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Aksoy AN, Sarikas GT, Gozgec EG. The effect of copper intrauterine device use duration on uterine and ovarian blood flow parameters: A prospective cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2021; 49:124-128. [PMID: 33269484 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This prospective cross-sectional study aimed to compare uterine and ovarian arterial Doppler signals in regularly menstruating patients who had been using copper intrauterine devices (IUD) for different durations. METHODS Four groups of participants were formed (n = 30 for each) depending on the duration of copper IUD use: less than 1 year (group 1), 1 to 3 years (group 2), and over 3 years (group 3). Women without IUDs formed the control group. All participants were called in on the fifth-eighth days of their menstrual cycle for Doppler blood flow assessment. The pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) values were recorded in uterine and ovarian arteries. RESULTS The groups 2 and 3 had significantly higher uterine artery PI and RI values than groups 1 and 4. Furthermore, group 2 had uterine and ovarian artery PI and RI values similar to those of group 3. There was a positive relationship between uterine and ovarian arteries' PI and RI values with the duration of IUD use. CONCLUSIONS The presence of an IUD for over a year seems to cause changes in the uterine artery PI and RI values assessed by Doppler ultrasonography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Nur Aksoy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Health Sciences, Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Tanas Sarikas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nenehatun Maternity Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Elif Guven Gozgec
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Salinas A, Merino PM, Giraudo F, Codner E. Long-acting contraception in adolescents and young women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2020; 21:1074-1082. [PMID: 32562346 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent pregnancy is a major public health problem worldwide. Adolescents living with diabetes are not aware of the risks of unplanned pregnancy and the high rate of fetal and maternal complications when gestation occurs in women with significant hyperglycemia. These data highlight the significance of pregnancy prevention in young women with diabetes. Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs), which include subdermal progestin implants and hormonal and nonhormonal intrauterine devices (IUDs), have been recommended by the American College of Obstetricians Gynecologists and the American Academy of Pediatrics as a first-line contraceptive option for adolescents and young women. This article reviews LARC options for adolescents and young women with type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes as well as the possible complications and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abril Salinas
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Chilean Institute of Reproductive Medicine ICMER, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina M Merino
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Franco Giraudo
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Juvenile Diabetes Foundation of Chile FDJ, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ethel Codner
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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3
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Elkhateeb RR, Kishk E, Sanad A, Bahaa H, Hagazy AR, Shaheen K, Moustafa E, Fares H, Gomaa K, Mahran A. The acceptability of using IUDs among Egyptian nulliparous women: a cross-sectional study. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2020; 20:117. [PMID: 32503576 PMCID: PMC7275565 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-020-00977-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Although intrauterine contraceptive device is highly effective, safe, long term and reversible method of contraception, the general population and physicians refuse. IUDs for nulliparous women due to persistent rumors about its side effects and complications. The aim of this study was to assess the acceptability of IUD use in nulliparous women by both women and health care providers in Egypt. Methods Five hundred thirty nulliparous women and 200 physicians were interviewed in 10 family planning clinics in Suez and Minia cities – Egypt. The knowledge and attitudes of women and health care providers towards IUD use in nulliparous women were assessed through a well designed questionnaire over 2 years. Those women who accepted using IUD were then followed up for 6 months. Results Most of nulliparous women sought for contraception reported a negative impression of IUD method (96.2%). 82.5% of physicians had the same attitude. The reasons for refusing IUD among nulliparous women are fear of side effects including infection (52.8%), and bleeding (37.7%).Also, fear of subsequent infertility 51.9% of women. Regarding the providers, increased pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) represented the highest percentage (70%) for non acceptability, followed by difficult insertion (52.5%). Ninety women who accepted use IUD were followed up 6 months later, 94.4% were still using the method and77.8% were happy with the results. Conclusion The main barriers that hinder the use of IUD in nulliparous women are the women insufficient knowledge and attitude of their physicians. Good client counseling. Good training for physician to improve their experience would help increase the use of such effective and safe method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Refaat Elkhateeb
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of medicine Minia University, Maternity Hospital Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
