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Quétard B, Spatola N, Parris BA, Ferrand L, Augustinova M. A mouse-tracking study of the composite nature of the Stroop effect at the level of response execution. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279036. [PMID: 36656875 PMCID: PMC9851562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
By forcing selection into response execution processes, the present mouse-tracking study investigated whether the ongoing process of response selection in the colour-word Stroop task is influenced by conflict and facilitation at both the level of response and stimulus. Mouse-tracking measures including partial errors provided credible evidence that both response and semantic conflict (i.e., distinct constituents of interference) contribute to the overall Stroop interference effect even after a response has been initiated. This contribution was also observed for the overall facilitation effect (that was credibly decomposed into response and semantic components in response times but not in mouse deviation measures). These results run counter to the dominant single-stage response competition models that currently fail to explain: 1) the expression of Stroop effects in measures of response execution and; 2) the composite nature of both interference and facilitation. By showing that Stroop effects-originating from multiple levels of processing-can cascade into movement parameters, the present study revealed the potential overlap between selection and execution process. It therefore calls for further theoretical efforts to account for when, where and under what conditions Stroop effects originating from different loci are controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Quétard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Department of Brain and Cognition, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Spatola
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Artimon Perspectives, Paris, France
| | | | - Ludovic Ferrand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Faro HKC, Machado DGDS, Bortolotti H, do Nascimento PHD, Moioli RC, Elsangedy HM, Fontes EB. Influence of Judo Experience on Neuroelectric Activity During a Selective Attention Task. Front Psychol 2020; 10:2838. [PMID: 31993002 PMCID: PMC6964796 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We compared the cognitive performance and neuroelectric responses during a selective attentional task in judo athletes with different levels of expertise. METHODS Judo black and white belt athletes performed both general and specific fitness tests while simultaneously completing a Stroop color-word test recorded by 64 electroencephalogram channels. RESULTS Cognitive behavioral performance and event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) present no differences between groups. However, the topographic analysis found different neural source patterns in each group. Judo black belts compared to judo white belts presented a greater peak amplitude of P300 in the middle frontal gyrus and of N200 in the cuneus, but slower latency of P300 in the precuneus. CONCLUSION Despite no difference in cognitive behavioral performance, judo expertise causes a difference in the allocation of attentional and conflict detection neural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloiana Karoliny Campos Faro
- Department of Physical Education, NEUROex – Research Group in Physical Activity, Cognition and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Henrique Bortolotti
- Department of Physical Education, NEUROex – Research Group in Physical Activity, Cognition and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Duarte do Nascimento
- Department of Physical Education, NEUROex – Research Group in Physical Activity, Cognition and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Renan Cipriano Moioli
- Graduate Program in Neuroengineering, Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience, Santos Dumont Institute, Macaíba, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Digital Metropolis Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Hassan Mohamed Elsangedy
- Department of Physical Education, NEUROex – Research Group in Physical Activity, Cognition and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bodnariuc Fontes
- Department of Physical Education, NEUROex – Research Group in Physical Activity, Cognition and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Itthipuripat S, Deering S, Serences JT. When Conflict Cannot be Avoided: Relative Contributions of Early Selection and Frontal Executive Control in Mitigating Stroop Conflict. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:5037-5048. [PMID: 30877786 PMCID: PMC6918928 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
