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Wang P, Henthorn PS, Galban E, Lin G, Takedai T, Casal M. Canine GM2-Gangliosidosis Sandhoff Disease Associated with a 3-Base Pair Deletion in the HEXB Gene. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:340-347. [PMID: 29106755 PMCID: PMC5787214 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GM2-gangliosidosis is a fatal neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by deficiency of either β-hexosaminidase A (Hex-A) and β-hexosaminidase B (Hex-B) together, or the GM2 activator protein. Clinical signs can be variable and are not pathognomonic for the specific, causal deficiency. OBJECTIVES To characterize the phenotype and genotype of GM2-gangliosidosis disease in an affected dog. ANIMALS One affected Shiba Inu and a clinically healthy dog. METHODS Clinical and neurologic evaluation, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), assays of lysosomal enzyme activities, and sequencing of all coding regions of HEXA, HEXB, and GM2A genes. RESULTS A 14-month-old, female Shiba Inu presented with clinical signs resembling GM2-gangliosidosis in humans and GM1-gangliosidosis in the Shiba Inu. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the dog's brain indicated neurodegenerative disease, and evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) identified storage granules in leukocytes. Lysosomal enzyme assays of plasma and leukocytes showed deficiencies of Hex-A and Hex-B activities in both tissues. Genetic analysis identified a homozygous, 3-base pair deletion in the HEXB gene (c.618-620delCCT). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Clinical, biochemical, and molecular features are characterized in a Shiba Inu with GM2-gangliosidosis. The deletion of 3 adjacent base pairs in HEXB predicts the loss of a leucine residue at amino acid position 207 (p.Leu207del) supporting the hypothesis that GM2-gangliosidosis seen in this dog is the Sandhoff type. Because GM1-gangliosidosis also exists in this breed with almost identical clinical signs, genetic testing for both GM1- and GM2-gangliosidosis should be considered to make a definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wang
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - P S Henthorn
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - E Galban
- Section of Neurology & Neurosurgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - G Lin
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - T Takedai
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M Casal
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Yamato O, Satoh H, Matsuki N, Ono K, Yamasaki M, Maede Y. Laboratory Diagnosis of Canine GM2-Gangliosidosis using Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 16:39-44. [PMID: 14974845 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, laboratory techniques were used to diagnose canine GM2-gangliosidosis using blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that can be collected noninvasively from living individuals. Lysosomal acid β-hexosaminidase (Hex) was measured spectrofluorometrically using 4-methylumbelliferyl N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminide and 4-methylumbelliferyl 7-(6-sulfo-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside) as substrates. Main isoenzymes A and B of Hex in leukocytes were also analyzed using cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis. GM2-ganglioside in CSF was detected and determined quantitatively by using thin-layer chromatography/enzyme-immunostaining method with anti-GM2-ganglioside antibody. In normal dogs, Hex activities could be determined in leukocytes, serum, and CSF, and the total activities were markedly reduced in all the enzyme sources in a dog with Sandhoff disease. Electrophoresis of a leukocyte lysate from a normal dog showed that the Hex A and Hex B were not separated distinctively with formation of a broad band, whereas there were no bands in electrophoresis of a lysate from a dog with Sandhoff disease, showing a deficiency in the total enzyme activity. GM2-ganglioside could be detected and determined quantitatively in as little as 100 μl of canine CSF. GM2-ganglioside in CSF in a dog with Sandhoff disease increased to 46 times the normal level. In conclusion, the methods in the present study are useful for diagnosis of canine GM2-gangliosidosis. These techniques enable definitive and early diagnosis of canine GM2-gangliosidosis even if tissues and organs cannot be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamato
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Zigdon H, Meshcheriakova A, Futerman AH. From sheep to mice to cells: Tools for the study of the sphingolipidoses. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1189-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Freeman A, Platt S, Vandenberg M, Holmes S, Kent M, Rech R, Howerth E, Mishra S, O'Brien D, Wenger D. GM2 Gangliosidosis (B Variant) in Two Japanese Chins: Clinical, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Pathological Characteristics. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:771-6. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A.C. Freeman
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| | - S.R. Platt
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| | - M. Vandenberg
- Southern New Hampshire Veterinary Referral Hospital; Manchester NH
| | - S. Holmes
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| | - M. Kent
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| | - R. Rech
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| | - E. Howerth
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| | - S. Mishra
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| | - D.P. O'Brien
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia MO
| | - D. Wenger
- Department of Neurology; Jefferson Medical College; Philadelphia PA
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5
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Sanders DN, Zeng R, Wenger DA, Johnson GS, Johnson GC, Decker JE, Katz ML, Platt SR, O'Brien DP. GM2 gangliosidosis associated with a HEXA missense mutation in Japanese Chin dogs: a potential model for Tay Sachs disease. Mol Genet Metab 2013; 108:70-5. [PMID: 23266199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
GM2 gangliosidosis is a fatal lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of β-hexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.52). There are two major isoforms of the enzyme: hexosaminidase A composed of an α and a β subunit (encoded by HEXA and HEXB genes, respectively); and, hexosaminidase B composed of two β subunits. Hexosaminidase A requires an activator protein encoded by GM2A to catabolize GM2 ganglioside, but even in the absence of the activator protein, it can hydrolyze the synthetic substrates commonly used to assess enzyme activity. GM2 gangliosidosis has been reported in Japanese Chin dogs, and we identified the disease in two related Japanese Chin dogs based on clinical signs, histopathology and elevated brain GM2 gangliosides. As in previous reports, we found normal or elevated hexosaminidase activity when measured with the synthetic substrates. This suggested that the canine disease is analogous to human AB variant of G(M2) gangliosidosis, which results from mutations in GM2A. However, only common neutral single nucleotide polymorphisms were found upon sequence analysis of the canine ortholog of GM2A from the affected Japanese Chins. When the same DNA samples were used to sequence HEXA, we identified a homozygous HEXA:c967G>A transition which predicts a p.E323K substitution. The glutamyl moiety at 323 is known to make an essential contribution to the active site of hexosaminidase A, and none of the 128 normal Japanese Chins and 92 normal dogs of other breeds that we tested was homozygous for HEXA:c967A. Thus it appears that the HEXA:c967G>A transition is responsible for the GM2 gangliosidosis in Japanese Chins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas N Sanders
- Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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6
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Rickmeyer T, Schöniger S, Petermann A, Harzer K, Kustermann-Kuhn B, Fuhrmann H, Schoon HA. GM2 gangliosidosis in an adult pet rabbit. J Comp Pathol 2012; 148:243-7. [PMID: 22878054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 1.5-year-old neutered male rabbit was presented with chronic nasal discharge and ataxia. Rapid progression of neurological signs was noted subsequent to general anaesthesia and the rabbit was humanely destroyed due to the poor prognosis. At necropsy examination there were no gross changes affecting the brain or spinal cord. Microscopical examination revealed that the perikarya of numerous neurons in the brain and spinal cord were distended by the intracytoplasmic accumulation of pale, finely granular to vacuolar material. Transmission electron microscopy showed this to be composed of concentric membranous cytoplasmic bodies. Thin layer chromatography revealed elevation of GM2 ganglioside in the brain of this rabbit compared with that of an unaffected control rabbit. Enzymatically, there was markedly reduced activity of tissue β-hexosaminidase A in brain and liver tissue from the rabbit. This was a result of an almost complete absence of the enzymatic activity of the α-subunit of that enzyme. These findings are consistent with sphingolipidosis comparable with human GM2 gangliosidosis variant B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rickmeyer
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 33, Leipzig, Germany.
