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Yang X, Zhang S, Chen K, Shen D, Yang Y, Shen A, Liang J, Xu M, Yang Y, Zhao Y, Li H, Tong X. Hypoxic Preconditioned ADSC Exosomes Enhance Vaginal Wound Healing via Accelerated Keratinocyte Proliferation and Migration Through AKT/HIF‑1α Axis Activation. Cell Mol Bioeng 2024; 17:295-303. [PMID: 39372552 PMCID: PMC11450125 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-024-00814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Accelerating wound healing is a main consideration in surgery. The three stages of wound healing are inflammatory response, tissue repair and cell proliferation. Much research has focused on epidermal cell proliferation and migration because this is an essential step in wound healing. Methods and Results The current study discovered that exosomes from Adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) following hypoxic preconditioning (HExo) have a greater promotional effect on vaginal wound healing. Protein kinase B (AKT)/hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) play an important role in HExo-mediated HaCaT cell migration and proliferation. The promotional effect of HExo on rat wound healing was reversed by both, HIF‑1α and AKT inhibition. Phosphorylation of AKT (p-AKT) or HIF‑1α suppression reversed the protective effect of HExo on vaginal wound healing. Conclusion Taken together, our study found that hypoxic preconditioning of adipose MSC exosomes enhances vaginal wound healing via accelerated keratinocyte proliferation and migration through AKT/HIF‑1α axis activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kewei Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiqun Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Junhua Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengjiao Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaifang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065 People’s Republic of China
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Fang F, Zhao Z, Xiao J, Wen J, Wu J, Miao Y. Current practice in animal models for pelvic floor dysfunction. Int Urogynecol J 2023; 34:797-808. [PMID: 36287229 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-022-05387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS The objective was to explore the current practice of using animal models for female pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD). METHODS By applying PFD and animal models as the keywords, we made a computerized search using PubMed, Ovid-Medline and Ovid-Embase from 2000 to 2022. The publications on the construction and application of animal models for PFD were included, and the results are presented in narrative text. RESULTS Studies on PFD primarily use rodents, large quadrupeds, and nonhuman primates (NHPs). NHPs are closest to humans in anatomy and biomechanics of the pelvic floor, followed by large quadrupeds and rodents. Rodents are more suitable for studying molecular mechanism, histopathology of PFD, and mesh immune rejection. Large quadrupeds are adaptable to the study of pelvic floor biomechanics and the development of new surgical instruments for PFD. NHPs are suitable for studying the occurrence and pathogenesis of pelvic organ prolapse. Among modeling methods, violent destruction of pelvic floor muscles, regulation of hormone levels, and denervation were used to simulate the occurrence of PFD. Gene knockout can be used to study both the pathogenesis of PFD and the efficacy of treatments. Other methods such as abdominal wall defect, vaginal defect, and in vitro organ bath system are more frequently used to observe wound healing after surgery and to verify the efficacy of treatments. CONCLUSIONS The rat is currently the most applicable animal type for numerous modeling methods. Vaginal dilation is the most widely used modeling method for research on the pathogenesis, pathological changes, and treatment of PFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, West China Campus, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jingyue Xiao
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jirui Wen
- Deep Underground Space Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Deep Underground Space Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yali Miao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, West China Campus, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
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Vodegel EV, Kastelein AW, Jansen CHJR, Limpens J, Zwolsman SE, Roovers JPWR, Hooijmans CR, Guler Z. The effects of oestrogen on vaginal wound healing: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurourol Urodyn 2021; 41:115-126. [PMID: 34643282 PMCID: PMC9293291 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aims To determine the effects of oestrogen or oestrogen deprivation on vaginal wound healing. Impaired wound healing following prolapse surgery may increase the risk of recurrent prolapse in the future. Vaginal oestrogen therapy may improve wound healing, hereby possibly improving surgical outcomes. Methods A systematic search of OVID MEDLINE, OVID Embase, and Web of Science was conducted up to January 28, 2020. We included original studies comparing wound healing‐related outcomes of oestrogen exposed subjects (female animals and women) to hypo‐oestrogenic subjects after vaginal surgery. Data on wound healing‐related outcome measures were extracted. For each individual comparison, the standardised mean difference (Hedges' g; SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Results Of the 1474 studies reviewed, 14 studies were included for review, and 11 provided data for meta‐analysis. Oestrogen improves neovascularisation (SMD: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.67–1.60), microscopic wound closure (SMD: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.66–1.29), collagen synthesis (SMD: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.42–1.74), and tissue strength (SMD: 1.26, 95% CI: 0.53–1.99) in animals. Oestrogen