| | - Eman Kishk
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Suez Canal University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Sanad
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Haitham Bahaa
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Abdel Rahman Hagazy
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Kareem Shaheen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Enas Moustafa
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Hahem Fares
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Khalid Gomaa
- Obstetrics and Gynecology at Maternity Hospital, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Mahran
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Dinehart E, Lathi RB, Aghajanova L. Levonorgestrel IUD: is there a long-lasting effect on return to fertility? J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 37:45-52. [PMID: 31709489 PMCID: PMC7000571 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-019-01624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are effective and safe long-acting reversible contraceptive methods for preventing unplanned pregnancies. While extensive studies were conducted to evaluate return to fertility after removal of IUDs, majority of them were focused on multiparous women using copper IUDs. Current trends indicate increased use of levonorgestrel (LNG) IUDs in nulliparous women for very long periods of time, with both nulliparity and long duration of LNG-IUD use being potentially associated with trends towards longer time to conception post removal. Understanding the effects that LNG-IUDs may have on endometrial morphology and gene expression has important implications to further understanding their mechanism of action. Studies examining endometrial gene expression show persistent changes in receptivity markers up to 1 year after removal of an inert IUD, and no similar studies have been performed after removal of LNG-IUDs. Given the current gap in the literature and trends in LNG-IUD use in nulliparous young women, studies are needed that specifically look at the interaction of nulliparity, long-term use of LNG-IUD, and return to normal fertility. Herein, we review the available literature on the mechanism of action of IUDs with a specific focus on the effect on endometrial gene expression profile changes associated with IUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Dinehart
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ruth B Lathi
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lusine Aghajanova
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Foran T, Butcher BE, Kovacs G, Bateson D, O’Connor V. Safety of insertion of the copper IUD and LNG-IUS in nulliparous women: a systematic review. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2018; 23:379-386. [DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2018.1526898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Therese Foran
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Belinda E. Butcher
- Biostatistics and Medical Writing, WriteSource Medical Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gab Kovacs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Deborah Bateson
- Family Planning NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Neonatology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivienne O’Connor
- Mater Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Girum T, Wasie A. Return of fertility after discontinuation of contraception: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Contracept Reprod Med 2018; 3:9. [PMID: 30062044 PMCID: PMC6055351 DOI: 10.1186/s40834-018-0064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Along with increasing availability and utilization of contraception, It is also important to confirm that the effects of contraception use on resumption of fertility after discontinuation However currently evidences on resumption of fertility after contraception use are inconclusive and practically fertility after termination of contraception remains a big concern for women who are using contraception. This fear poses a negative impact on utilization and continuation of contraception. Therefore, Estimating the rate of pregnancy resumption after contraceptive use from the available reports and identifying the associating factors are important for designing a strategy to overcome the problem. METHODS The review was conducted through a systematic literature search of articles published between 1985 and 2017. Five bibliographic databases and libraries: PubMed/Medline, Global Health Database, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and African Index Medicus were used. After cleaning and sorting, analysis was performed using STATA version 11. The pooled rate of conception was estimated with a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed by the I2 and publication bias through funnel plot. RESULTS Twenty two studies that enrolled a total of 14,884 women who discontinued contraception were retained for final analysis. The pooled rate of pregnancy was 83.1% (95% CI = 78.2-88%) within the first 12 months of contraceptive discontinuation. It was not significantly different for hormonal methods and IUD users. Similarly the type of progesterone in specific contraception option and duration of oral-contraceptive use do not significantly influence the return of fertility following cessation of contraception. However the effect of parity in the resumption of pregnancy following cessation of contraception was inconclusive. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Contraceptive use regardless of its duration and type does not have a negative effect on the ability of women to conceive following termination of use and it doesn't significantly delay fertility. Therefore, appropriate counseling is important to assure the women to use the methods as to their interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadele Girum
