases large amounts of nutrients to the soil ecosystem. However, little is known about the fungi involved in ECM decomposition, including assemblages of fungal saprotrophs, endophytes, and the ECM fungi themselves. To follow fungal succession during the degradation of senescing fine roots, understory seedlings of Abies balsamea and Picea rubens at two sites in the Acadian forest of Nova Scotia were either severed at the root collar or left as controls. Root systems were collected sequentially over two growing seasons and assessed for fine root loss and ECM mantle integrity. ECM were identified by ITS-PCR and grouped into broad morphological categories. Fungal communities colonizing the senescing fine roots were also monitored by systematically constructing clone libraries over the course of the experiment. ECM with cottony, weakly pigmented mantles (e.g., Cortinarius) degraded within the first year. Those with cottony, but intensely pigmented mantles (Piloderma), and smooth mantles with weak pigmentation (Russulaceae) degraded more slowly. Smooth, melanized ECM (Cenococcum and Tomentella) generally maintained integrity over the course of the experiment. Rates of fine root loss and changes in ECM mantle integrity were positively correlated with soil temperature. ECM DNA was detected throughout the experiment, and was not replaced by that of saprotrophic species during the two seasons sampled. However, fungal root endophytes (e.g., Helotiaceae) initially increased in abundance and then decreased as mantles degraded, suggesting a possible role in ECM decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Gray
- Biology Department, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, NS, B3H 3C3, Canada
| | - Gavin Kernaghan
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, B3M 2J6, Canada.
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4
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Higher Soil Respiration Rate Beneath Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Trees in a Northern Hardwood Forest is Driven by Associated Soil Properties. Ecosystems 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-019-00466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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5
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See CR, Luke McCormack M, Hobbie SE, Flores-Moreno H, Silver WL, Kennedy PG. Global patterns in fine root decomposition: climate, chemistry, mycorrhizal association and woodiness. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:946-953. [PMID: 30891910 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fine root decomposition constitutes a critical yet poorly understood flux of carbon and nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we present the first large-scale synthesis of species trait effects on the early stages of fine root decomposition at both global and local scales. Based on decomposition rates for 279 plant species across 105 studies and 176 sites, we found that mycorrhizal association and woodiness are the best categorical traits for predicting rates of fine root decomposition. Consistent positive effects of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and negative effects of lignin concentration emerged on decomposition rates within sites. Similar relationships were present across sites, along with positive effects of temperature and moisture. Calcium was not consistently related to decomposition rate at either scale. While the chemical drivers of fine root decomposition parallel those of leaf decomposition, our results indicate that the best plant functional groups for predicting fine root decomposition differ from those predicting leaf decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R See
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Michael Luke McCormack
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.,Center for Tree Science, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, 60532, USA
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Habacuc Flores-Moreno
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.,Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Whendee L Silver
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter G Kennedy
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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6
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Yang N, Butenschoen O, Rana R, Köhler L, Hertel D, Leuschner C, Scheu S, Polle A, Pena R. Leaf litter species identity influences biochemical composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi. MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:85-96. [PMID: 30547252 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0876-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In forest ecosystems, ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are important for plant growth and soil biogeochemical processes. The biochemical composition of ECM mycelium is an important fungal effect trait with consequences for its decomposition rate, and consequently on soil carbon pools and plant nutrition. Although the link between ECM fungi and leaf litter-released nutrients is well known, the response of ECM fungal biochemical composition to different leaf litter species remains poorly understood. To determine how leaf litter quality influences ECM fungi's biochemical profiles, we planted young beech trees in an oak forest and replaced the natural leaf litter with that of European beech (Fagus sylvatica), ash (Fraxinus excelsior), maple (Acer pseudoplatanus), or lime (Tilia cordata). We assessed the biochemical profiles of ECM root tips colonized by common fungal taxa in temperate forests (i.e., Cenococcum geophilum, Inocybe sp., and Lactarius subdulcis), using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). ECM fungal biochemical composition changed with leaf litter species. Changes were apparent in the infrared absorption bands assigned to functional groups of lipids, amides, and carbohydrates. C. geophilum and L. subdulcis exhibited large spectral differences corresponding to the initial pattern of leaf litter chemical composition between samples collected in the beech and ash leaf litter treatments. In contrast, Inocybe sp. was influenced by lime, but with no differences between samples from ash or beech leaf litter treatments. Although the spectral bands affected by leaf litter type differed among ECM fungi, they were mainly related to amides, indicating a dynamic response of the fungal proteome to soil nutritional changes. Overall, the results indicate that the biochemical response of ECM fungi to leaf litter species varies among ECM fungal species and suggests that the biochemical composition of ECM mycelium is a fungal response trait, sensitive to environmental changes such as shifts in leaf litter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Buesgenweg 2, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Olaf Butenschoen
- J. F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre BiK-F, Georg-Voigt-Straße 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rumana Rana
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Buesgenweg 2, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Lars Köhler
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dietrich Hertel
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J. F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Goettingen, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Buesgenweg 2, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Goettingen, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Rodica Pena
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Buesgenweg 2, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Goettingen, 37073, Goettingen, Germany.