When viewing familiar stimuli (e.g., common words), processing is highly automatized such that it can interfere with the processing of incompatible sensory information. At least two mechanisms may help mitigate this interference. Early selection accounts posit that attentional processes filter out distracting sensory information to avoid conflict. Alternatively, late selection accounts hold that all sensory inputs receive full semantic analysis and that frontal executive mechanisms are recruited to resolve conflict. To test how these mechanisms operate to overcome conflict induced by highly automatized processing, we developed a novel version of the color-word Stroop task, where targets and distractors were simultaneously flickered at different frequencies. We measured the quality of early sensory processing by assessing the amplitude of steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs) elicited by targets and distractors. We also indexed frontal executive processes by assessing changes in frontal theta oscillations induced by color-word incongruency. We found that target- and distractor-related SSVEPs were not modulated by changes in the level of conflict whereas frontal theta activity increased on high compared to low conflict trials. These results suggest that frontal executive processes play a more dominant role in mitigating cognitive interference driven by the automatic tendency to process highly familiar stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirawaj Itthipuripat
- Department of Psychology and Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Learning Institute and Futuristic Research in Enigmatic Aesthetics Knowledge Laboratory, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sean Deering
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Health Services Research and Development, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John T Serences
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Kavli Foundation for the Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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The Stroop-matching task as a tool to study the correspondence effect using images of graspable and non-graspable objects. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 84:1815-1828. [PMID: 31030272 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The Stroop-matching task is a variation of the Stroop task in which participants have to compare a Stroop stimulus attribute (color or word) to a second stimulus. The Stroop-matching response conflict (SMRC) represents an interference related to the processes involved in selection/execution of manual responses. In the present study, we developed a variation of the Stroop-matching task in which the Stroop stimuli were matched to graspable objects (a cup) with intact or broken handles laterally oriented (Experiment 1) or to colored bars laterally presented (Experiment 2). It allowed testing the presence of the correspondence effect for lateralized handles and bars and its possible influence on SMRC. Two different intervals (100 and 800 ms) were also included to investigate time modulations in behavioral performance (reaction time and accuracy). Fifty-five volunteers participated in the study. In both experiments, significant SMRC was found, but no interaction occurred between SMRC and correspondence effect, supporting that the hypothesis of different and relatively independent psychological mechanisms is at the basis of each effect. Because significant facilitation for ipsilateral motor responses (correspondence effect) occurred for graspable objects but not for lateralized bars, the attentional shift/spatial-coding view was not able to completely explain our data, and therefore, the grasping affordance hypothesis remained as the most plausible explanation. The time course of facilitation observed in the first experiment and by others indicates the importance of further studies to better understand the time dynamic of facilitation/inhibition of motor responses induced by graspable objects.
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Bueno MEB, do Nascimento Neto LI, Terra MB, Barboza NM, Okano AH, Smaili SM. Effectiveness of acute transcranial direct current stimulation on non-motor and motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2018; 696:46-51. [PMID: 30553865 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an appropriate treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). It offers promising results and is known to improve symptoms. Nevertheless, consistent parameters need to be established for research purposes. OBJECTIVE To verify the effectiveness of acute tDCS on non-motor and motor symptoms in PD. METHODS A double-blind, randomized and sham-controlled study, in which twenty individuals randomly underwent two (one real, one sham) stimulation sessions. The current was applied to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for 20 min at 2 mA. Participants were assessed before and after the stimulation using the Trail Making Test (TMT), Verbal Fluency test, Stroop test, Timed Up and Go test and video gait analysis. In the statistical analysis, a two-way variance analysis of repeated measures was applied to the variables time, group and time vs. group interaction, using Sidak's post-hoc test. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were found for TMT part B in both groups. For the Verbal Fluency test differences were found only within the group that received real stimulation. Additionally, both groups revealed improved reaction time in the congruent, incongruent and total phases of the Stroop test, but a significant difference in the Stroop effect was found only within the group that received real stimulation. CONCLUSION The results confirm that improvements on cognitive tests are possible after a single session of DLPFC stimulation.
