1
|
Crawford H, Oliver C, Groves L, Bradley L, Smith K, Hogan A, Renshaw D, Waite J, Roberts J. Behavioural and physiological indicators of anxiety reflect shared and distinct profiles across individuals with neurogenetic syndromes. Psychiatry Res 2023; 326:115278. [PMID: 37285621 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety is heightened in individuals with intellectual disability, particularly in those with specific neurogenetic syndromes. Assessment of anxiety for these individuals is hampered by a lack of appropriate measures that cater for communication impairment, differences in presentation, and overlapping features with co-occurring conditions. Here, we adopt a multi-method approach to identify fine-grained behavioural and physiological (via salivary cortisol) responses to anxiety presses in people with fragile X (FXS; n = 27; Mage = 20.11 years; range 6.32 - 47.04 years) and Cornelia de Lange syndromes (CdLS; n = 27; Mage = 18.42 years; range 4.28 - 41.08 years), two neurogenetic groups at high risk for anxiety, compared to neurotypical children (NT; n = 21; Mage = 5.97 years; range 4.34 - 7.30 years). Results indicate that physical avoidance of feared stimuli and proximity seeking to a familiar adult are prominent behavioural indicators of anxiety/stress in FXS and CdLS. Heightened pervasive physiological arousal was identified in these groups via salivary cortisol. An association between autistic characteristics and anxiety was evident in the FXS group but not in the CdLS group pointing to syndrome-specific nuances in the association between anxiety and autism. This study furthers understanding of the behavioural and physiological presentation of anxiety in individuals with intellectual disability and progresses theoretical developments regarding the development and maintenance of anxiety at the intersection of autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Crawford
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, United Kingdom.
| | - Chris Oliver
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Groves
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Bradley
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Kayla Smith
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Hogan
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States
| | - Derek Renshaw
- Research Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Waite
- School of Psychology, Aston University, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Effects of prepulse format and lead interval on the assessment of automatic and attention-modulated prepulse inhibition. Cogn Process 2021; 22:559-567. [PMID: 33772712 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-021-01023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response can index automatic and attention-modulated aspects of sensorimotor gating. Automatic sensorimotor gating is typically assessed by a no-task PPI protocol in which participants are presented with discrete white noise prepulse and startle stimuli over continuous background broadband noise at brief short-lead intervals (e.g., 60-120 ms). In contrast, attention-modulated sensorimotor gating is typically assessed through a task-based PPI protocol using continuous format pure tone prepulses and white noise startle stimuli presented over an ambient background at a lead interval of 120 ms. The present study sought to test the extent that the assessment of attention-modulated PPI is dependent on prepulse type and lead interval across two experiments. Experiment 1 assessed attention effects on PPI produced by discrete prepulses at lead intervals of 60 and 120 ms. Experiment 2 examined attention effects on PPI with matched stimulus conditions apart from continuous prepulses. Results indicated that the use of discrete prepulses failed to elicit attentional-modulation of PPI and that assessment therein was dependent on the use of continuous prepulses at a lead interval of 120 ms. These results highlight additional methods to concurrently assess automatic and attention-modulated PPI in a single testing session using a task-based tone counting task.
