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Siqueira E, Obiols-Guardia A, Jorge-Torres OC, Oliveira-Mateos C, Soler M, Ramesh-Kumar D, Setién F, van Rossum D, Pascual-Alonso A, Xiol C, Ivan C, Shimizu M, Armstrong J, Calin GA, Pasterkamp RJ, Esteller M, Guil S. Analysis of the circRNA and T-UCR populations identifies convergent pathways in mouse and human models of Rett syndrome. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 27:621-644. [PMID: 35036070 PMCID: PMC8749388 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs play regulatory roles in physiopathology, but their involvement in neurodevelopmental diseases is poorly understood. Rett syndrome is a severe, progressive neurodevelopmental disorder linked to loss-of-function mutations of the MeCP2 gene for which no cure is yet available. Analysis of the noncoding RNA profile corresponding to the brain-abundant circular RNA (circRNA) and transcribed-ultraconserved region (T-UCR) populations in a mouse model of the disease reveals widespread dysregulation and enrichment in glutamatergic excitatory signaling and microtubule cytoskeleton pathways of the corresponding host genes. Proteomic analysis of hippocampal samples from affected individuals confirms abnormal levels of several cytoskeleton-related proteins together with key alterations in neurotransmission. Importantly, the glutamate receptor GRIA3 gene displays altered biogenesis in affected individuals and in vitro human cells and is influenced by expression of two ultraconserved RNAs. We also describe post-transcriptional regulation of SIRT2 by circRNAs, which modulates acetylation and total protein levels of GluR-1. As a consequence, both regulatory mechanisms converge on the biogenesis of AMPA receptors, with an effect on neuronal differentiation. In both cases, the noncoding RNAs antagonize MeCP2-directed regulation. Our findings indicate that noncoding transcripts may contribute to key alterations in Rett syndrome and are not only useful tools for revealing dysregulated processes but also molecules of biomarker value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilene Siqueira
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, 08916 Catalonia, Spain
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Catalonia, Spain
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brasilia, 71605-001 Federal District, Brazil
| | - Aida Obiols-Guardia
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, 08916 Catalonia, Spain
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Olga C. Jorge-Torres
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, 08916 Catalonia, Spain
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Marta Soler
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, 08916 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Deepthi Ramesh-Kumar
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, 08916 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Fernando Setién
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, 08916 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Daniëlle van Rossum
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ainhoa Pascual-Alonso
- Fundación San Juan de Dios, Barcelona, 08950 Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, 08950 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Clara Xiol
- Fundación San Juan de Dios, Barcelona, 08950 Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, 08950 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Masayoshi Shimizu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Judith Armstrong
- Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, 08950 Catalonia, Spain
- Servei de Medicina Genètica i Molecular, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, 08950 Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER-ER (Biomedical Network Research Center for Rare Diseases), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - George A. Calin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - R. Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Manel Esteller
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, 08916 Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010 Catalonia, Spain
- Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, 08907 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sonia Guil
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, 08916 Catalonia, Spain
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908 Catalonia, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute, Badalona, Barcelona, 08916 Catalonia, Spain
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Doi S, Fujioka N, Ohtsuka S, Kondo R, Yamamoto M, Denda M, Magari M, Kanayama N, Hatano N, Morishita R, Hasegawa T, Tokumitsu H. Regulation of the tubulin polymerization-promoting protein by Ca 2+/S100 proteins. Cell Calcium 2021; 96:102404. [PMID: 33831707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate S100 protein-mediated signaling pathways, we attempted to identify novel binding partners for S100A2 by screening protein arrays carrying 19,676 recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST)-fused human proteins with biotinylated S100A2. Among newly discovered putative S100A2 interactants, including TMLHE, TRH, RPL36, MRPS34, CDR2L, OIP5, and MED29, we identified and characterized the tubulin polymerization-promoting protein (TPPP) as a novel S100A2-binding protein. We confirmed the interaction of TPPP with Ca2+/S100A2 by multiple independent methods, including the protein array method, S100A2 overlay, and pulldown assay in vitro and in transfected COS-7 cells. Based on the results from the S100A2 overlay assay using various GST-TPPP mutants, the S100A2-binding region was identified in the C-terminal (residues 