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite City, Ethiopia
| | - Abebaw Wasie
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite City, Ethiopia
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Stoddard AM, Xu H, Madden T, Allsworth JE, Peipert JF. Fertility after intrauterine device removal: a pilot study. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2015; 20:223-30. [PMID: 25751567 DOI: 10.3109/13625187.2015.1010639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite high efficacy, only 7.7% of women in the United States currently using contraception use an IUD. There is little published contemporary data about fertility rates after IUD use, especially in nulliparous women and women using the hormonal IUD. STUDY DESIGN We recruited sexually active women 18 to 35 years of age enrolled in the Contraceptive CHOICE Project who had discontinued a contraceptive method and desired pregnancy. RESULTS In this pilot project, we enrolled 69 former IUD users (19 copper and 50 levonorgestrel) and 42 former non-IUD users. Pregnancy rates at 12 months were similar between the two groups; 81% of IUD users became pregnant compared to 70% of non-IUD users (p = 0.18). In the Cox model, there was no difference in the time to pregnancy in IUD users compared to non-IUD users (HRadj 1.19, 95% CI 0.74-1.92). African American race was the only variable associated with reduced fertility (HRadj 0.40, 95% CI 0.24-0.67). CONCLUSIONS We found no difference in 12-month pregnancy rates or time to pregnancy between former IUD users and users of other contraceptive methods. However, there was a clinically and statistically significant reduction in fertility in African American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Stoddard
- * Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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Scholes D, Hubbard RA, Ichikawa LE, LaCroix AZ, Spangler L, Beasley JM, Reed S, Ott SM. Oral contraceptive use and bone density change in adolescent and young adult women: a prospective study of age, hormone dose, and discontinuation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E1380-7. [PMID: 21752879 PMCID: PMC3167673 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Oral contraceptive (OC) use is common, but bone changes associated with use of contemporary OC remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to compare bone mineral density (BMD) change in adolescent and young adult OC users and discontinuers of two estrogen doses, relative to nonusers. DESIGN AND SETTING This was a prospective cohort study, Group Health Cooperative. PARTICIPANTS Participants included 606 women aged 14-30 yr (50% adolescents aged 14-18 yr): 389 OC users [62% 30-35 μg ethinyl estradiol (EE)] and 217 age-similar nonusers; there were 172 OC discontinuers. The 24-month retention was 78%. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The main outcome measure was BMD measured at 6-month intervals for 24-36 months. RESULTS After 24 months, adolescents using 30-35 μg EE OCs, but not those using lower-dose OCs, had significantly smaller adjusted mean percentage BMD gains than nonusers at the spine [group means (95% confidence interval for between group differences) 1.32 vs. 2.26% (-1.89, -0.13%)] and whole body [1.45 vs. 2.03% (-1.29%, -0.13%)]. Adolescents who discontinued 30-35 μg EE OC showed significantly smaller gains than nonusers at the spine after 12 months [0.51 vs. 1.72% (-2.38%, -0.30%)]. Young adult OC users did not differ from nonusers. However, OC discontinuers of both doses differed significantly from nonusers at the spine 12 months after discontinuation [-1.32% < 30 μg EE, -0.92% 30-35 μg EE vs. +0.27% nonusers (-2.48, -0.54, and -1.94%, -0.55%, respectively)]. Results were similar for mean absolute BMD change (grams per square centimeter). CONCLUSIONS Both OC use and discontinuation were associated with BMD losses/smaller gains relative to nonusers (differences < 2% after 12-24 months for all skeletal sites). The clinical significance of these results regarding future fracture risk is unknown. Study of longer-term trends after discontinuation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Scholes
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, 1730 Minor Avenue, 16th Floor, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.
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Kancheva Landolt NT, Lakhonphon S, Ananworanich J. Contraception in HIV-positive female adolescents. AIDS Res Ther 2011; 8:19. [PMID: 21631913 PMCID: PMC3123169 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-8-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual behavior of HIV-positive youths, whether infected perinatally, through risky behavior or other ways, is not substantially different from that of HIV-uninfected peers. Because of highly active antiretroviral therapy, increasing number of children, infected perinatally, are surviving into adolescence and are becoming sexually active and need reproductive health services. The objective of this article is to review the methods of contraception appropriate for HIV-positive adolescents with a special focus on hormonal contraceptives. Delaying the start of sexual life and the use of two methods thereafter, one of which is the male condom and the other a highly effective contraceptive method such as hormonal contraception or an intrauterine device, is currently the most effective option for those who desire simultaneous protection from both pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Health care providers should be aware of the possible pharmacokinetic interactions between hormonal contraception and antiretrovirals. There is an urgent need for more information regarding metabolic outcomes of hormonal contraceptives, especially the effect of injectable progestins on bone metabolism, in HIV-positive adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia T Kancheva Landolt