Collapse
|
3
|
Poje AB, Filion DL. The effects of multiphasic prepulses on automatic and attention-modulated prepulse inhibition. Cogn Process 2017; 18:261-270. [PMID: 28401360 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-017-0808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is widely viewed as an operational measure of sensorimotor gating. Previous research has shown that sensorimotor gating can occur automatically and also can be influenced by selective attention. The present research investigated the relationship of the transient detection response (TDR) with automatic and attention-modulated PPI using a novel "multiphasic" prepulse stimulus. Experiment 1 compared discrete versus multiphasic prepulse types in a no-task PPI protocol to validate multiphasic prepulses as effective elicitors of automatic sensorimotor gating. Results revealed that the two prepulse types elicited equivalent levels of PPI. Experiment 2 compared the effectiveness of continuous monophasic versus continuous multiphasic prepulses within a task-based PPI protocol using a lead interval of 120 ms. Results revealed a significant attention effect for monophasic prepulses only. However, robust PPI was produced by the multiphasic prepulses independent of attention as well as over time. These results suggest that multiple influences on PPI can be assessed concurrently depending on prepulse parameters designed to activate the TDR when used in a PPI protocol capable of assessing the effects of selective attention on prepulse processing [corrected]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert B Poje
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center and Hospital, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Diane L Filion
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri at Kansas City, 5100 Rockhill Rd., Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Morales-Muñoz I, Jurado-Barba R, Ponce G, Martínez-Gras I, Jiménez-Arriero MÁ, Moratti S, Rubio G. Characterizing cannabis-induced psychosis: a study with prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex. Psychiatry Res 2014; 220:535-40. [PMID: 25175914 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis-induced psychotic disorder (CIPD) refers to psychotic symptoms that arise in the context of cannabis intoxication. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits have been extensively identified in schizophrenia and in cannabis abusers. We aimed to characterize PPI in CIPD patients. We used a sample of 48 CIPD patients, 54 schizophrenia patients and cannabis abuse (SCHZ), 44 cannabis dependents (CD), and 44 controls. CIPD, SCHZ and CD were abstinent of cannabis consumption for 9 months. Participants were assessed with PPI at 30, 60, and 120 ms. At 30 ms, CIPD showed lower PPI levels than controls, and SCHZ obtained worse functioning than controls and CD. At 60 ms, only SCHZ exhibited worse PPI percentages (of object) than controls. Finally, at 120 ms, CIPD showed higher PPI levels than SCHZ, and SCHZ obtained lower percentages than controls. We found that CIPD and SCHZ patients showed deficits at the most pre-attentional levels, whereas CIPD patients performed better than SCHZ at higher attentional levels. These results suggest that CIPD constitutes a different group of patients than that of SCHZ. Deficits in PPI functioning at 30 ms could be a useful psychophysiological measure to detect CIPD patients, who are frequently confused with cannabis abusers whose symptoms may mimic that of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Morales-Muñoz
- Laboratory of Clinical Psychophysiology, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosa Jurado-Barba
- Laboratory of Clinical Psychophysiology, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain; Department of Basic Psychology II (Cognitive Processes), School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Ponce
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Martínez-Gras
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Arriero
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephan Moratti
- Department of Basic Psychology I (Basic Processes), School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Rubio
- Laboratory of Clinical Psychophysiology, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li S, Chang SH, Francisco GE, Verduzco-Gutierrez M. Acoustic startle reflex in patients with chronic stroke at different stages of motor recovery: a pilot study. Top Stroke Rehabil 2014; 21:358-70. [PMID: 25150668 DOI: 10.1310/tsr2104-358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acoustic startle reflex (ASR) can be used as a tool to examine reticulospinal excitability. The potential role of reticulospinal mechanisms in the development of spasticity has been suggested but not tested. OBJECTIVE To examine reticulospinal excitability at different stages of motor recovery in patients with chronic stroke using the ASR. METHODS Sixteen subjects with hemiplegic stroke participated in the study. We examined ASR responses at rest and contralateral motor overflow during voluntary elbow flexion. RESULTS ASR responses in impaired biceps muscles showed different patterns at different stages. In subjects without spasticity, ASR responses were less frequent (10% on impaired side) and had normal duration (<200 ms). In subjects with spasticity, the responses were more frequent (58.3% on impaired side) and longer lasting (up to 1 minute). However, no correlation between exaggerated reflex