111-160) of the central core domain of a monomeric form of TPPP that is involved in TPPP dimerization. Chemical cross-linking experiments indicated that S100A2 suppresses dimer formation of His-tagged TPPP in a dose-dependent and a Ca2+-dependent manner. In addition to S100A2, TPPP dimerization is disrupted by other multiple S100 proteins, including S100A6 and S100B, in a Ca2+-dependent manner but not by S100A4. This is consistent with the fact that S100A6 and S100B, but not S100A4, are capable of interacting with GST-TPPP in the presence of Ca2+. Considering these results together, TPPP was identified as a novel target for S100A2, and it is a potential binding target for other multiple S100 proteins, including S100A6 and S100B. Direct binding of the S100 proteins with TPPP may cause disassembly of TPPP dimer formation in response to the increasing concentration of intracellular Ca2+, thus resulting in the regulation of the physiological function of TPPP, such as microtubule organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seita Doi
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Satomi Ohtsuka
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Rina Kondo
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Maho Yamamoto
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Miwako Denda
- CellFree Sciences Co., Ltd., Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Masaki Magari
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoki Kanayama
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoya Hatano
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ryo Morishita
- CellFree Sciences Co., Ltd., Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tokumitsu
- Applied Cell Biology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Del Cacho E, Gallego M, Lillehoj HS, Quílez J, Lillehoj EP, Ramo A, Sánchez-Acedo C. IL-17A regulates Eimeria tenella schizont maturation and migration in avian coccidiosis. Vet Res 2014; 45:25. [PMID: 24571471 PMCID: PMC3975951 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although IL17A is associated with the immunological control of various infectious diseases, its role in host response to Eimeria infections is not well understood. In an effort to better dissect the role of IL17A in host-pathogen interactions in avian coccidiosis, a neutralizing antibody (Ab) to chicken IL17A was used to counteract IL17A bioactivity in vivo. Chickens infected with Eimeria tenella and treated intravenously with IL17A Ab, exhibited reduced intracellular schizont and merozoite development, diminished lesion score, compared with untreated controls. Immunohistological evaluation of cecal lesions in the parasitized tissues indicated reduced migration and maturation of second-generation schizonts and reduced lesions in lamina propria and submucosa. In contrast, untreated and infected chickens had epithelial cells harboring second-generation schizonts, which extend into the submucosa through muscularis mucosa disruptions, maturing into second generation merozoites. Furthermore, IL17A Ab treatment was associated with increased parameters of Th1 immunity (IL2- and IFNγ- producing cells), reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and diminished levels of serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Finally, schizonts from untreated and infected chickens expressed S100, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family member 3 (WASF3), and heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) proteins as merozoites matured, whereas the expression of these proteins was absent in IL17A Ab-treated chickens. These results provide the first evidence that the administration of an IL17A neutralizing Ab to E. tenella-infected chickens inhibits the migration of parasitized epithelial cells, markedly reduces the production of ROS and MMP-9, and decreases cecal lesions, suggesting that IL17A might be a potential therapeutic target for coccidiosis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Del Cacho
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Abstract
The maturational changes in the brain and spinal cord do not linearly proceed from immature in infants to mature in adults. Dendrites dynamically extend or retract as neurotrophic factors fluctuate. In certain cases mature neurons can be seen soon after birth, and in other cases immature neurons can be identified in the aged brain. Monoamine 'neurotransmitter'; such as serotonin (5-HT), dopamine and norepinephrine appear to function as Maintenance Growth Factors since they must be present in order to produce their maturational actions. Serotonin neurons contain TRK-B receptors and are sensitive to availability of the trophic factor, BDNF. 5-HT also functions by promoting the release of the glial extension factor, S-100beta. 5-HT and S-100beta can provide maturational signals to a variety of neurons, in both cortical and subcortical areas, and appear to be involved in regulating the maturation and release of acetylcholine and dopamine. We have shown that activation of the 5-HT1A receptor is particularly effective in inducing growth of stunted neurons. The mechanism of action of the 5-HT1A receptor involves both a direct inhibition on c-AMP and pCREB formation in postsynaptic neurons and a release of S-100beta from glial cells. Both these events are capable of stabilization and elaboration of the cytoskeleton of the neuron and inhibition of apoptosis. 5-HT1A receptors have been shown to effectively reverse stunted neurons and microencephaly produced in animal models of fetal alcohol syndrome and prenatal cocaine administration. I discuss the implications for regressive disorders such as Rett's syndrome and autism, and the feasibility of treatments with 5-HT1A agonists in children with developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Azmitia
- Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
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5
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Sorci G, Agneletti AL, Donato R. Effects of S100A1 and S100B on microtubule stability. An in vitro study using triton-cytoskeletons from astrocyte and myoblast cell lines. Neuroscience 2001; 99:773-83. [PMID: 10974440 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
S100A1 and S100B are members of a multigenic family of Ca(2+)-binding proteins of the EF-hand type highly abundant in astrocyte and striated muscle cells that have been implicated in the Ca(2+)-dependent regulation of several intracellular activities including the assembly and disassembly of microtubules and type III intermediate filaments. In the present work we tested S100A1 and S100B for their ability to cause microtubule and/or intermediate filament disassembly in situ using triton-cytoskeletons obtained from U251 glioma cells and rat L6 myoblasts. Our results indicate that: (i) both proteins cause a Ca(2+)-dependent disassembly of cytoplasmic microtubules in a dose-dependent manner; (ii) the S100A1- and S100B-inhibitory peptide, TRTK-12, blocks the S100A1 and S100B effects on microtubules; (iii) S100A1Delta88-93, an S100A1 mutant lacking the C-terminal extension, does not affect microtubule stability; and (iv) no obvious S100A1- or S100B-dependent intermediate filament disassembly could be observed under the experimental conditions used in the present study, but S100A1- and S100B-dependent microtubule disassembly results in a tendency of vimentin intermediate filaments to aggregate into bundles and/or to condense. Together, these results suggest that S100A1 and S100B probably cause microtubule disassembly by interacting with the microtubule wall, and that the two proteins do not affect intermediate filament stability via interaction with preformed intermediate filaments, in agreement with previous biochemical investigation. Our present data lend support to the possibility that S100A1 and S100B might have a role in the in vivo regulation of the state of assembly of microtubules in a Ca(2+)-regulated manner and, potentially, on microtubule-based activities in astrocytes and myoblasts. Also, these data suggest that the both S100 proteins use their C-terminal extension for interacting with microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sorci
- Section of Anatomy, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, C.P. 81 Succ. 3, 06122, Perugia, Italy
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6
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Nishi M, Kawata M, Azmitia EC. Trophic interactions between brain-derived neurotrophic factor and s100beta on cultured serotonergic neurons. Brain Res 2000; 868:113-8. [PMID: 10841894 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and S100beta stimulate serotonergic neurons in fetal rat raphe primary cultures grown under serum-free conditions. BDNF (50 ng/ml) treatment for 3 h enhanced S100beta immunoreactivity in both raphe and hippocampal glial cells. Combined treatment with BDNF and S100beta for 3 days increased the soma area of 5-HT neurons, but not the neurite length. Our results suggest that BDNF and S100beta, which regulate different signal transduction cascades, interact to exert complimentary effects on neuronal maturation by acting sequentially, not concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nishi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, 602-8566, Kyoto, Japan.
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7
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Bianchi R, Verzini M, Garbuglia M, Giambanco I, Donato R. Mechanism of S100 protein-dependent inhibition of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) polymerization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1223:354-60. [PMID: 7918670 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(94)90095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
S100 protein, a subfamily of Ca(2+)-binding proteins of the EF-hand type, was recently shown to bind to and to inhibit the polymerization of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the intermediate filament component of astroglial cells, in the presence of micromolar levels of Ca2+ (J. Biol. Chem. 268, 12669-12674). By a sedimentation assay and viscometry we show here that S100 protein interferes with the very early steps of GFAP polymerization (nucleation) and with the GFAP polymer growth, thereby retarding the onset of GFAP assembly, reducing the rate and the extent of GFAP assembly, and increasing the critical concentration of GFAP assembly. Moreover, S100 protein disassembles preformed glial filaments. All the above effects can be explained by sequestration of soluble GFAP by S100 protein, as also indicated by the stoichiometry of S100 protein binding to GFAP and of S100 protein effects on GFAP assembly. Our data suggest that S100 protein might serve the function of avoiding excess GFAP polymerization and might participate in remodeling of glial filaments following elevation of the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration. Also, our data lend support to the notion that intermediate filaments are dynamic cytoskeleton structures that assemble and disassemble, and to the existence of cytoplasmic factors implicated in the regulation of the state of assembly of intermediate filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bianchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
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8
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Abstract
