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Severs LJ, Bush NE, Quina LA, Hidalgo-Andrade S, Burgraff NJ, Dashevskiy T, Shih AY, Baertsch NA, Ramirez JM. Purinergic signaling mediates neuroglial interactions to modulate sighs. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5300. [PMID: 37652903 PMCID: PMC10471608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40812-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sighs prevent the collapse of alveoli in the lungs, initiate arousal under hypoxic conditions, and are an expression of sadness and relief. Sighs are periodically superimposed on normal breaths, known as eupnea. Implicated in the generation of these rhythmic behaviors is the preBötzinger complex (preBötC). Our experimental evidence suggests that purinergic signaling is necessary to generate spontaneous and hypoxia-induced sighs in a mouse model. Our results demonstrate that driving calcium increases in astrocytes through pharmacological methods robustly increases sigh, but not eupnea, frequency. Calcium imaging of preBötC slices corroborates this finding with an increase in astrocytic calcium upon application of sigh modulators, increasing intracellular calcium through g-protein signaling. Moreover, photo-activation of preBötC astrocytes is sufficient to elicit sigh activity, and this response is blocked with purinergic antagonists. We conclude that sighs are modulated through neuron-glia coupling in the preBötC network, where the distinct modulatory responses of neurons and glia allow for both rhythms to be independently regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza J Severs
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Nicholas E Bush
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Lely A Quina
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Skyler Hidalgo-Andrade
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Nicholas J Burgraff
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Tatiana Dashevskiy
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Andy Y Shih
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nathan A Baertsch
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Kosuge M, Honma M, Masaoka Y, Kosuge S, Nakayama M, Kamijo S, Shikama Y, Izumizaki M. Respiratory rhythm affects recalibration of body ownership. Sci Rep 2023; 13:920. [PMID: 36650347 PMCID: PMC9844178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Change in body perception requires recalibration of various sensory inputs. However, it is less known how information other than sensations relates to the recalibration of body perception. Here, we focused on the relationship between respiration and cognition and investigated whether respiratory rhythms are related to the recalibration of hand perception. We built a visual feedback environment, in which a mannequin hand moved in conjunction with its own respiratory rhythm, and participants performed an experiment under conditions in congruency/incongruency for spatial and temporal factors. The temporal and spatial congruency between own respiratory rhythm and the mannequin hand markedly facilitated the phenomenon of hand ownership sense transfer to the mannequin hand, while incongruency had little effect on the change in hand ownership. The finding suggests that an internal model in the brain allows respiratory rhythms to be involved in the adaptation of the body's neural representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miku Kosuge
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Honma
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Yuri Masaoka
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Shota Kosuge
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | | | - Shotaro Kamijo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Division of Physiology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shikama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masahiko Izumizaki
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
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3
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Vlemincx E, Severs L, Ramirez JM. The psychophysiology of the sigh: II: The sigh from the psychological perspective. Biol Psychol 2022; 173:108386. [PMID: 35803439 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A sigh is a distinct respiratory behavior with specific psychophysiological roles. In two accompanying reviews we will discuss the physiological and psychological functions of the sigh. The present review will focus on the psychological functions of the sigh. We discuss the regulatory effects of a sigh, and argue how these effects may become maladaptive when sighs occur excessively. The adaptive role of a sigh is discussed in the context of regulation of psychophysiological states. We propose that sighs facilitate transitions from one psychophysiological state to the next, and this way contribute to psychophysiological flexibility, via a hypothesized resetting mechanism. We discuss how a sigh resets respiration, by controlling mechanical and metabolic properties of respiration associated with respiratory symptoms. Next, we elaborate on a sigh resetting emotional states by facilitating emotional transitions. We attempt to explain the adaptive and maladaptive functions of a sigh in the framework of stochastic resonance, in which we propose occasional, spontaneous sighs to be noise contributing to psychophysiological regulation, while excessive sighs result in psychophysiological dysregulation. In this context, we discuss how sighs can contribute to therapeutic interventions, either by increasing sighs to improve regulation in case of a lack of sighing, or by decreasing sighs to restore regulation in case of excessive sighing. Finally, a research agenda on the psychology of sighs is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Vlemincx
- Department of Health Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Liza Severs
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, USA
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, USA
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4
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Severs L, Vlemincx E, Ramirez JM. The psychophysiology of the sigh: I: The sigh from the physiological perspective. Biol Psychol 2022; 170:108313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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5
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Reading on a smartphone affects sigh generation, brain activity, and comprehension. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1589. [PMID: 35102254 PMCID: PMC8803971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic devices have become an indispensable part of our daily lives, while their negative aspects have been reported. One disadvantage is that reading comprehension is reduced when reading from an electronic device; the cause of this deficit in performance is unclear. In this study, we investigated the cause for comprehension decline when reading on a smartphone by simultaneously measuring respiration and brain activity during reading in 34 healthy individuals. We found that, compared to reading on a paper medium, reading on a smartphone elicits fewer sighs, promotes brain overactivity in the prefrontal cortex, and results in reduced comprehension. Furthermore, reading on a smartphone affected sigh frequency but not normal breathing, suggesting that normal breathing and sigh generation are mediated by pathways differentially influenced by the visual environment. A path analysis suggests that the interactive relationship between sigh inhibition and overactivity in the prefrontal cortex causes comprehension decline. These findings provide new insight into the respiration-mediated mechanisms of cognitive function.