increases granulation (SMD: 1.67, 95% CI: 0.54–2.79) and accelerates macroscopic wound closure (SMD: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.22–2.42) in women and animals. Oestrogen decreases the inflammatory response (SMD: −0.58, 95% CI: −1.14 to −0.02) in women and animals and reduces levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 (SMD: −1.68, 95% CI: −2.52 to −0.83) in animals. All results were statistically significant. Conclusions Oestrogen therapy has a positive effect on vaginal wound healing. Future studies should determine whether oestrogen therapy has the potential to improve surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva V Vodegel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC-Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud W Kastelein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC-Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte H J R Jansen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC-Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Limpens
- Department of Research Support, Medical Library, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra E Zwolsman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC-Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Paul W R Roovers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC-Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn R Hooijmans
- Department of Health Evidence, Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Zeliha Guler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC-Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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The importance of developing relevant animal models to assess existing and new materials. Curr Opin Urol 2020; 29:400-406. [PMID: 31008781 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000000625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We summarize the recent literature on the use of different animal models for testing existing and new materials for treatment of pelvic organ prolapse. RECENT FINDINGS A wide spectrum of animal models is being used in urogynecology, both for the study of physiologic and pathophysiologic processes, training in surgical procedures, yet mainly to study the host response to implant materials. The quality of studies is variable, and procedures, read-outs, and reporting are not standardized. This makes comparison very difficult. The research community is experimenting with different knitting patterns, novel polymers, bioactivation, as well as resorbable rather than durable implants. Outcomes of the experiments are dependent on the location of implantation. Lighter polypropylene constructs seem to induce a less vigorous host response than elder heavier products. Modification of the surface yields contradictory findings. Resorbable acellular collagen matrices may be reintroduced as prophylactically inserted support structures. SUMMARY Although animal experimentation with novel candidate implants is advocated, there is a lack of standardization in reporting. The concept of resorbable construct is being revived, as durable materials have caused clinical graft-related complications. Large animal experiments seem to provide interesting and more comprehensive information, yet their use may be contested.
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Khalaf AA, Hassanen EI, Zaki AR, Tohamy AF, Ibrahim MA. Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular studies for determination of wound age and vitality in rats. Int Wound J 2019; 16:1416-1425. [PMID: 31448552 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In forensic medicine, it is vital to verify with the best attainable accuracy once injuries occurred during vital or post-mortem conditions. An immunohistochemical study was carried out to examine the time-dependent expression of macrophage-specific gene CD68 (cluster of differentiation 68), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in different skin wound timings (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days) in rats. Histopathological studies were performed to assess the wound age and vitality. Eighteen male albino Wister rats (weighing 170-200 g) were used for wound induction. Rats (n = 3) were euthanised at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days from the starting point of wound induction. Histopathological examination showed that the epidermal re-epithelialisation was completed 14 days after skin incision. The inflammatory phase was recorded during the first 3 days of healing and reached the maximum levels at 5 days, then declined after 7 days, and completely removed at 14 days. The beginning of the proliferative phase was dated to day 3 and the peak at days 5 and 7. The initiation of the granulation tissue formation and remodelling phase of the healing process was observed 5 days after wounding. By immunohistochemical staining, negative VEGF gene expressions at early stages (0-3 days) were observed, as well as neither CD68+ macrophages nor α-SMA+ myofibroblast cells were detected. By increasing the wound ages (5-7 days), granulation tissue and angiogenesis were observed, with the migration of macrophages and fibroblast, which expressed VEGF, CD68, and α-SMA positive reaction. Time-dependent expression of the above markers suggested that they would be useful indicators for the determination of wound age. Both VEGF and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFb1) mRNA levels were determined in different skin wound ages. The transcription of TGFb1 and VEGF increased shortly after wounding, until post-wounding day 7. It then declined constantly, reaching minimal values on day 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azem A Khalaf
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman I Hassanen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr R Zaki