An S100 binding protein from skeletal muscle, R95 000, has been purified, identified as glycogen phosphorylase, and shown to be regulated in vitro by the S100 alpha isoform. When a soluble skeletal muscle fraction was subjected to a standard purification procedure for glycogen phosphorylase, R95 000 copurified with the 95 000 molecular weight glycogen phosphorylase protein standard on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, as well as having glycogen phosphorylase activity. In addition, purified glycogen phosphorylase a and b interacted with both S100 isoforms, S100 alpha and S100 beta, by gel overlay and affinity chromatography. While S100 beta had no effect on the enzymatic activity of glycogen phosphorylase a, S100 alpha inhibited the enzymatic activity of glycogen phosphorylase a in a calcium-independent manner. Altogether, these data suggest that glycogen phosphorylase may be an intracellular S100 alpha target in skeletal muscle fibers. Furthermore, these results suggest that the inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase a activity may be responsible for the lack of fatigability of slow-twitch fibers, which express S100 alpha, when compared to fast-twitch fibers, which do not express S100 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Zimmer
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile
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9
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Abstract
The S-100 protein family constitutes a subgroup of Ca(2+)-binding proteins of the EF-hand type comprising three dimeric isoforms, S-100a0, S-100a and S-100b, plus a number of structurally related proteins displaying 28-55% homology with S-100 subunits. S-100 protein was discovered in 1965; yet, its biological functions have not been fully elucidated. The present report will review the putative biological roles of S-100 protein. Both intracellular and extracellular roles have been proposed for S-100 protein. Within cells, S-100 protein has been reported to regulate protein phosphorylation, ATPase, adenylate cyclase, and aldolase activities and Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release. Also, cytoskeletal systems, namely microtubules and microfilaments have been reported to be regulated by the protein in the presence of Ca2+. Some molecular targets of S-100 protein within cells, have been identified. This is the case with microtubule proteins, caldesmon, and a brain aldolase. S-100 protein has been reported to be secreted; extracellular S-100 protein can stimulate neuronal differentiation, glial proliferation, and prolactin secretion. However, the mechanisms by which S-100 is secreted and stimulates the above processes are largely unknown. Future research should characterize these latter aspects of S-100 biology and find out the linkage between its intracellular effects and its extracellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
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Zimmer DB, Song W, Zimmer WE. Isolation of a rat S100 alpha cDNA and distribution of its mRNA in rat tissues. Brain Res Bull 1991; 27:157-62. [PMID: 1742602 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(91)90061-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to clarify the reported discrepancies in S100 alpha protein and mRNA distribution in rat tissues, a rat S100 alpha cDNA has been isolated and this species homologous probe along with a rat S100 beta cDNA probe has been used to examine S100 mRNA expression in rat tissues. Although the rat S100 alpha cDNA was missing approximately 30 nucleotides of coding sequence, only 4 conservative changes in amino acid sequence were observed when the deduced amino acid sequence was compared to the bovine S100 alpha amino acid sequence. Thus, S100 alpha proteins, like S100 beta proteins, are highly conserved among species. All nineteen of the tissues examined (including cerebrum and cerebellum) contained S100 alpha mRNA. In addition, S100 beta mRNA was detected in thirteen of the nineteen tissues examined. These results are in agreement with previous protein distribution studies and further demonstrate that S100 proteins are not brain-specific and are expressed in a large number of tissues. Although S100 alpha and S100 beta mRNAs were detected in rat tissues which had previously been reported to contain S100 alpha and S100 beta protein, a direct correlation between the protein and mRNA levels were not observed, suggesting that different mechanisms regulate S100 expression in various tissues. S100 alpha exhibited a single similar size mRNA species (0.5 Kb) in all tissues examined, as did S100 beta (1.5 Kb), suggesting that the individual S100 proteins are expressed as single mRNA and protein products in rat tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Zimmer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama School of Medicine, Mobile 36688
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11