responses and Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) scores was observed. During voluntary elbow flexion on the impaired side, similar positive linear force-electromyogram (EMG) relationships were found in subjects with and without spasticity. Electromyographic activity of the resting nonimpaired limb increased proportionally in subjects with spasticity (r = 0.6313, P = .0004), but no such correlation was found in subjects without spasticity (r = 0.0191, P = .9612). CONCLUSIONS Preliminary findings of exaggerated ASR responses and associated contralateral overflow only in spastic biceps muscles in patients with chronic stroke suggest the important role of reticulospinal mechanisms in the development of spasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas Neurorehabilitation Research Laboratory, Neurorecovery Research Center, TIRR Memorial Hermann Research Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shuo-Hsiu Chang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Gerard E Francisco
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Monica Verduzco-Gutierrez
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kawachi Y, Matsue Y, Shibata M, Imaizumi O, Gyoba J. Auditory startle reflex inhibited by preceding self-action. Psychophysiology 2013; 51:97-102. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Kawachi
- Kansei Fukushi Research Institute; Tohoku Fukushi University; Sendai Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Matsue
- Kansei Fukushi Research Institute; Tohoku Fukushi University; Sendai Japan
| | - Michiaki Shibata
- Kansei Fukushi Research Institute; Tohoku Fukushi University; Sendai Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - Osamu Imaizumi
- Kansei Fukushi Research Institute; Tohoku Fukushi University; Sendai Japan
| | - Jiro Gyoba
- Department of Psychology; Graduate School of Arts and Letters; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pålsson E, Söderlund G, Klamer D, Bergquist F. Noise benefit in prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 214:675-85. [PMID: 21107541 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Under some conditions, external sensory noise enhances cognitive functions, a phenomenon possibly involving stochastic resonance and/or enhanced central dopamine transmission. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex is a robust measure of sensorimotor gating and can be modulated by activity in the cortex and basal ganglia, including the central dopamine pathways. OBJECTIVES Previous empirical studies suggest a differential effect of acoustic noise in normal children and children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study investigated the effect of acoustic noise on PPI and if dopamine transmission interacts with acoustic noise effects in a rat ADHD model. METHODS The effect of background acoustic noise on acoustic startle response and PPI were measured with a constant prepulse to background noise ratio of 9 dB(A). Spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats were used as the ADHD model and compared with Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. Microdialysis, methylphenidate treatment and 6-OHDA lesions were used to investigate interaction with dopamine transmission. RESULTS Background noise facilitated PPI differently in SH rats and controls. The prefrontal cortex in SH rats had low basal dopamine concentrations, a high DOPAC/dopamine ratio and blunted dopamine release during PPI testing. Methylphenidate had small, but strain-specific, effects on startle and PPI. Bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions did not alter startle or PPI. CONCLUSIONS Prefrontal dopamine transmission is altered in SH rats during the sensorimotor gating task of PPI of the acoustic startle, indicating increased dopamine reuptake in this ADHD rat model. We propose that noise benefit could be explored as a non-pharmacological alternative for treating neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Pålsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 400, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Falk TH, Guirgis M, Power S, Chau TT. Taking NIRS-BCIs outside the lab: towards achieving robustness against environment noise. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2010; 19:136-46. [PMID: 20876031 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2010.2078516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper reported initial findings on the effects of environmental noise and auditory distractions on the performance of mental state classification based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) signals recorded from the prefrontal cortex. Characterization of the performance losses due to environmental factors could provide useful information for the future development of NIRS-based brain-computer interfaces that can be taken beyond controlled laboratory settings and into everyday environments. Experiments with a hidden Markov model-based classifier showed that while significant performance could be attained in silent conditions, only chance levels of sensitivity and specificity were obtained in noisy environments. In order to achieve robustness against environment noise, two strategies were proposed and evaluated. First, physiological responses harnessed from the autonomic nervous system were used as complementary information to NIRS signals. More specifically, four physiological signals (electrodermal activity, skin temperature, blood volume pulse, and respiration effort) were collected in synchrony with the NIRS signals as the user sat at rest and/or performed music imagery tasks. Second, an acoustic monitoring technique was proposed and used to detect startle noise events, as both the prefrontal cortex and ANS are known to involuntarily respond to auditory startle stimuli. Experiments with eight participants showed that with a startle noise compensation strategy in place, performance comparable to that observed in silent conditions could be recovered with the hybrid ANS-NIRS system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago H Falk