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Adel F Tohamy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Zhang M, Zhuang B, Du G, Han G, Jin Y. Curcumin solid dispersion-loaded in situ hydrogels for local treatment of injured vaginal bacterial infection and improvement of vaginal wound healing. J Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 71:1044-1054. [PMID: 30887519 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Injured vaginal infection is detrimental to women. A curcumin hydrogel was studied for local treatment of injured vaginal infection. METHODS Curcumin solid dispersions (CSDs) were prepared from polyvinyl pyrrolidone and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and an X-ray diffraction method. An in situ hydrogel CSD hydrogel (CSDG) was prepared with CSD/poloxamers and characterized. In vitro curcumin release and antibacterial effects of CSDs, CSDGs and curcumin were compared. The therapeutic effect of the CSDGs and Lincomycin/Lidocaine Gel was explored after intravaginal administration on the injured rat vaginal infection models. KEY FINDINGS Curcumin was amorphous in CSDs where curcumin rapidly released in simulated vaginal fluids. However, CSDGs showed sustained release. CSDGs quickly formed gels in the vagina. CSDGs showed high in vivo anti-Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus effect though weak in vitro effect. The recovery of vaginal microenvironment and improvement of intravaginal Lactobacillus growth may be the major reason. Furthermore, CSDGs remarkably improved vaginal wound healing by alleviating inflammation and restoring vaginal epidermal tissues compared with the Lincomycin/Lidocaine Gel. CONCLUSION CSDGs are a promising topical formulation for local treatment of vaginal bacterial infection and improvement of vaginal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhuang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Gangjun Du
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Guang Han
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yiguang Jin
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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Rollick NC, Lemmex DB, Ono Y, Reno CR, Hart DA, Lo IK, Thornton GM. Gene-expression changes in knee-joint tissues with aging and menopause: implications for the joint as an organ. Clin Interv Aging 2018. [PMID: 29535510 PMCID: PMC5840269 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s151453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background When considering the “joint as an organ”, the tissues in a joint act as complementary components of an organ, and the “set point” is the cellular activity for homeostasis of the joint tissues. Even in the absence of injury, joint tissues have adaptive responses to processes, like aging and menopause, which result in changes to the set point. Purpose The purpose of this study in a preclinical model was to investigate age-related and menopause-related changes in knee-joint tissues with the hypothesis that tissues will change in unique ways that reflect their differing contributions to maintaining joint function (as measured by joint laxity) and the differing processes of aging and menopause. Methods Rabbit knee-joint tissues from three groups were evaluated: young adult (gene expression, n=8; joint laxity, n=7; water content, n=8), aging adult (gene expression, n=6; joint laxity, n=7; water content, n=5), and menopausal adult (gene expression, n=8; joint laxity, n=7; water content, n=8). Surgical menopause was induced with ovariohysterectomy surgery and gene expression was assessed using reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Aging resulted in changes to 37 of the 150 gene–tissue combinations evaluated, and menopause resulted in changes to 39 of the 150. Despite the similar number of changes, only eleven changes were the same in both aging and menopause. No differences in joint laxity were detected comparing young adult rabbits with aging adult rabbits or with menopausal adult rabbits. Conclusion Aging and menopause affected the gene-expression patterns of the tissues of the knee joint differently, suggesting unique changes to the set point of the knee. Interestingly, aging and menopause did not affect knee-joint laxity, suggesting that joint function was maintained, despite changes in gene expression. Taken together, these findings support the theory of the joint as an organ where the tissues of the joint adapt to maintain joint function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Rollick
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Devin B Lemmex
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yohei Ono
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Carol R Reno
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David A Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ian Ky Lo
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gail M Thornton
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Lemmex DB, Ono Y, Reno CR, Hart DA, Lo IKY, Thornton GM. Increased lubricin/proteoglycan 4 gene expression and decreased modulus in medial collateral ligaments following ovariohysterectomy in the adult rabbit: Evidence consistent with aging. J Biomech 2015; 49:382-7. [PMID: 26776933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether ovariohysterectomy (OVH) surgery to induce menopause resulted in changes to modulus, failure strain and lubricin/proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) gene expression in rabbit medial collateral ligaments (MCLs), similar to aging (Thornton et al., 2015a). The MCLs from adult rabbits that underwent OVH surgery as adolescents (15-week-old) and adults (1-year-old) were compared by evaluating mechanical behaviour (adolescent OVH, n=8; adult OVH, n=7; normal, n=7), gene expression (adolescent OVH, n=9; adult OVH, n=8; normal, n=8), and collagen and glycosaminoglycan (adolescent OVH, n=9; adult OVH, n=8; normal, n=8) and water (adolescent OVH, n=9; adult OVH, n=8; normal, n=8) content. Mechanical behaviour evaluated cyclic, static and total creep strain, and ultimate tensile strength, modulus and failure strain. The RT-qPCR assessed mRNA