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Abstract
Breathing is a critical, complex, and highly integrated behavior. Normal rhythmic breathing, also referred to as eupnea, is interspersed with different breathing related behaviors. Sighing is one of such behaviors, essential for maintaining effective gas exchange by preventing the gradual collapse of alveoli in the lungs, known as atelectasis. Critical for the generation of both sighing and eupneic breathing is a region of the medulla known as the preBötzinger Complex (preBötC). Efforts are underway to identify the cellular pathways that link sighing as well as sneezing, yawning, and hiccupping with other brain regions to better understand how they are integrated and regulated in the context of other behaviors including chemosensation, olfaction, and cognition. Unraveling these interactions may provide important insights into the diverse roles of these behaviors in the initiation of arousal, stimulation of vigilance, and the relay of certain behavioral states. This chapter focuses primarily on the function of the sigh, how it is locally generated within the preBötC, and what the functional implications are for a potential link between sighing and cognitive regulation. Furthermore, we discuss recent insights gained into the pathways and mechanisms that control yawning, sneezing, and hiccupping.
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Huang Y, Zhang H, Fan Y, Ji M, Wang L, Ai T. Sigh syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic: Is it a signal of the mental health status of Chinese children and adolescents? Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:415-422. [PMID: 33708528 PMCID: PMC7944169 DOI: 10.21037/tp-21-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, Chinese children and adolescents have been greatly affected by the strict social isolation policies, which will undoubtedly cause psychological problems. We aimed to investigate the mental health status of Chinese children and adolescents, and provided some considerations of the contributing factors and the coping strategy. METHOD We investigated the disease composition ratio of sigh syndrome in the pediatric outpatient clinic in Chengdu after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and outbreak mitigation. We also analyzed and compared the annual changing trends in the incidence of sigh syndrome in 2020 with those from previous years. RESULTS The composition ratio of sigh syndrome increased significantly after the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. The highest incidence was in March 2020, which then decreased gradually over the next few months, then increased again in June 2020 (P<0.05). And the 4-7 years old was the age group with a high incidence of sigh syndrome, and 5 years old had the highest incidence. CONCLUSIONS The mental health status of children and adolescents changed significantly after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. We should also pay attention to the psychological problems caused by returning to school after the epidemic has eased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Huang
- Children Respiratory Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiyun Zhang
- Children Neurology Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinghong Fan
- Children Respiratory Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Li Wang
- Children Respiratory Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Ai
- Children Respiratory Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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8
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Danvers AF, Milek A, Tackman AM, Kaplan DM, Robbins ML, Poslinelli A, Moseley S, Raison CL, Sbarra D, Mehl MR. Is frequent sighing an indicator of dispositional negative emotionality? A multi-sample, multi-measure naturalistic-observation study. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2020.104046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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9
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Willems AL, Vervliet B. When nothing matters: Assessing markers of expectancy violation during omissions of threat. Behav Res Ther 2021; 136:103764. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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10
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Guyon AJAA, Cannavò R, Studer RK, Hildebrandt H, Danuser B, Vlemincx E, Gomez P. Respiratory Variability, Sighing, Anxiety, and Breathing Symptoms in Low- and High-Anxious Music Students Before and After Performing. Front Psychol 2020; 11:303. [PMID: 32174869 PMCID: PMC7054282 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Music performance anxiety (MPA) is a major problem for music students. It is largely unknown whether music students who experience high or low anxiety differ in their respiratory responses to performance situations and whether these co-vary with self-reported anxiety, tension, and breathing symptoms. Affective processes influence dynamic respiratory regulation in ways that are reflected in measures of respiratory variability and sighing. This study had two goals. First, we determined how measures of respiratory variability, sighing, self-reported anxiety, tension, and breathing symptoms vary as a function of the performance situation (practice vs. public performance), performance phase (pre-performance vs. post-performance), and the general MPA level of music students. Second, we analyzed to what extent self-reported anxiety, tension, and breathing symptoms co-vary with the respiratory responses. The participants were 65 university music students. We assessed their anxiety, tension, and breathing symptoms with Likert scales and recorded