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Falk TH, Guirgis M, Power S, Blain S, Chau T. On the use of peripheral autonomic signals for binary control of body–machine interfaces. Physiol Meas 2010; 31:1411-22. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/31/11/001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
10
|
Blain S, Power SD, Sejdic E, Mihailidis A, Chau T. A cardiorespiratory classifier of voluntary and involuntary electrodermal activity. Biomed Eng Online 2010; 9:11. [PMID: 20184746 PMCID: PMC2851698 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-9-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrodermal reactions (EDRs) can be attributed to many origins, including spontaneous fluctuations of electrodermal activity (EDA) and stimuli such as deep inspirations, voluntary mental activity and startling events. In fields that use EDA as a measure of psychophysiological state, the fact that EDRs may be elicited from many different stimuli is often ignored. This study attempts to classify observed EDRs as voluntary (i.e., generated from intentional respiratory or mental activity) or involuntary (i.e., generated from startling events or spontaneous electrodermal fluctuations). METHODS Eight able-bodied participants were subjected to conditions that would cause a change in EDA: music imagery, startling noises, and deep inspirations. A user-centered cardiorespiratory classifier consisting of 1) an EDR detector, 2) a respiratory filter and 3) a cardiorespiratory filter was developed to automatically detect a participant's EDRs and to classify the origin of their stimulation as voluntary or involuntary. RESULTS Detected EDRs were classified with a positive predictive value of 78%, a negative predictive value of 81% and an overall accuracy of 78%. Without the classifier, EDRs could only be correctly attributed as voluntary or involuntary with an accuracy of 50%. CONCLUSIONS The proposed classifier may enable investigators to form more accurate interpretations of electrodermal activity as a measure of an individual's psychophysiological state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Blain
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Bloorview Kids Rehab, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah D Power
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Bloorview Kids Rehab, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ervin Sejdic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Bloorview Kids Rehab, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alex Mihailidis
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tom Chau
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Bloorview Kids Rehab, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dale KY, Flaten MA, Elden A, Holte A. Dissociative identity disorder and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008; 4:653-62. [PMID: 18830396 PMCID: PMC2526371 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A group of persons with dissociative identity disorder (DID) was compared with a group of persons with other dissociative disorders, and a group of nondiagnosed controls with regard to prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex. The findings suggest maladaptive attentional processes at a controlled level, but not at a preattentive automatic level, in persons with DID. The prepulse occupied more controlled attentional resources in the DID group compared with the other two groups. Preattentive automatic processing, on the other hand, was normal in the DID group. Moreover, startle reflexes did not habituate in the DID group. In conclusion, increased PPI and delayed habituation is consistent with increased vigilance in individuals with DID. The present findings of reduced habituation of startle reflexes and increased PPI in persons with DID suggest the operation of a voluntary process that directs attention away from unpleasant or threatening stimuli. Aberrant voluntary attentional processes may thus be a defining characteristic in DID.
Collapse
|
12
|
Quednow BB. Defizite der sensomotorischen Filterleistung bei psychiatrischen Erkrankungen. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE 2008. [DOI: 10.1024/1016-264x.19.3.