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Portugal ACA, Afonso AS, Caldas AL, Maturana W, Mocaiber I, Machado-Pinheiro W. Inhibitory mechanisms involved in Stroop-matching and stop-signal tasks and the role of impulsivity. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018; 191:234-243. [PMID: 30343096 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroop-like and stop-signal tasks are commonly used to evaluate "inhibition", a multifaceted concept fundamental to better understanding of executive functions. Both tasks demand inhibitory processes for their execution; the first requires inhibition of an irrelevant attribute, while the second involves the inhibition of a prepotent motor response. Impulsivity and decision-making represent two other factors that could be associated to executive control and to inhibitory dyscontrol. In this study we developed a behavioral protocol combining the Stroop-matching (a variation of the classic Stroop task) and the stop-signal tasks to investigate possible interactions between the inhibitory mechanisms involved in both tasks. Moreover, we searched for associations between behavioral performance of healthy participants, and self-reported impulsivity and decision-making processes assessed by the BIS-11 scale and IGT, respectively. Our results showed that the primary-task reaction time in the Stroop-matching task influenced the ability to inhibit motor responses in the stop-signal task. Moreover, impulsiveness scores (but not decision-making) were associated to behavioral performance. Importantly, motor and attentional impulsiveness correlated differently to performance depending on the existence of stop-signal trials in the task. Our protocol revealed promising findings concerning the interaction between different inhibitory processes and their association with impulsivity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ariane L Caldas
- Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; South of Bahia Faculty, Brazil
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Two distinct patterns of interference in between-attribute Stroop matching tasks. Atten Percept Psychophys 2016; 79:563-581. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-016-1253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Fan L, Xu Q, Wang X, Zhang F, Yang Y, Liu X. Neural Correlates of Task-Irrelevant First and Second Language Emotion Words - Evidence from the Emotional Face-Word Stroop Task. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1672. [PMID: 27847485 PMCID: PMC5088204 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotionally valenced words have thus far not been empirically examined in a bilingual population with the emotional face-word Stroop paradigm. Chinese-English bilinguals were asked to identify the facial expressions of emotion with their first (L1) or second (L2) language task-irrelevant emotion words superimposed on the face pictures. We attempted to examine how the emotional content of words modulated behavioral performance and cerebral functioning in the bilinguals' two languages. The results indicated that there were significant congruency effects for both L1 and L2 emotion words, and that identifiable differences in the magnitude of the Stroop effect between the two languages were also observed, suggesting L1 is more capable of activating the emotional response to word stimuli. For event-related potentials data, an N350-550 effect was observed only in the L1 task with greater negativity for incongruent than congruent trials. The size of the N350-550 effect differed across languages, whereas no identifiable language distinction was observed in the effect of conflict slow potential (conflict SP). Finally, more pronounced negative amplitude at 230-330 ms was observed in L1 than in L2, but only for incongruent trials. This negativity, likened to an orthographic decoding N250, may reflect the extent of attention to emotion word processing at word-form level, while the N350-550 reflects a complicated set of processes in the conflict processing. Overall, the face-word congruency effect has reflected identifiable language distinction at 230-330 and 350-550 ms, which provides supporting evidence for the theoretical proposals assuming attenuated emotionality of L2 processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fan
- National Research Centre for Foreign Language Education, Beijing Foreign Studies UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo UniversityNingbo, China
| | - Xiaoxi Wang
- College of Foreign Language and Literature, Ningbo UniversityNingbo, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo UniversityNingbo, China
| | - Yaping Yang
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo UniversityNingbo, China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- School of English Studies, Tianjin Foreign Studies UniversityTianjin, China
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Wright BC. What Stroop tasks can tell us about selective attention from childhood to adulthood. Br J Psychol 2016; 108:583-607. [PMID: 27786354 PMCID: PMC5516206 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A rich body of research concerns causes of Stroop effects plus applications of Stroop. However, several questions remain. We included assessment of errors with children and adults (N = 316), who sat either a task wherein each block employed only trials of one type (unmixed task) or where every block comprised of a mix of the congruent, neutral, and incongruent trials. Children responded slower than adults and made more errors on each task. Contrary to some previous studies, interference (the difference between neutral and incongruent condition) showed no reaction time (RT) differences by group or task, although there were differences in errors. By contrast, facilitation (the difference between neutral and congruent condition) was greater in children than adults, and greater on the unmixed task than the mixed task. After considering a number of theoretical accounts, we settle on the inadvertent word‐reading hypothesis, whereby facilitation stems from children and the unmixed task promoting inadvertent reading particularly in the congruent condition. Stability of interference RT is explained by fixed semantic differences between neutral and incongruent conditions, for children versus adults and for unmixed versus mixed task. We conclude that utilizing two tasks together may reveal more about how attention is affected in other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barlow C Wright