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8
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Torres PA, Zeng BJ, Porter BF, Alroy J, Horak F, Horak J, Kolodny EH. Tay-Sachs disease in Jacob sheep. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 101:357-63. [PMID: 20817517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Autopsy studies of four Jacob sheep dying within their first 6-8 months of a progressive neurodegenerative disorder suggested the presence of a neuronal storage disease. Lysosomal enzyme studies of brain and liver from an affected animal revealed diminished activity of hexosaminidase A (Hex A) measured with an artificial substrate specific for this component of β-hexosaminidase. Absence of Hex A activity was confirmed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Brain lipid analyses demonstrated the presence of increased concentrations of G(M2)-ganglioside and asialo-G(M2)-ganglioside. The hexa cDNA of Jacob sheep was cloned and sequenced revealing an identical number of nucleotides and exons as in human HexA and 86% homology in nucleotide sequence. A missense mutation was found in the hexa cDNA of the affected sheep caused by a single nucleotide change at the end of exon 11 resulting in skipping of exon 11. Transfection of normal sheep hexa cDNA into COS1 cells and human Hex A-deficient cells led to expression of Hex S but no increase in Hex A indicating absence of cross-species dimerization of sheep Hex α-subunit with human Hex β-subunits. Using restriction site analysis, the heterozygote frequency of this mutation in Jacob sheep was determined in three geographically separate flocks to average 14%. This large naturally occurring animal model of Tay-Sachs disease is the first to offer promise as a means for trials of gene therapy applicable to human infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Torres
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA
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9
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Hemsley KM, Hopwood JJ. Lessons learnt from animal models: pathophysiology of neuropathic lysosomal storage disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010; 33:363-71. [PMID: 20449662 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 50 inborn errors of metabolism known as lysosomal storage disorders have been discovered to date, most of which are due to a single mutation in a gene encoding a soluble lysosomal enzyme. Consequently, inadequate enzyme activity results in the accumulation of substrates for that enzyme, invariably accompanied by a wide variety of secondary pathological changes. Many of these conditions remain untreatable, and therefore, research into pathogenic processes and potential treatment strategies is intense. A key tool for researchers in this area is the availability of clinically relevant animal models in which to study disease manifestation and evaluate therapeutic outcomes. Large numbers of both naturally occurring and genetically modified animal models of neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders are in existence, with spontaneous models occurring in both large domestic (e.g., cat, dog, sheep) and small (e.g., mouse) animal species. Many have undergone rigorous phenotypic characterization and are now providing us with insights into neurological disease processes. The purpose of this review is to highlight some of the major lessons learnt from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Hemsley
- Lysosomal Diseases Research Unit, 4th Floor Rogerson Building, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia.
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10
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Sabourdy F, Kedjouar B, Sorli SC, Colié S, Milhas D, Salma Y, Levade T. Functions of sphingolipid metabolism in mammals--lessons from genetic defects. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2008; 1781:145-83. [PMID: 18294974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Much is known about the pathways that control the biosynthesis, transport and degradation of sphingolipids. During the last two decades, considerable progress has been made regarding the roles this complex group of lipids play in maintaining membrane integrity and modulating responses to numerous signals. Further novel insights have been provided by the analysis of newly discovered genetic diseases in humans as well as in animal models harboring mutations in the genes whose products control sphingolipid metabolism and action. Through the description of the phenotypic consequences of genetic defects resulting in the loss of activity of the many proteins that synthesize, transport, bind, or degrade sphingolipids, this review summarizes the (patho)physiological functions of these lipids.
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11
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Martin DR, Cox NR, Morrison NE, Kennamer DM, Peck SL, Dodson AN, Gentry AS, Griffin B, Rolsma MD, Baker HJ. Mutation of the GM2 activator protein in a feline model of GM2 gangliosidosis. Acta Neuropathol 2005; 110:443-50. [PMID: 16200419 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-005-1040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Revised: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 04/30/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The G(M2) activator protein is required for successful degradation of G(M2) ganglioside by the A isozyme of lysosomal beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.52). Deficiency of the G(M2) activator protein leads to a relentlessly progressive accumulation of G(M2) ganglioside in neuronal lysosomes and subsequent fatal deterioration of central nervous system function. G(M2) activator deficiency has been described in humans, dogs and mice. This manuscript reports the discovery and characterization of a feline model of G(M2) activator deficiency that exhibits many disease traits typical of the disorder in other species. Cats deficient in the G(M2) activator protein develop clinical signs at approximately 14 months of age, including motor incoordination and exaggerated startle response to sharp sounds. Affected cats exhibit central nervous system abnormalities such as swollen neurons, membranous cytoplasmic bodies, increased sialic acid content and elevated levels of G(M2) ganglioside. As is typical of G(M2) activator deficiency, hexosaminidase A activity in tissue homogenates appears normal when assayed with a commonly used synthetic substrate. When the G(M2) activator cDNA was sequenced from normal and affected cats, a deletion of 4 base pairs was identified as the causative mutation, resulting in alteration of 21 amino acids at the C terminus of the G(M2) activator protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Martin
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5525, USA.