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Die Präpuls-Inhibition (PPI) des akustischen Schreckreflexes gilt als operationales Maß für einen teils vorbewußten attentionalen Filterprozeß, der auch als sensomotorisches Gating bezeichnet wird. Die PPI wird durch ein cortico-striato-pallido-pontines (CSPP) Netzwerk reguliert, welches frontale und mediotemporale Hirnareale, das ventrale Striatum, das ventrale Pallidum und pontine Bereiche des Hirnstamms mit einbezieht. Verschiedene psychiatrische und neurologische Erkrankungen zeigen beeinträchtigte Gating-Prozesse, doch insbesondere die konsistenten Befunde eines PPI-Defizits in der Schizophrenie haben dazu beigetragen, daß die Schizophrenie heute auch als Filterstörung verstanden wird. Die PPI hat sich mittlerweile als translationales Modell für gestörte Filterprozesse in der Schizophrenie etabliert, da sie bei verschiedenen Versuchstieren abgeleitet werden kann und pharmakologisch manipulierbar ist. Darüber hinaus wurde die PPI als vielversprechender Endophänotyp, d. h. als Gen-naher biologischer Marker, der Schizophrenie vorgeschlagen. Man erhofft sich von der Identifizierung solcher Endophänotypen eine verbesserte Entschlüsselung der krankheitsmitverursachenden Gene im Vergleich zu bislang nicht zielführenden genetischen Assoziationsstudien mit den komplexeren Krankheitsphänotypen. Des Weiteren wird die Korrektur künstlich erzeugter PPI-Defizite bei Versuchstieren als Modell für antipsychotische Wirksamkeit neu entwickelter Substanzen zur Behandlung der Schizophrenie genutzt. Der vorliegende Artikel soll einen Überblick über die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten und Grenzen des PPI-Paradigmas in der klinischen und grundlagenorientierten psychologischen und psychiatrischen Forschung geben.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris B. Quednow
- Neuropsychopharmakologie und Bildgebung, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Franklin JC, Moretti NA, Blumenthal TD. Impact of stimulus signal-to-noise ratio on prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle. Psychophysiology 2007; 44:339-42. [PMID: 17343716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the human acoustic startle response is reduced in the presence of background noise of a sufficient intensity, possibly due to a reduction in signal-to-noise ratio (prepulse intensity relative to background noise). We examined this hypothesis by varying prepulse intensity and background noise intensity in order to hold three different signal-to-noise ratios constant (5, 15, and 25 dB(A) above background noise intensity). The results showed that signal-to-noise ratio proved to be a more important factor than absolute stimulus intensity in determining the degree of PPI of startle eyeblink response magnitude. Therefore, the effectiveness of a prepulse is determined by prepulse salience, not intensity, and this effectiveness is equivalent across a range of physical intensities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Franklin
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Larrauri J, Schmajuk N. Prepulse inhibition mechanisms and cognitive processes: a review and model. EXS 2006; 98:245-78. [PMID: 17019891 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-7772-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José Larrauri
- Duke University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lovelace CT, Elmore WR, Filion DL. Infrared reflectance as an alternative to EMG for measuring prepulse inhibition of startle eyeblink. Psychophysiology 2006; 43:511-5. [PMID: 16965614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The "gold standard" measure of the human startle eyeblink response is the ocular electromyogram (EMG). However, EMG measurement is not always feasible, as with special populations or during functional neuroimaging. We evaluated an alternative, nonelectrical, noncontact measure that uses infrared (IR) light reflected from the eye. By simultaneously recording IR and EMG during an acoustic prepulse inhibition of startle paradigm, we were able to directly compare the two measures and evaluate the relative reliability and validity of the IR measure as an index of startle response modulation. Although fewer responses were detected using IR than EMG, both measures were equally sensitive to prepulse modulation of response amplitude, latency, and probability. We conclude that when the goal is simply to assess the effects of a prepulse on the startle response, IR reflectance is an adequate alternative to EMG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Lovelace
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Castellote JM, Kumru H, Queralt A, Valls-Solé J. A startle speeds up the execution of externally guided saccades. Exp Brain Res 2006; 177:129-36. [PMID: 16944110 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-006-0659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The control of eye movements depends in part on subcortical motor centres. Gaze is often directed towards salient visual stimuli of our environment with no conscious voluntary commands. To further understand to what extent preprogrammed eye movements can be triggered subcortically, we carried out a study in normal volunteers to examine the effects of a startling auditory stimulus (SAS) on externally guided saccades. A peripheral visual cue was presented in the horizontal plane at a site distant 15 degrees from the fixation point, and subjects were instructed to make a saccade to it. SAS was presented together with the peripheral visual cue in 20% of trials. To force rapid visual fixation at the end of the saccade, targets were loaded with a second cue, a small arrow pointing towards the right or the left (or a neutral sign), not distinguishable with peripheral vision. Subjects were requested to perform a flexion/extension wrist movement, according to the direction of the arrow (or not to move if the second cue was the neutral sign). SAS presented together with the visual target caused a significant shortening of the latency of saccadic movements. The wrist movements performed as a response to the second cue had similar reaction times regardless of whether the trial contained a SAS or not. Our results show that voluntary saccades to peripheral targets are speeded up by activation of the startle circuit, and that this effect does not cause a significant disturbance in the execution of simple in-target cues. These results suggest that subcortical structures play a main role in preparation of externally guided saccades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Castellote