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7
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Kothamasi D, Wannijn J, Van Hees M, Nauts R, Van Gompel A, Vanhoudt N, Vandenhove H. Exposure to ionizing radiation affects the growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi and induces increased melanin production and increased capacities of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2019; 197:16-22. [PMID: 30500479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi form symbioses with dominant tree families in boreal, temperate and tropical ecosystems and are important drivers of ecosystem function. EM fungal hyphae extend over a large area making them susceptible to enhanced radiation levels from naturally occurring or anthropogenically originating radioisotopes in the rhizosphere. In this study, the in-vitro effects of ionizing radiation on the growth and biomass of EM fungi Suillus luteus, S. bovinus and Rhizopogon luteolus were investigated. EM fungal cultures were exposed to gamma radiation from a 137Cs source for 137 h in darkness at 21 °C at dose rates of 404, 108.5 and 54.9 mGy h-1 resulting in total absorbed doses of 55.21, 14.82 and 7.50 Gy respectively. Cultures grown in the dark at 21 °C but not exposed to the 137Cs source served as the control. Our results show that EM fungi vary in their sensitivity to ionizing radiation. EM fungi used in this study produced melanin and reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes such as catalase and superoxide dismutase as a response to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kothamasi
- Biosphere Impact Studies Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium; Laboratory of Soil Biology and Microbial Ecology, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India.
| | - Jean Wannijn
- Biosphere Impact Studies Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - May Van Hees
- Biosphere Impact Studies Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Robin Nauts
- Biosphere Impact Studies Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Axel Van Gompel
- Biosphere Impact Studies Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Vanhoudt
- Biosphere Impact Studies Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Hildegarde Vandenhove
- Institute Environment Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
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8
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Fernandez CW, Heckman K, Kolka R, Kennedy PG. Melanin mitigates the accelerated decay of mycorrhizal necromass with peatland warming. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:498-505. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Randall Kolka
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Grand Rapids, MN USA
| | - Peter G. Kennedy
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior St. Paul MN USA
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9
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Koide RT, Fernandez CW. The continuing relevance of "older" mycorrhiza literature: insights from the work of John Laker Harley (1911-1990). MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:577-586. [PMID: 30014212 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To new generations of scientists beginning their careers in research, we strongly recommend the practice of reading older literature. To illustrate the value of doing so, we highlight six insights of one of the most influential mycorrhiza researchers of the twentieth century, Jack Harley. These insights concerning mycotrophy, the new niche, the sheath, C cycling, N cycling, and mutualism were published prior to 1975 and so may have escaped the notice of many, but they laid the groundwork for some of the most important research of today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger T Koide
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
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10
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Contrasting dynamics and trait controls in first-order root compared with leaf litter decomposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10392-10397. [PMID: 30254167 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716595115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Decomposition is a key component of the global carbon (C) cycle, yet current ecosystem C models do not adequately represent the contributions of plant roots and their mycorrhizae to this process. The understanding of decomposition dynamics and their control by traits is particularly limited for the most distal first-order roots. Here we followed decomposition of first-order roots and leaf litter from 35 woody plant species differing in mycorrhizal type over 6 years in a Chinese temperate forest. First-order roots decomposed more slowly (k = 0.11 ± 0.01 years-1) than did leaf litter (0.35 ± 0.02 years-1), losing only 35% of initial mass on average after 6 years of exposure in the field. In contrast to leaf litter, nonlignin root C chemistry (nonstructural carbohydrates, polyphenols) accounted for 82% of the large interspecific variation in first-order root decomposition. Leaf litter from ectomycorrhizal (EM) species decomposed more slowly than that from arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) species, whereas first-order roots of EM species switched, after 2 years, from having slower to faster decomposition compared with those from AM species. The fundamentally different dynamics and control mechanisms of first-order root decomposition compared with those of leaf litter challenge current ecosystem C models, the recently suggested dichotomy between EM and AM plants, and the idea that common traits can predict decomposition across roots and leaves. Aspects of C chemistry unrelated to lignin or nitrogen, and not presently considered in decomposition models, controlled first-order root decomposition; thus, current paradigms of ecosystem C dynamics and model parameterization require revision.