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12
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Yamato O, Matsuki N, Satoh H, Inaba M, Ono K, Yamasaki M, Maede Y. Sandhoff disease in a golden retriever dog. J Inherit Metab Dis 2002; 25:319-20. [PMID: 12227463 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016562626961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A golden retriever dog is described with total hexosaminidase deficiency and raised GM2-ganglioside in CSF. The animal represents a model for human Sandhoff disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Yamato
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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13
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Kolodny EH. Molecular genetics of the beta-hexosaminidase isoenzymes: an introduction. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2002; 44:101-26. [PMID: 11596976 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(01)44074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E H Kolodny
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
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14
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Warren CD, Alroy J. Morphological, biochemical and molecular biology approaches for the diagnosis of lysosomal storage diseases. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000; 12:483-96. [PMID: 11108447 DOI: 10.1177/104063870001200601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C D Warren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, EK Shriver Center for Mental Retardation, Inc., Waltham, MA 02154, USA
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Abstract
A wide variety of inherited lysosomal hydrolase deficiencies have been reported in animals and are characterized by accumulation of sphingolipids, glycolipids, oligosaccharides, or mucopolysaccharides within lysosomes. Inhibitors of a lysosomal hydrolase, e.g., swainsonine, may also induce storage disease. Another group of lysosomal storage diseases, the ceroid-lipofuscinoses, involve the accumulation of hydrophobic proteins, but their pathogenesis is unclear. Some of these diseases are of veterinary importance, and those caused by a hydrolase deficiency can be controlled by detection of heterozygotes through the gene dosage phenomenon or by molecular genetic techniques. Other of these diseases are important to biomedical research either as models of the analogous human disease and/or through their ability to help elucidate specific aspects of cell biology. Some of these models have been used to explore possible therapeutic strategies and to define their limitations and expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Jolly
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Cohen-Tannoudji M, Marchand P, Akli S, Sheardown SA, Puech JP, Kress C, Gressens P, Nassogne MC, Beccari T, Muggleton-Harris AL. Disruption of murine Hexa gene leads to enzymatic deficiency and to neuronal lysosomal storage, similar to that observed in Tay-Sachs disease. Mamm Genome 1995; 6:844-9. [PMID: 8747922 DOI: 10.1007/bf00292433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tay-Sachs disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by beta-hexosaminidase A deficiency and leads to death in early childhood. The disease results from mutations in the HEXA gene, which codes for the alpha chain of beta-hexosaminidase. The castastrophic neurodegenerative progression of the disease is thought to be a consequence of massive neuronal accumulation of GM2 ganglioside and related glycolipids in the brain and nervous system of the patients. Fuller understanding of the pathogenesis and the development of therapeutic procedures have both suffered from the lack of an animal model. We have used gene targeting in embryonic stem (ES) cells to disrupt the mouse Hexa gene. Mice homozygous for the disrupted allele mimic several biochemical and histological features of human Tay-Sachs disease. Hexa-/- mice displayed a total deficiency of beta-hexosaminidase A activity, and membranous cytoplasmic inclusions typical of GM2 gangliosidoses were found in the cytoplasm of their neurons. However, while the number of storage neurons increased with age, it remained low compared with that found in human, and no apparent motor or behavioral disorders could be observed. This suggests that the presence of beta-hexosaminidase A is not an absolute requirement of ganglioside degradation in mice. These mice should help us to understand several aspects of the disease as well as the physiological functions of hexosaminidase in mice. They should also provide a valuable animal model in which to test new forms of therapy, and in particular gene delivery into the central nervous system.