their respiration with the LifeShirt system during a practice performance and a public performance. For the 10-min periods before and after each performance, we computed number of sighs, coefficients of variation (CVs, a measure of total variability), autocorrelations at one breath lag (ARs(1), a measure of non-random variability) and means of minute ventilation (V’E), tidal volume (VT), inspiration time (TI), and expiration time (TE). CVs and sighing were greater whereas AR(1) of V’E was lower in the public session than in the practice session. The effect of the performance situation on CVs and sighing was larger for high-MPA than for low-MPA participants. Higher MPA levels were associated with lower CVs. At the within-individual level, anxiety, tension, and breathing symptoms were associated with deeper and slower breathing, greater CVs, lower AR(1) of V’E, and more sighing. We conclude that respiratory variability and sighing are sensitive to the performance situation and to musicians’ general MPA level. Moreover, anxiety, tension, breathing symptoms, and respiratory responses co-vary significantly in the context of music performance situations. Respiratory monitoring can add an important dimension to the understanding of music performance situations and MPA and to the diagnostic and intervention outcome assessments of MPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie J A A Guyon
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosamaria Cannavò
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Regina K Studer
- School of Applied Psychology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Olten, Switzerland
| | - Horst Hildebrandt
- Swiss University Centre for Music Physiology, Basel and Zurich Universities of the Arts, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brigitta Danuser
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elke Vlemincx
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Gomez
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Vlemincx E, Luminet O. Sighs can become learned behaviors via operant learning. Biol Psychol 2020; 151:107850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Riede T, Schaefer C, Stein A. Role of deep breaths in ultrasonic vocal production of Sprague-Dawley rats. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:966-979. [PMID: 31967929 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00590.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep breaths are one of three breathing patterns in rodents characterized by an increased tidal volume. While humans incorporate deep breaths into vocal behavior, it was unknown whether nonhuman mammals use deep breaths for vocal production. We have utilized subglottal pressure recordings in awake, spontaneously behaving male Sprague-Dawley rats in five contexts: sleep, rest, noxious stimulation, exposure to a female in estrus, and exposure to an unknown male. Deep breaths were produced at rates ranging between 17.5 and 90.3 deep breaths per hour. While overall breathing and vocal rates were higher in social and noxious contexts, the rate of deep breaths was only increased during the male's interaction with a female. Results also inform our understanding of vocal-respiratory integration in rats. The rate of deep breaths that were associated with a vocalization during the exhalation phase increased with vocal activity. The proportion of deep breaths that were associated with a vocalization (on average 22%) was similar to the proportion of sniffing or eupnea breaths that contain a vocalization. Therefore, vocal motor patterns appear to be entrained to the prevailing breathing rhythm, i.e., vocalization uses the available breathing pattern rather than recruiting a specific breathing pattern. Furthermore, the pattern of a deep breath was different when it was associated with a vocalization, suggesting that motor planning occurs. Finally, deep breaths are a source for acoustic variation; for example, call duration and fundamental frequency modulation were both larger in 22-kHz calls produced following a deep inhalation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The emission of a long, deep, audible breath can express various emotions. The investigation of deep breaths, also known as sighing, in a nonhuman mammal demonstrated the occasional use of deep breaths for vocal production. Similar to the human equivalent, acoustic features of a deep breath vocalization are characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Riede
- Department of Physiology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Charles Schaefer
- Department of Physiology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Amy Stein
- Department of Physiology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona
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Abstract
The purpose of this basic experiment was to examine the effects of soft touching on an experiment participant’s back on tidal volume (TV), as an increase in TV was considered an indication of enhanced relaxation. Healthy experiment participants were divided into an intervention group, where soft touching was administered for two minutes on their back, and a control group, where they were asked to rest. Then the change in TV was measured using a spiro-meter two factor analysis of variance (ANOVA; mixture design) was conducted. As a result of two factor ANOVA, the intervention group’s TV changed with statistical significance, while no statistically significant change was observed in the control group. There was a possibility that soft touching on the back had a positive effect on the increase of TV and relaxation. As a result of soft touching on the back, TV was increased. Subjective indicators suggested that the relaxation was enhanced by soft touching on the back.