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Zimmer DB. Examination of the calcium-modulated protein S100 alpha and its target proteins in adult and developing skeletal muscle. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 1991; 20:325-37. [PMID: 1802419 DOI: 10.1002/cm.970200408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study radioimmunoassay, immunohistochemistry, Northern blot analysis, and a gel overlay technique have been used to examine the level, subcellular distribution, and potential target proteins of the S100 family of calcium-modulated proteins in adult and developing rat skeletal muscles. Adult rat muscles contained high levels of S100 proteins but the particular form present was dependent on the muscle type: cardiac muscle contained exclusively S100 alpha, slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibers contained predominantly S100 alpha, vascular smooth muscle contained both S100 alpha and S100 beta, and fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibers contained low but detectable levels of S100 alpha and S100 beta. While the distribution of S100 mRNAs paralled the protein distribution in all muscles there was no direct correlation between the mRNA and protein levels in different muscle types, suggesting that S100 protein expression is differentially regulated in different muscle types. Immunohistochemical analysis of the cellular distribution of S100 proteins in adult skeletal muscles revealed that S100 alpha staining was associated with muscle cells, while S100 beta staining was associated with nonmuscle cells. Radioimmunoassays of developing rat skeletal muscles demonstrated that all developing muscles contained low levels of S100 alpha at postnatal day 1 and that as development proceeded the S100 alpha levels increased. In contrast to adult muscle S100 alpha expression was confined to fast-twitch fibers in developing skeletal muscle until postnatal day 21. At postnatal day 1, developing contractile elements were S100 alpha positive, but no staining periodicity was detectable. At postnatal day 21, S100 alpha exhibited the same subcellular localization as seen in the adult: colocalization with the A-band and/or longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum. Comparison of the S100 alpha-binding protein profiles in fast- and slow-twitch fibers of various species revealed few, if any, species- or fiber type-specific S100 binding proteins. Isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum fractions and myofibrils contained multiple S100 alpha-binding proteins. The colocalization of S100 alpha and S100 alpha-binding proteins with the contractile apparatus and sarcoplasmic reticulum suggest that S100 alpha may regulate excitation and/or contraction in slow-twitch fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Zimmer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile 36688
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12
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Selinfreund RH, Barger SW, Welsh MJ, Van Eldik LJ. Antisense inhibition of glial S100 beta production results in alterations in cell morphology, cytoskeletal organization, and cell proliferation. J Cell Biol 1990; 111:2021-8. [PMID: 2229184 PMCID: PMC2116346 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.111.5.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic effects of selectively decreasing the levels of S100 beta in cultured glial cells were analyzed. Two separate antisense approaches were utilized for inhibition of S100 beta production: analysis of clonal isolates of rat C6 glioma cells containing an S100 beta antisense gene under the control of a dexamethasone-inducible promoter, and analysis of C6 cells treated with S100 beta antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Both antisense methods resulted in a decrease in S100 beta levels in the cell, as measured by RIA. The inhibition of S100 beta production correlated with three alterations in cellular phenotype: (a) a flattened cell morphology; (b) a more organized microfilament network; and (c) a decrease in cell growth rate. The studies describe here provide direct evidence for an involvement of S100 beta in glial cell structure and function, and suggest potential in vivo roles for S100 beta in regulation of glial cell morphology, cytoskeletal organization, and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Selinfreund
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600
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13
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Donato R. S-100 proteins: relationships with membranes and the cytoskeleton. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1990; 269:103-6. [PMID: 2191547 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5754-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Donato
- Department of Exper. Med. and Biochem. Sciences, Perugia, Italy
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14
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Donato R, Giambanco I, Aisa MC. Molecular interaction of S-100 proteins with microtubule proteins in vitro. J Neurochem 1989; 53:566-71. [PMID: 2664085 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Several procedures were employed to examine the in vitro interaction between S-100 proteins and microtubule proteins. Binding of S-100 to tau factors was observed under all experimental conditions. S-100 binding to microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) was best detected by exposing nitrocellulose-immobilized MAP2 or MAPs to either 125I-labeled S-100 or biotinylated S-100. S-100 binding to tubulin was detected when the two protein fractions were first incubated with each other followed by exposure to the bifunctional cross-linker disuccinimidylsuberate, and then separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transfered onto nitrocellulose paper. By this procedure, complex formation between S-100 and tubulin, as well as between S-100 and a relatively low-molecular-weight MAP, was evidenced by immunoblotting using an anti-S-100 antiserum. Alternatively, complex formation between biotinylated S-100 and either tubulin or MAPs was visualized by means of avidin-peroxidase, after SDS-PAGE of the complex mixtures and transfer of the separated proteins onto nitrocellulose. The interaction between S-100 and tubulin was strictly Ca2+ dependent, and resistant to high concentrations of KCl, colchicine, or vinblastine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
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