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Knowles K, Alroy J, Castagnaro M, Raghavan SS, Jakowski RM, Freden GO. Adult-onset lysosomal storage disease in a Schipperke dog: clinical, morphological and biochemical studies. Acta Neuropathol 1993; 86:306-12. [PMID: 8213091 DOI: 10.1007/bf00304147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An adult-onset lysosomal storage disorder was diagnosed in a 5-year-old Schipperke dog with progressive cerebellar and central vestibular signs. It was characterized by cerebellar atrophy with extensive loss of Purkinje and granular cells, and hydrocephalus. Enlarged and vacuolated neurons were observed in spinal cord and brain; pancreatic centrolobular and islet cells were also vacuolated. Ultrastructurally, enlarged secondary lysosomes laden with lamellated membrane structures were present in neurons and empty enlarged vacuoles were found in pancreatic centroacinar, ductal, and islet cells. On frozen sections neurons stained with Ricinus communis agglutinin-I and wheat germ agglutinin. On paraffin sections neurons stained with luxol fast blue, periodic acid-Schiff, Concanavalia ensiformis agglutinin, and were autofluorescent. These findings indicate an accumulation of glycolipids containing terminal beta-galactosyl and alpha-sialyl residues, and N-linked oligosaccharides. Tissue activity of lysosomal beta-galactosidase was 50% of normal and the activity of beta-hexosaminidase was elevated. Brain lipid-bound sialic acid was twice normal, with a small increase of GM1-ganglioside, but there was a significant elevation of GM2 (GD2) and GM3 (GD3). In addition, significant elevations of sialylated and non-sialylated oligosaccharides were noted. These clinical, biochemical and pathological findings are similar to those observed in human patients with adult-onset galactosialidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Knowles
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, Grafton, MA
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Alroy J, Warren CD, Raghavan SS, Kolodny EH. Animal models for lysosomal storage diseases: their past and future contribution. Hum Pathol 1989; 20:823-6. [PMID: 2673978 DOI: 10.1016/0046-8177(89)90091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Alroy
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
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DeGasperi R, Li YT, Li SC. Isolation and characterization of an activator protein for the hydrolysis of ganglioside GM2 from the roe of striped mullet (Mugil cephalus). Biochem J 1989; 260:777-83. [PMID: 2527497 PMCID: PMC1138744 DOI: 10.1042/bj2600777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
After the revelation of the presence of ganglioside GM2 as the major ganglioside in the roe of striped mullet, Mugil cephalus [Li, Hirabayashi, DeGasperi, Yu, Ariga, Koerner & Li (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 8980-8985], we have continued to investigate the catabolism of GM2 in this tissue. We have found that mullet roe contains a specific activator protein which stimulates the hydrolysis of GM2 carried out by the beta-hexosaminidase isolated from the same tissue. This activator has been purified by using conventional procedures including ammonium sulphate fractionation and chromatography on Sepharose 6B, DEAE-Sephadex A-50, octyl-Sepharose and Matrex Gel Blue A columns. This activator protein is also able to stimulate the hydrolysis of GM2 carried out by human beta-hexosaminidase A. Unlike human GM2-activator, the roe activator protein does not stimulate the hydrolysis of GgOse3Cer or GbOse4Cer. The molecular mass (18 kDa) of the roe activator protein was found to be similar to that of human GM2-activator; however, the pI (pH 4.1) was found to be lower than that of human GM2-activator. This is the first report on the presence of a GM2-activator protein in a source other than mammalian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- R DeGasperi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
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Abstract
Beta-hexosaminidase activity and the effects of ganglioside storage on neuronal function were examined in a German shorthair pointer (GSHP) with progressive neurodegenerative signs. Morphologic evidence of neuronal storage and massive accumulation of GM2 ganglioside were present. Beta-hexosaminidase activity in plasma, liver, kidney, and brain, assayed with use of unsulfated fluorogenic substrates, was normal. There was no pathologic accumulation or aberrant localization of phosphorylated neurofilaments in neurons. Activity of cortical neurotransmitter synthesizing enzymes, choline acetyltransferase, and glutamate decarboxylase was unaffected. Ligand binding to carrier sites for choline high affinity uptake identified with [3H]hemicholinium-3 was increased, whereas post-synaptic binding to muscarinic cholinergic ([3H]QNB) and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors ([3H]muscimol) was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Singer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Affiliation(s)
- S U Walkley
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Human Development, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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Alroy J, Goyal V, Warren CD. Lectin histochemistry of gangliosidosis. I. Neural tissue in four mammalian species. Acta Neuropathol 1988; 76:109-14. [PMID: 3136614 DOI: 10.1007/bf00688094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lectin histochemical studies were performed on paraffin-embedded brain, spinal cord and eye sections of 16 animals from four different species affected with GM1- and GM2-gangliosidosis to identify specific carbohydrate residues in the perikaryon of neurons. We examined tissues from cats, cattle and dogs with GM1-gangliosidosis and from cats, dogs, and swine with GM2-gangliosidosis and compared them to corresponding normal animals. In all but two cases, the neurons stained intensely with Concanavalia ensiformis agglutinin (Con A); in 12 cases they stained with Dolichos biflorus agglutinin; in 10 cases with Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I; in 9 cases with Griffonia simplicifolia-I; and 8 with soybean agglutinin. Neurons from control tissues stained weakly with Con A, but not with any of the other lectins used. Similar staining patterns of neurons were noted in animals affected with the same disorder originating from the same mutant line. These findings highlight the fact that in gangliosidosis, the lectin staining patterns of neurons may be influenced by the deficiency in enzyme activity and by additional unknown but inherited factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alroy
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
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