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11
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Early Stage Fine-Root Decomposition and Its Relationship with Root Order and Soil Depth in a Larix gmelinii Plantation. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f7100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Cheng L, Chen W, Adams TS, Wei X, Li L, McCormack ML, DeForest JL, Koide RT, Eissenstat DM. Mycorrhizal fungi and roots are complementary in foraging within nutrient patches. Ecology 2016; 97:2815-2823. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Weile Chen
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Thomas S. Adams
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Le Li
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Michael Luke McCormack
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Jared L. DeForest
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology Ohio University Athens Ohio 45701 USA
| | - Roger T. Koide
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
- Department of Biology Brigham Young University Provo Utah 84602 USA
| | - David M. Eissenstat
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
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Fernandez CW, Kennedy PG. Revisiting the 'Gadgil effect': do interguild fungal interactions control carbon cycling in forest soils? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1382-94. [PMID: 26365785 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In forest ecosystems, ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi play a central role in the breakdown of soil organic matter (SOM). Competition between these two fungal guilds has long been hypothesized to lead to suppression of decomposition rates, a phenomenon known as the 'Gadgil effect'. In this review, we examine the documentation, generality, and potential mechanisms involved in the 'Gadgil effect'. We find that the influence of ectomycorrhizal fungi on litter and SOM decomposition is much more variable than previously recognized. To explain the inconsistency in size and direction of the 'Gadgil effect', we argue that a better understanding of underlying mechanisms is required. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each of the primary mechanisms proposed to date and how using different experimental methods (trenching, girdling, microcosms), as well as considering different temporal and spatial scales, could influence the conclusions drawn about this phenomenon. Finally, we suggest that combining new research tools such as high-throughput sequencing with experiments utilizing natural environmental gradients will significantly deepen our understanding of the 'Gadgil effect' and its consequences on forest soil carbon and nutrient cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Fernandez
- Departments of Plant Biology and Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Peter G Kennedy
- Departments of Plant Biology and Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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The Importance of Ectomycorrhizal Networks for Nutrient Retention and Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7395-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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15
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Toward Modeling the Resistance and Resilience of "Below-ground" Fungal Communities: A Mechanistic and Trait-Based Approach. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2015; 93:1-44. [PMID: 26505687 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of fungi in shaping ecosystems is well evidenced and there is growing recognition of their importance among scientists and the general public. Establishing and separating the role of key local (soil chemical, biological, and physical properties) and global (climate, dispersal limitation) drivers in fungal community structure and functioning is currently a source of frustration to mycologists. The quest to determine niche processes and environmental characteristics shaping fungal community structure, known to be important for plant and animal communities, is proving difficult, resulting in the acknowledgment that niche neutral processes (climate, dispersal limitations) may dominate. The search for predictable patterns in fungal community structure may have been restricted as the "appropriate" scales at which to measure community structure and characterize the environment have not been fully determined yet, and the focus on taxonomy makes it difficult to link environmental characteristics to fungal traits. While key determinants of microbial community composition have been uncovered for some functional groups, the differential response of functional groups is largely unknown. Before we can truly understand what drives the development of microbial community structure, an understanding of the autecology of major fungal taxa and how they interact with their immediate environment (from the micro- up to kilometer scale) is urgently needed. Furthermore, key information and empirical data is missing at the microscale due to experimental difficulties in mapping this heterogeneous and opaque environment. We therefore present a framework that would help generate this much-needed empirical data and information at the microscale, together with modeling approaches to link the spatial and temporal scales. The latter is important as we propose that there is much to be gained by linking our understanding of fungal community responses across scales, in order to develop species and community-environment-function predictive models.