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Mosley E, Laborde S, Kavanagh E. The Contribution of Coping-Related Variables and Cardiac Vagal Activity on Prone Rifle Shooting Performance Under Pressure. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The aims of this study were to assess the predictive role of coping-related variables (CRV) on cardiac vagal activity (derived from heart rate variability), and to investigate the influence of CRV (and cardiac vagal activity) on prone rifle shooting performance under low pressure (LP) and high pressure (HP) conditions. Participants ( n = 38) competed in a shooting task under LP and HP. Cardiac vagal activity measurements were taken at baseline, task, and recovery for 5 min, alongside ratings of stress via a visual analogue scale. Upon task conclusion, self-report measures of motivation, stress appraisal, attention, perceived pressure, and trait CRV questionnaires (Decision-Specific Reinvestment Scale [DSRS], Movement-Specific Reinvestment Scale [MSRS], and Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire [TEIQue]) were completed. Results indicated that task cardiac vagal activity was predicted by resting cardiac vagal activity and self-control in HP and LP. Post-task cardiac vagal activity was predicted by resting cardiac vagal activity in both conditions with the addition of a trait and state CRV in HP. Cardiac vagal reactivity, the change from resting to task, was predicted by resting cardiac vagal activity and self-control in LP and HP. Cardiac vagal recovery, the change from task to post-task, was predicted by a trait CRV in HP. Shooting performance was predicted by experience and cardiac vagal activity in LP and cardiac vagal activity and a trait in HP. Findings suggest both CRV and cardiac vagal activity influence cardiac vagal activity throughout a pressure task. Additionally, shooting performance directly influences cardiac vagal recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Mosley
- School of Sport Health and Social Sciences, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, UK
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Sylvain Laborde
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
- UFR STAPS – EA 4260, Normandie Université Caen, France
| | - Emma Kavanagh
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
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15
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Snort acoustic structure codes for positive emotions in horses. Naturwissenschaften 2018; 105:57. [PMID: 30291452 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-018-1582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While the vocal coding of human and animal internal states has been widely studied, the possible acoustic expression of "positive" emotions remains poorly known. Recent studies suggest that snorts (non-vocal sounds produced by the air expiration through the nostrils) appear to be reliable indicators of positive internal states in several ungulate species. Here, we hypothesised in horses that the acoustic structure of the snort could vary with the subjects' current emotional state. Indeed, a preliminary sound analysis of snorts let us suggest structure variations related to the presence of pulsations. We recorded snorts from 20 horses living in a riding center. Auditory playbacks run with 20 humans first confirmed the existence of two snort subtypes, i.e. one pulsed and one non-pulsed. Observations were then conducted to compare the distribution of these two subtypes according to the location (stall/pasture) of the signaller as a contextual determinant of its internal state and to its ears' position as a reflection of its emotional state. We found that both subtypes were preferentially observed in positive contexts, but that pulsed snorts were even more associated with highly appreciated situations (in pasture and with ears forward). This study is a step further in the identification of indicators of positive emotions in horses and more generally in the understanding of the acoustic emotions' coding.
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16
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Vervliet B, Lange I, Milad MR. Temporal dynamics of relief in avoidance conditioning and fear extinction: Experimental validation and clinical relevance. Behav Res Ther 2017; 96:66-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Vlemincx E, Meulders M, Luminet O. A sigh of relief or a sigh of expected relief: Sigh rate in response to dyspnea relief. Psychophysiology 2017; 55. [PMID: 28792624 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Research has suggested that sighs may serve a regulatory function during stress and emotions by facilitating relief. Evidence supports the hypotheses that sighs both express and induce relief from stress. To explore the potential role of sighs in the regulation of symptoms, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between sighs and relief of symptoms, and relief of dyspnea, specifically. Healthy