- The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration (HIV-NAT) and The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration (HIV-NAT) and The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand
- SEARCH, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kaneshiro B, Aeby T. Long-term safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability of the intrauterine Copper T-380A contraceptive device. Int J Womens Health 2010; 2:211-20. [PMID: 21072313 PMCID: PMC2971735 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s6914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrauterine device (IUD), primarily in the form of the copper IUD, is used by more than 150 million women around the world, making it the most widely used reversible method of contraception. With a remarkably low failure rate of less than 1 per 100 women in the first year of use, the Copper T-380A is in the top tier of contraceptives in terms of efficacy. Risks of utilization include perforation and an increased risk of infection in the first 20 days following insertion. Overall, the number of adverse events is low, making the Copper T-380A a very safe contraceptive method. The most common reasons for the discontinuation of this method are menstrual bleeding and dysmenorrhea. However, cumulative discontinuation rates of Copper T-380A are lower than that have been reported for other methods, indicating that the Copper T-380A is highly acceptable to women. After 5 years, approximately 50% of all women, who have a Copper T-380A inserted, will continue to use this highly effective contraceptive method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bliss Kaneshiro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Tod Aeby
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Xia X, Xie C, Zhu C, Cai S, Yang X. Effect of implanted Cu/low-density polyethylene nanocomposite on the morphology of endometrium in the mouse. Fertil Steril 2007; 88:472-8. [PMID: 17335821 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the damage of endometrium caused by the implanted Cu/low-density polyethylene (LDPE) nanocomposite and the contraceptive effect of this novel copper-containing intrauterine device material. DESIGN Experimental animal study. SETTING TongJi Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. PATIENT(S) Sixty healthy female mice. INTERVENTION(S) Twenty mice received no implants, 20 mice received the Cu/LDPE nanocomposite, and 20 mice received bulk copper. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Morphologic features of the endometrium, contraceptive effect, and surface condition of the implanted implants. RESULT(S) The contraceptive effect of both the Cu/LDPE nanocomposite and bulk copper is 100%, the damage of the endometrium caused by the Cu/LDPE nanocomposite is much less than that caused by bulk copper, and the surface of the implanted Cu/LDPE nanocomposite is much smoother and much softer than that of the implanted bulk copper. CONCLUSION(S) The contraceptive effect of the Cu/LDPE nanocomposite is comparable with that of bulk copper, and the damage of the endometrium caused by the Cu/LDPE nanocomposite is much less than that caused by bulk copper. The endometrium injury is related to the surface condition of the implanted intrauterine device material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianping Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Xia X, Cai S, Hu J, Xie C. Water absorption characteristics of novel Cu/LDPE nanocomposite for use in intrauterine devices. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2006; 79:345-52. [PMID: 16637033 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine devices (IUDs), especially the copper-containing IUDs (Cu-IUDs), are one of the worldwide used forms for birth control, owing to their advantages of long-lasting and high efficacy, economy, safety, and reversibility. However, it is not perfect for the existing Cu-IUDs; some shortcomings related to its side effects have not been overcome yet. For this reason, a new Cu-IUDs material, the copper/low-density polyethylene (Cu/LDPE) nanocomposite, has been developed in our research team. The structure and water uptake characteristics of this new Cu-IUDs material have been investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and gravimetric analysis in this paper. The results of XRD, SEM, EDS, and FT-IR show three important outcomes associated with the structure of the nanocomposite. First, the nanocomposite is hybrid of the polymer and the copper nanoparticles (nano-Cu). Second, porosities, nano-Cu aggregates, and primary alcohol (R--CH(2)--OH) are existed in the nanocomposite. Third, the nano-Cu aggregates are distributed uniformly in the polymer matrix in general. The results of Gravimetric analysis, which associated with the water uptake characteristics of the nanocomposite, exhibit that the water absorption behavior of the nanocomposite obeys the classical diffusion theory very well, the water uptake of the nanocomposite increases with the increasing of the nano-Cu loading, and that the water uptake ability of the nanocomposite with 15.0 wt % nano-Cu (50 nm in diameter) is about 150 times larger than that of the base resin and about 45 times higher than that of the Cu/LDPE microcomposite with 15.0 wt % copper microparticles (5 microm in diameter). These water uptake characteristics are mainly attributed to the structure of the Cu/LDPE composites and the size effect of the nano-Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianping Xia
- Biomaterials Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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FFPRHC Guidance: emergency contraception (April 2003). JOURNAL OF FAMILY PLANNING AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE 2003; 29:9-16. [PMID: 12681030 DOI: 10.1783/147118903101197458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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