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Jamro GM, Chang SX, Naeth MA, Duan M, House J. Fine root dynamics in lodgepole pine and white spruce stands along productivity gradients in reclaimed oil sands sites. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:4655-70. [PMID: 26668730 PMCID: PMC4670065 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Open‐pit mining activities in the oil sands region of Alberta, Canada, create disturbed lands that, by law, must be reclaimed to a land capability equivalent to that existed before the disturbance. Re‐establishment of forest cover will be affected by the production and turnover rate of fine roots. However, the relationship between fine root dynamics and tree growth has not been studied in reclaimed oil sands sites. Fine root properties (root length density, mean surface area, total root biomass, and rates of root production, turnover, and decomposition) were assessed from May to October 2011 and 2012 using sequential coring and ingrowth core methods in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss) stands. The pine and spruce stands were planted on peat mineral soil mix placed over tailings sand and overburden substrates, respectively, in reclaimed oil sands sites in Alberta. We selected stands that form a productivity gradient (low, medium, and high productivities) of each tree species based on differences in tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) increments. In lodgepole pine stands, fine root length density and fine root production, and turnover rates were in the order of high > medium > low productivity sites and were positively correlated with tree height and DBH and negatively correlated with soil salinity (P < 0.05). In white spruce stands, fine root surface area was the only parameter that increased along the productivity gradient and was negatively correlated with soil compaction. In conclusion, fine root dynamics along the stand productivity gradients were closely linked to stand productivity and were affected by limiting soil properties related to the specific substrate used for reconstructing the reclaimed soil. Understanding the impact of soil properties on fine root dynamics and overall stand productivity will help improve land reclamation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Murtaza Jamro
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E3 Canada ; Department of Soil Science Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam Sindh 70060 Pakistan
| | - Scott X Chang
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - M Anne Naeth
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Min Duan
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Jason House
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E3 Canada
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Moore JAM, Jiang J, Post WM, Classen AT. Decomposition by ectomycorrhizal fungi alters soil carbon storage in a simulation model. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00301.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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McCormack ML, Guo D. Impacts of environmental factors on fine root lifespan. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:205. [PMID: 24904605 PMCID: PMC4032987 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The lifespan of fast-cycling roots is a critical parameter determining a large flux of plant carbon into soil through root turnover and is a biological feature regulating the capacity of a plant to capture soil water and nutrients via root-age-related physiological processes. While the importance of root lifespan to whole-plant and ecosystem processes is increasingly recognized, robust descriptions of this dynamic process and its response to changes in climatic and edaphic factors are lacking. Here we synthesize available information and propose testable hypotheses using conceptual models to describe how changes in temperature, water, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) availability impact fine root lifespan within a species. Each model is based on intrinsic responses including root physiological activity and alteration of carbohydrate allocation at the whole-plant level as well as extrinsic factors including mycorrhizal fungi and pressure from pathogens, herbivores, and other microbes. Simplifying interactions among these factors, we propose three general principles describing fine root responses to complex environmental gradients. First, increases in a factor that strongly constrains plant growth (temperature, water, N, or P) should result in increased fine root lifespan. Second, increases in a factor that exceeds plant demand or tolerance should result in decreased lifespan. Third, as multiple factors interact fine root responses should be determined by the most dominant factor controlling plant growth. Moving forward, field experiments should determine which types of species (e.g., coarse vs. fine rooted, obligate vs. facultative mycotrophs) will express greater plasticity in response to environmental gradients while ecosystem models may begin to incorporate more detailed descriptions of root lifespan and turnover. Together these efforts will improve quantitative understanding of root dynamics and help to identify areas where future research should be focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Luke McCormack
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungal tissues comprise a significant forest-litter pool. Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi may also influence the decomposition of other forest-litter components via competitive interactions with decomposer fungi and by ensheathing fine roots. Because of these direct and indirect effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi, the factors that control the decomposition of EM fungi will strongly control forest-litter decomposition as a whole and, thus, ecosystem nutrient and carbon cycling. Some have suggested that chitin, a component of fungal cell walls, reduces fungal tissue decomposition because it is relatively recalcitrant. We therefore examined the change in chitin concentrations of EM fungal tissues during decomposition. Our results show that chitin is not recalcitrant relative to other compounds in fungal tissues and that its concentration is positively related to the decomposition of fungal tissues. Variation existing among EM fungal isolates in chitin concentration suggests that EM fungal community structure influences C and nutrient cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Fernandez
- Intercollege Graduate Program in Ecology, 103 Tyson Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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