volunteers participated in two studies (N = 44, N = 47) in which dyspnea was induced by mild (10 cmH2 O/l/s) or high (20 cmH2 0/l/s) inspiratory resistances. Dyspnea relief was induced by the offset of the inspiratory resistances (transitions from high and mild inspiratory resistance to no resistance). Control comparisons included dyspnea increases (transitions from no or mild inspiratory resistance to high inspiratory resistance) and dyspnea continuations (continuations of either no resistance or a high resistance). In Experiment 1, dyspnea levels were cued. In Experiment 2, no cues were provided. Sigh rate during dyspnea relief was significantly higher compared to control conditions, and sigh rate increased as self-reported dyspnea decreased. Additionally, sigh rate was higher during cued dyspnea relief compared to noncued dyspnea relief. These results suggest that sighs are important markers of dyspnea relief. Moreover, sighs may importantly express dyspnea relief, as they are related to experiential dyspnea decreases and occur more frequently during expected dyspnea relief. These findings suggest that sighs may not only be important in the regulation of stress and emotions, but also may be functional in the regulation of dyspnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Vlemincx
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Research Group on Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel Meulders
- Department of Informatics, Simulation and Modeling, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Research Group on Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Luminet
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Vlemincx E, Meulders M, Abelson JL. Sigh rate during emotional transitions: More evidence for a sigh of relief. Biol Psychol 2017; 125:163-172. [PMID: 28315375 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that sighs regulate stress and emotions, e.g. by facilitating relief. This study aimed to investigate sigh rates during relief. In addition, links between sighs, anxiety sensitivity and HPA-axis activity were explored. Healthy volunteers (N=29) were presented cues predicting the valence of subsequent stimuli. By sequencing cues that predicted pleasant or unpleasant stimuli with or without certainty, transitions to certain pleasantness (relief) or to certain unpleasantness (control) were created and compared to no transitions. Salivary cortisol, anxiety sensitivity and respiration were measured. Sigh frequency was significantly higher during relief than during control transitions and no transition states, and higher during control transitions than during no transition states. Sigh frequency increased with steeper cortisol declines for high anxiety sensitive persons. Results confirm a relationship between sighs and relief. In addition, results suggest that sigh frequency is importantly related to HPA-axis activity, particularly in high anxiety sensitive persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Vlemincx
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Research Group on Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Michel Meulders
- Department of Informatics, Simulation and Modeling, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Research Group on Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - James L Abelson
- Trauma, Stress and Anxiety Research Group, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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19
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A sigh of relief or a sigh to relieve: The psychological and physiological relief effect of deep breaths. Physiol Behav 2016; 165:127-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Inoue K, Yamamoto Y, Sugamura G. [A sigh increases motivation for difficult and monotonous tasks: The effect of one-time voluntary brief exhalation on relief and achievement needs]. SHINRIGAKU KENKYU : THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 87:133-143. [PMID: 27476263 DOI: 10.4992/jjpsy.87.15012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We tested possible intrapersonal effects of a sigh as a psychological "resetter/rebooter." Fifty-eight undergraduates were randomly assigned to a sigh or a normal exhalation (control) group. We asked participants on each task to model the experimenter demonstrating how to exhale air into a small plastic bag for breathing manipulation under the pretext that we were interested in the exhaled gas in stressful situations. Results revealed that the sigh group did not experience more relief (as shown by prolonged reaction time) after exposure to threat stimuli, but showed more persistence on a highly-difficult puzzle task (p = .03, d = .62) and more willingness to continue working on a monotonous task (p < .10, d = .48), than the normal exhalation group. A sigh may have an adaptive function to motivate further work; although it may not induce relief--suggesting that a "sigh of refresh" is a voluntary but a "sigh of relief" is an involuntary response.