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, Universidad de Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Goldman MB, Heidinger L, Kulkarni K, Zhu DC, Chien A, McLaren DG, Shah J, Coffey CE, Sharif S, Chen E, Uftring SJ, Small SL, Solodkin A, Pilla RS. Changes in the amplitude and timing of the hemodynamic response associated with prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle. Neuroimage 2006; 32:1375-84. [PMID: 16843683 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the early stages of information processing in limbic brain circuits may underlie symptoms of severe neuropsychiatric disorders. Prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle (PPI) is diminished in many of these disorders and may reflect the disruption of this CNS function. PPI is associated with brain activity in many of the same regions in humans as it is in laboratory animals, suggesting that neuroimaging studies in humans may help localize deficits that can then be elucidated in animal models. In this article, we employed a rapid presentation event-related design during continuous EPI BOLD scanning to examine hemodynamic response functions (HRFs) associated with PPI. Fourteen healthy participants listened to 100 pulse alone and 100 prepulse combined with pulse (prepulse-pulse) trials. PPI is the normalized difference in the startle response to the two trial types. Following the prepulse-pulse trials, the amplitudes of the HRFs in auditory cortices and in the anterior insula were increased, while in the cerebellum, thalamus and anterior cingulate, they were decreased, relative to the pulse alone trials. In addition, the timing of the prepulse-pulse responses was delayed in the auditory cortices, anterior insula and cerebellum. Finally, PPI measured outside the scanner was predicted by the difference in BOLD responses between trial types in the anterior insula and in the cerebellum. The results suggest that prepulse inhibition, and by extension early stages of information processing, modulate both the amplitude as well as timing of neural activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morris B Goldman
- Department of Psychiatry-MC3077, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Blumenthal TD, Noto JV, Fox MA, Franklin JC. Background noise decreases both prepulse elicitation and inhibition of acoustic startle blink responding. Biol Psychol 2006; 72:173-9. [PMID: 16303226 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 10/09/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI) has proved to be useful in distinguishing between schizophrenia patients and normal controls, although not all studies in this area find such group differences. One reason for this inconsistency may be the fact that some research labs present the startle eliciting and inhibiting stimuli over a steady background noise (70 dB), whereas others present stimuli in ambient noise conditions (30-56 dB). The present study tested the impact of background noise (30, 50, and 70 dB) on PPI in normal college adults, with prepulses at intensities of 75, 80, and 85 dB, and with prepulse rise times of 1 or 10 ms. Background noise decreased the amount of PPI caused by the prepulses, and also decreased the ability of the prepulses to themselves elicit blink responses. We conclude that background noise interferes with the processing of the prepulse, attenuating its effect as both an elicitor and inhibitor of the startle reflex. By elevating the difficulty of prepulse processing, this attenuation may be a necessary condition for observing differences in PPI between patient and control groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry D Blumenthal
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schmajuk NA, Larrauri JA, Hagenbuch N, Levin ED, Feldon J, Yee BK. Startle and prepulse inhibition as a function of background noise: a computational and experimental analysis. Behav Brain Res 2006; 170:182-96. [PMID: 16569445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Schmajuk and Larrauri [Schmajuk NA, Larrauri JA. Neural network model of prepulse inhibition. Behav Neurosci 2005;119:1546-62.] introduced a real-time model of acoustic startle, prepulse inhibition (PPI) and facilitation (PPF) in animals and humans. The model assumes that (1) positive values of changes in noise level activate an excitatory and a facilitatory pathway, and (2) absolute values of changes in noise level activate an inhibitory pathway. The model describes many known properties of the phenomena and the effect of brain lesions on startle, PPI, and PPF. The purpose of the present study is to (a) establish the magnitude of startle and PPI as a function of pulse, prepulse, and background intensity, and (b) test the model predictions regarding an inverted-U function that relates startle to the intensity of the background noise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N A Schmajuk
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Duke University, NC 27708, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|