- Division of Psychology, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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10
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Donohue SE, Appelbaum LG, McKay CC, Woldorff MG. The neural dynamics of stimulus and response conflict processing as a function of response complexity and task demands. Neuropsychologia 2016; 84:14-28. [PMID: 26827917 PMCID: PMC4808442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Both stimulus and response conflict can disrupt behavior by slowing response times and decreasing accuracy. Although several neural activations have been associated with conflict processing, it is unclear how specific any of these are to the type of stimulus conflict or the amount of response conflict. Here, we recorded electrical brain activity, while manipulating the type of stimulus conflict in the task (spatial [Flanker] versus semantic [Stroop]) and the amount of response conflict (two versus four response choices). Behaviorally, responses were slower to incongruent versus congruent stimuli across all task and response types, along with overall slowing for higher response-mapping complexity. The earliest incongruency-related neural effect was a short-duration frontally-distributed negativity at ~200 ms that was only present in the Flanker spatial-conflict task. At longer latencies, the classic fronto-central incongruency-related negativity 'N(inc)' was observed for all conditions, but was larger and ~100 ms longer in duration with more response options. Further, the onset of the motor-related lateralized readiness potential (LRP) was earlier for the two vs. four response sets, indicating that smaller response sets enabled faster motor-response preparation. The late positive complex (LPC) was present in all conditions except the two-response Stroop task, suggesting this late conflict-related activity is not specifically related to task type or response-mapping complexity. Importantly, across tasks and conditions, the LRP onset at or before the conflict-related N(inc), indicating that motor preparation is a rapid, automatic process that interacts with the conflict-detection processes after it has begun. Together, these data highlight how different conflict-related processes operate in parallel and depend on both the cognitive demands of the task and the number of response options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Donohue
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Lawrence G Appelbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cameron C McKay
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marty G Woldorff
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Linzarini A, Houdé O, Borst G. When Stroop helps Piaget: An inter-task positive priming paradigm in 9-year-old children. J Exp Child Psychol 2015; 139:71-82. [PMID: 26086072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether inhibitory control is domain general or domain specific in school children, we asked 40 9-year-old children to perform an inter-task priming paradigm in which they responded to Stroop items on the primes and to Piaget number conservation items on the probes. The children were more efficient in the inhibition of a misleading "length-equals-number" heuristic in the number conservation task if they had successfully inhibited a previous prepotent reading response in the Stroop task. This study provides evidence that the inhibitory control ability of school children generalizes to distinct cognitive domains, that is, verbal for the Stroop task and logico-mathematical for Piaget's number conservation task.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Linzarini
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education (LaPsyDÉ), CNRS Unit 8240, 75005 Paris, France; Institut de Psychologie, University Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France; University of Caen Basse-Normandie, 14032 Caen, France
| | - O Houdé
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education (LaPsyDÉ), CNRS Unit 8240, 75005 Paris, France; Institut de Psychologie, University Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France; University of Caen Basse-Normandie, 14032 Caen, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - G Borst
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education (LaPsyDÉ), CNRS Unit 8240, 75005 Paris, France; Institut de Psychologie, University Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France; University of Caen Basse-Normandie, 14032 Caen, France.
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Zhao J, Liang WK, Juan CH, Wang L, Wang S, Zhu Z. Dissociated stimulus and response conflict effect in the Stroop task: Evidence from evoked brain potentials and brain oscillations. Biol Psychol 2015; 104:130-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Caldas A, David I, Portes P, Portuga A, Pinheiro W. Order of Stimulus Presentation Modulates Interference in Stroop Matching Tasks: A Reaction Time Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.15348/1980-6906/psicologia.v16n3p143-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Li G, Wang S, Duan Y, Zhu Z. Perceptual conflict-induced late positive complex in a modified Stroop task. Neurosci Lett 2013; 542:76-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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