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21
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Crockett JE, Cashwell CS, Tangen JL, Hall KH, Young JS. Breathing Characteristics and Symptoms of Psychological Distress: An Exploratory Study. COUNSELING AND VALUES 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cvj.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig S. Cashwell
- Department of Counseling and Educational Development; University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Jodi L. Tangen
- Department of Counseling and Educational Development; University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - K. Hridaya Hall
- Counselor Education and School Psychology Department; Plymouth State University
| | - J. Scott Young
- Department of Counseling and Educational Development; University of North Carolina at Greensboro
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22
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Vaschillo EG, Vaschillo B, Buckman JF, Nguyen-Louie T, Heiss S, Pandina RJ, Bates ME. The effects of sighing on the cardiovascular system. Biol Psychol 2015; 106:86-95. [PMID: 25720947 PMCID: PMC4386588 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Elicitation of high-amplitude oscillations in the cardiovascular system may serve to dampen psychophysiological reactivity to emotional and cognitive loading. Prior work has used paced breathing to impose clinically valuable high-amplitude ∼ 0.1 Hz oscillations. In this study, we investigated whether rhythmical sighing could likewise produce high-amplitude cardiovascular oscillations in the very low frequency range (0.003-0.05 Hz). ECG, respiration, skin conductance, and beat-to-beat blood pressure were collected in 24 healthy participants during baseline, 0.1 Hz paced breathing, and 0.02 Hz paced sighing (1 sigh every 50s, with normal breathing interspersed). Results showed that each sigh elicited a strong, well-defined reaction in the cardiovascular system. This reaction did not habituate when participants repeatedly sighed for 8.5 min. The result was a high-amplitude 0.02 Hz oscillation in multiple cardiovascular parameters. Thus, paced sighing is a reliable method for imposing very low frequency oscillations in the cardiovascular system, which has research and clinical implications that warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny G Vaschillo
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Bronya Vaschillo
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jennifer F Buckman
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Tam Nguyen-Louie
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Sydney Heiss
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Robert J Pandina
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Marsha E Bates
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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23
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Gilchrist PT, Ditto B. Sense of impending doom: Inhibitory activity in waiting blood donors who subsequently experience vasovagal symptoms. Biol Psychol 2015; 104:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vlemincx E, Van Diest I, Van den Bergh O. Emotion, sighing, and respiratory variability. Psychophysiology 2014; 52:657-66. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Vlemincx
- Research Group on Health Psychology; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Ilse Van Diest
- Research Group on Health Psychology; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Omer Van den Bergh
- Research Group on Health Psychology; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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25
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Jenkins HM, Stocki A, Kriellaars D, Pasterkamp H. Breath stacking in children with neuromuscular disorders. Pediatr Pulmonol 2014; 49:544-53. [PMID: 23956183 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory muscle weakness in neuromuscular disorders (NMD) can lead to shallow breathing and respiratory insufficiency over time. Children with NMD often cannot perform maneuvers to recruit lung volume. In adults, breath stacking with a mask and one-way valve can achieve significantly increased lung volumes. To evaluate involuntary breath stacking (IBS) in NMD, we studied 23 children of whom 15 were cognitively aware and able to communicate verbally. For IBS, a one-way valve and pneumotachograph were attached to a face mask. Tidal volumes (Vt) and minute ventilation (VE ) were calculated from airflow over 30 sec before and after 15 sec of expiratory valve closure. Six cooperative male subjects with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) participated in a subsequent comparison of IBS with voluntary breath stacking (VBS) and supported breath stacking (SBS). The average Vt in those studied with IBS was 277 ml (range 29-598 ml). The average increase in volume by stacking was 599 ml (range -140 to 2,916 ml) above Vt . The average number of stacked breaths was 4.5 (range 0-17). VE increased on average by 18% after stacking (P < 0.05, paired t-test). Oxygen saturation did not change after stacking. Four of the 23 children did not breath stack. Compared to IBS, VBS achieved similar volumes in the six subjects with DMD but SBS was more successful in those with greatest muscle weakness. IBS may achieve breath volumes of approximately three times Vt and may be particularly useful in non-cooperative subjects with milder degrees of respiratory muscle weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Jenkins
- Department of Physiotherapy Services, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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26
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Ramirez JM. The integrative role of the sigh in psychology, physiology, pathology, and neurobiology. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 209:91-129. [PMID: 24746045 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63274-6.00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
"Sighs, tears, grief, distress" expresses Johann Sebastian Bach in a musical example for the relationship between sighs and deep emotions. This review explores the neurobiological basis of the sigh and its relationship with psychology, physiology, and pathology. Sighs monitor changes in brain states, induce arousal, and reset breathing variability. These behavioral roles homeostatically regulate breathing stability under physiological and pathological conditions. Sighs evoked in hypoxia evoke arousal and thereby become critical for survival. Hypoarousal and failure to sigh have been associated with sudden infant death syndrome. Increased breathing irregularity may provoke excessive sighing and hyperarousal, a behavioral sequence that may play a role in panic disorders. Essential for generating sighs and breathing is the pre-Bötzinger complex. Modulatory and synaptic interactions within this local network and between networks located in the brainstem, cerebellum, cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala, and the periaqueductal gray may govern the relationships between physiology, psychology, and pathology. Unraveling these circuits will lead to a better understanding of how we balance emotions and how emotions become pathological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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27
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Vlemincx E, Van Diest I, Van den Bergh O. Imposing respiratory variability patterns. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2013; 37:153-60. [PMID: 22419514 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-012-9187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To ensure respiratory stability and flexibility, healthy breathing shows balanced variability consisting of considerable correlated variability (parameters of each breath are correlated to parameters of adjoining breaths) and some random variability. Sighing resets this balance when respiration lacks variability or becomes excessively irregular. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of imposed patterns of breathing variability on sighing and self-reported (dis)comfort. Spontaneous breathing was compared to imposed non-variable, correlated and random breathing. Results show that executing imposed breathing is difficult, demanding, and induces tension. Sigh occurrence following spontaneous and imposed breathing patterns could be predicted by self-reported discomfort and increased random variability. However, including non-variable, correlated and random breathing patterns only, the effects of self-reported discomfort on sigh occurrence override the effects of altered breathing variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Vlemincx
- Department of Psychology, Research Group on Health Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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28
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Vlemincx E, Abelson JL, Lehrer PM, Davenport PW, Van Diest I, Van den Bergh O. Respiratory variability and sighing: a psychophysiological reset model. Biol Psychol 2012; 93:24-32. [PMID: 23261937 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Whereas respiratory psychophysiological research has mainly studied respiratory time and volume, variability in these parameters has been largely disregarded, even though it may provide important information about respiratory regulation. The present paper reviews the literature on respiratory variability and elaborates on the importance of assessing various components of respiratory variability when studying the interrelationships between emotions and breathing. A model is proposed that predicts specific action tendencies related to emotions to disturb the balance between various respiratory variability components depending on valence by arousal and control dimensions. The central focus of the paper is sighing. The causes and consequences of sighing are reviewed and integrated in the proposed model in which sighing is hypothesized to function as a resetter in the regulation of both breathing and emotions, because it restores a balance in respiratory variability fractions and causes relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Vlemincx
- Research Group on Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Belgium.