levels for matrix regulatory genes. Adult OVH MCLs exhibited increased cyclic creep and failure strain, and decreased modulus with increased mRNA levels for lubricin/PRG4 and collagen I compared with normal MCLs. Adolescent OVH MCLs exhibited increased cyclic, static and total creep strain with decreased mRNA levels for the progesterone receptor. Lubricin/PRG4 plays a role in the lubrication of collagen fascicles which is likely related to the decreased modulus and increased failure strain observed in ligaments from adult OVH rabbits. Progesterone and its receptor are thought to play a role in the stretching of ligaments in pelvic organ prolapse and pregnancy which is likely related to the increase in creep strain observed in ligaments from adolescent OVH rabbits. Ovariohysterectomy in adult rabbits resulted in changes that were consistent with the aging MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin B Lemmex
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yohei Ono
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Carol R Reno
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David A Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ian K Y Lo
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gail M Thornton
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Thornton GM, Reno CR, Achari Y, Morck DW, Hart DA. Surgical menopause initiates molecular changes that do not result in mechanical changes in normal and healing ligaments. Bone Joint Res 2015; 4:38-44. [PMID: 25761872 PMCID: PMC4381691 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.43.2000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ligaments which heal spontaneously have a healing process that
is similar to skin wound healing. Menopause impairs skin wound healing
and may likewise impair ligament healing. Our purpose in this study
was to investigate the effect of surgical menopause on ligament
healing in a rabbit medial collateral ligament model. Methods Surgical menopause was induced with ovariohysterectomy surgery
in adult female rabbits. Ligament injury was created by making a
surgical gap in the midsubstance of the medial collateral ligament.
Ligaments were allowed to heal for six or 14 weeks in the presence
or absence of oestrogen before being compared with uninjured ligaments. Molecular
assessment examined the messenger ribonucleic acid levels for collagens,
proteoglycans, proteinases, hormone receptors, growth factors and
inflammatory mediators. Mechanical assessments examined ligament
laxity, total creep strain and failure stress. Results Surgical menopause in normal medial collateral ligaments initiated
molecular changes in all the categories evaluated. In early healing
medial collateral ligaments, surgical menopause resulted in downregulation
of specific collagens, proteinases and inflammatory mediators at
6 weeks of healing, and proteoglycans, growth factors and hormone receptors
at 14 weeks of healing. Surgical menopause did not produce mechanical
changes in normal or early healing medial collateral ligaments.
With or without surgical menopause, healing ligaments exhibited
increased total creep strain and decreased failure stress compared
with uninjured ligaments. Conclusions Surgical menopause did not affect the mechanical properties of
normal or early healing medial collateral ligaments in a rabbit
model. The results in this preclinical model suggest that menopause
may result in no further impairment to the ligament healing process. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2015;4:38–44
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Thornton
- University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - C R Reno
- University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Y Achari
- University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - D W Morck
- University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - D A Hart
- University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
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Zanni PC, Negri M, Salci TP, Bonfim-Mendonça PDS, Kioshima ES, Svidzinski TI, Consolaro ME. Animal models for the effective development of atrophic vaginitis therapies: possibilities and limitations. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:269-81. [PMID: 24397873 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.877883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaginal atrophy (VA) is an inflammation of the vagina that develops when there is a significant decrease in levels of the estrogen. Prolonged periods of hypoestrogenism may induce severe VA and treatment is essential. This is a significant problem which requires more focused attention for the development of existing and future therapies. AREAS COVERED This review evaluates the suitable animal models of VA, including: mice, rodents and non-human primates. It focuses particularly on the possibilities and limitations of these in vivo models for the effective development of VA therapies. EXPERT OPINION Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been prescribed and successfully used for VA. However, some studies have shown that HRT may be linked to an increased risk of breast cancer, coronary heart diseases and others risks. Thus, there is a growing interest in effective and safe alternatives to VA symptoms. There are, however, a number of things that must be considered for future drug discovery efforts. One major consideration is what animal model should be used and whether the model is appropriate for the study aim. Similarly, research studies must also consider the influencing factors on these animal models, so that these models can effectively mimic the actual disease. The authors also highlight the need to standardize research parameters to produce more reliable and reproducible data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Cmd Zanni
- State University of Maringá, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine , Maringá , Brazil
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