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29
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Yamauchi M, Jacono FJ, Fujita Y, Yoshikawa M, Ohnishi Y, Nakano H, Campanaro CK, Loparo KA, Strohl KP, Kimura H. Breathing irregularity during wakefulness associates with CPAP acceptance in sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 2012; 17:845-52. [PMID: 23080481 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-012-0775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Individuals have different breathing patterns at rest, during wakefulness, and during sleep, and patients with sleep apnea are no different. The hypothesis for this study was that breathing irregularity during wakefulness associates with CPAP acceptance in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS From a 2007-2010-database of patients with a diagnostic polysomnography (PSG) and prescribed CPAP (n = 380), retrospectively, 66 patients who quit CPAP treatment at 6 months were identified. Among them, 27 OSA patients quit despite having no side effects for discontinuing CPAP (Group A) and were compared to a matched group (age, body mass index, and apnea-hypopnea index) with good 6-month CPAP adherence (Group B; n = 21). Five minutes of respiratory signal during wakefulness at the initial PSG were extracted from respiratory inductance plethysmography recordings, and measured in a blinded fashion. The coefficients of variation (CV) for the breath-to-breath inspiration time (T i), expiration time (T e), T i + T e (T tot), and relative tidal volume, as well as an independent information theory-based metric of signal pattern variability (mutual information) were compared between groups. RESULTS The CV for tidal volume was significantly greater (p = 0.001), and mutual information was significantly lower (p = 0.041) in Group A as compared to Group B. CONCLUSIONS Differences in two independent measures of breathing irregularity correlated with CPAP rejection in OSA patients without nasal symptoms or comorbidity. Prospective studies of adherence should examine traits of breathing stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoo Yamauchi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine (Department of Respiratory Medicine), Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
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30
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A sigh following sustained attention and mental stress: effects on respiratory variability. Physiol Behav 2012; 107:1-6. [PMID: 22634279 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Normal breathing consists of considerable correlated variability (parameters of subsequent breaths are correlated) and some random variability. Emotional and attentive states alter normal breathing variability, which can be restored by a sigh. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of mental arithmetic and sustained attention on respiratory variability. In addition, the effect of a spontaneous sigh following both conditions was examined, compared to an instructed sigh and a control maneuver. Mental arithmetic and sustained attention were characterized by decreased correlated and total breathing variability, respectively. A spontaneous sigh restored correlated variability. An instructed sigh restored correlated variability following mental arithmetic, and increased total variability following sustained attention. These results suggest that a spontaneous sigh and an instructed sigh, when physiologically appropriate, restore respiratory variability influenced by stress or attention.
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31
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Wuyts R, Vlemincx E, Bogaerts K, Van Diest I, Van den Bergh O. Sigh rate and respiratory variability during normal breathing and the role of negative affectivity. Int J Psychophysiol 2011; 82:175-9. [PMID: 21872623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous breathing was measured in healthy persons scoring either high (N=45) or low (N=30) on trait negative affectivity (NA), during a 10 min period of quiet sitting using the LifeShirt System®. Sighing and respiratory variability before and after sighs were assessed. Total respiratory variability of minute ventilation was indexed by the coefficient of variation and structured (correlated) variability was quantified by the autocorrelation. Total variability was higher before a sigh than before a non-sigh, without concomitant differences in structured variability, suggesting more random variability before a sigh. After a sigh, correlated variability increased whereas it remained the same after a non-sigh. Thus sighing acted as a resetter of the respiratory system. However, when comparing the low and the high NA group, this pattern was specific for high NA individuals. We conclude that it is important to take into account individual difference variables when studying the psychophysiological functions of sighing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Wuyts
- Research Group on Health Psychology, University of Leuven, Belgium
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32
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Bell HJ, Azubike E, Haouzi P. The "other" respiratory effect of opioids: suppression of spontaneous augmented ("sigh") breaths. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1296-303. [PMID: 21868678 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00335.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a clinically relevant opioid on the production of augmented breaths (ABs) in unanesthetized animals breathing normal room air, using a dosage which does not depress breathing. To do this we monitored breathing noninvasively, in unrestrained animals before and after subcutaneous injection of either morphine, or a saline control. The effect of ketamine/xylazine was also studied to determine the potential effect of an alternative sedative agent. Last, the effect of naloxone was studied to determine the potential influence of endogenous opioids in regulating the normal incidence of ABs. Morphine (5 mg/kg) had no depressive effect on breathing, but completely eliminated ABs in all animals in room air (P = 0.027). However, when animals breathed hypoxic air (10% O(2)), animals did express ABs, although their incidence was still reduced by morphine (P < 0.001). This was not a result of sedation per se, as ABs continued at their normal rate in room air during sedation with ketamine. Naloxone had no effect on breathing or AB production, and so endogenous opioids are not likely involved in regulating their rate of production under normal conditions. Our results show that in unanesthetized animals breathing normal room air, a clinically relevant opioid eliminates ABs, even at a dose that does not cause respiratory depression. Despite this, hypoxia-induced stimulation of breathing can facilitate the production of ABs even with the systemic opioid present, indicating that peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation provides a potential means of overcoming the opioid-induced suppression of these respiratory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold J Bell
- Div. of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA.
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33
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Koch H, Garcia AJ, Ramirez JM. Network reconfiguration and neuronal plasticity in rhythm-generating networks. Integr Comp Biol 2011; 51:856-68. [PMID: 21856733 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icr099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal networks are highly plastic and reconfigure in a state-dependent manner. The plasticity at the network level emerges through multiple intrinsic and synaptic membrane properties that imbue neurons and their interactions with numerous nonlinear properties. These properties are continuously regulated by neuromodulators and homeostatic mechanisms that are critical to maintain not only network stability and also adapt networks in a short- and long-term manner to changes in behavioral, developmental, metabolic, and environmental conditions. This review provides concrete examples from neuronal networks in invertebrates and vertebrates, and illustrates that the concepts and rules that govern neuronal networks and behaviors are universal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henner Koch
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Street, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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34
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Robbins ML, Mehl MR, Holleran SE, Kasle S. Naturalistically observed sighing and depression in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a preliminary study. Health Psychol 2011; 30:129-33. [PMID: 21299301 DOI: 10.1037/a0021558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study tested the degree to which naturalistically observed sighing in daily life is a behavioral indicator of depression and reported physical symptoms (i.e., experienced pain and flare days) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. DESIGN Thirteen RA patients wore the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR), an observational ambulatory assessment tool, for two weekends (Friday through Sunday) approximately one month apart. The EAR periodically recorded snippets of ambient sounds from participants' momentary environments (50 s every 18 min). Sighs were coded from the sampled ambient sounds. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Depression was assessed with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. Pain during the past month was assessed with a 10-cm visual-analog scale, and number of flare days during the prior 6 months was reported. RESULTS Sighing was significantly and strongly related to patients' levels of depression and nonsignificantly and less strongly related to their reported pain and number of flare days. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that sighing can serve as an observable marker of depression in RA patients. Because the sample size was small, the findings should be considered preliminary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Robbins
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85721-0068, USA.
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35
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Vlemincx E, Taelman J, De Peuter S, Van Diest I, Van den Bergh O. Sigh rate and respiratory variability during mental load and sustained attention. Psychophysiology 2011; 48:117-20. [PMID: 20536901 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous breathing consists of substantial correlated variability: Parameters characterizing a breath are correlated with parameters characterizing previous and future breaths. On the basis of dynamic system theory, negative emotion states are predicted to reduce correlated variability whereas sustained attention is expected to reduce total respiratory variability. Both are predicted to evoke sighing. To test this, respiratory variability and sighing were assessed during a baseline, stressful mental arithmetic task, nonstressful sustained attention task, and recovery in between tasks. For respiration rate (excluding sighs), reduced total variability was found during the attention task, whereas correlated variation was reduced during mental load. Sigh rate increased during mental load and during recovery from the attention task. It is concluded that mental load and task-related attention show specific patterns in respiratory variability and sigh rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Vlemincx
- Research Group on Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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36
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Vlemincx E, Taelman J, Van Diest I, Van den Bergh O. Take a deep breath: the relief effect of spontaneous and instructed sighs. Physiol Behav 2010; 101:67-73. [PMID: 20417649 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous sighing is related to subjective relief of negative emotional states. Whether this also applies to instructed sighing is not known. The present study aimed to investigate sEMG and respiratory variability (1) during recovery from mental stress with and without an instructed sigh; (2) before and after spontaneous sighs throughout the experiment. A spontaneous sigh was preceded by increasing sEMG and increasing random respiratory variability, and followed by decreasing sEMG and increased structured correlated respiratory variability. Following an instructed sigh, a smaller reduction in sEMG and an increase in random respiratory variability during recovery from mental stress were observed. Thus, a spontaneous sigh seemed to induce relief. An instructed sigh appeared to inhibit recovery from mental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Vlemincx
- Research Group on Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Belgium.
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37
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Kreibig SD. Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: a review. Biol Psychol 2010; 84:394-421. [PMID: 20371374 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1202] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity is viewed as a major component of the emotion response in many recent theories of emotion. Positions on the degree of specificity of ANS activation in emotion, however, greatly diverge, ranging from undifferentiated arousal, over acknowledgment of strong response idiosyncrasies, to highly specific predictions of autonomic response patterns for certain emotions. A review of 134 publications that report experimental investigations of emotional effects on peripheral physiological responding in healthy individuals suggests considerable ANS response specificity in emotion when considering subtypes of distinct emotions. The importance of sound terminology of investigated affective states as well as of choice of physiological measures in assessing ANS reactivity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia D Kreibig
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva and Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, Geneva, Switzerland.
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38
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Vlemincx E, Van Diest I, Lehrer PM, Aubert AE, Van den Bergh O. Respiratory variability preceding and following sighs: a resetter hypothesis. Biol Psychol 2009; 84:82-7. [PMID: 19744538 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory behavior is characterized by complex variability with structured and random components. Assuming that both a lack of variability and too much randomness represent suboptimal breathing regulation, we hypothesized that sighing acts as a resetter inducing structured variability. Spontaneous breathing was measured in healthy persons (N=42) during a 20min period of quiet sitting using the LifeShirt(®) System. Four blocks of 10 breaths with a 50% window overlap were determined before and after spontaneous sighs. Total respiratory variability of minute ventilation was measured using the coefficient of variation and structured (correlated) variability was quantified using autocorrelation. Towards a sigh, total variability gradually increased without concomittant changes in correlated variability, suggesting that randomness increased. After a sigh, correlated variability increased. No changes in variability were found in comparable epochs without intermediate sighs. We conclude that a sigh resets structured respiratory variability, enhancing information processing in the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Vlemincx
- Research Group on Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Leuven, Belgium
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