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Hu X, Qin X. Lentivirus-mediated estrogen receptor α overexpression in the central nervous system ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:1209-21. [PMID: 23525227 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS) and multifocal demyelination. Clinical data and clinical indicators demonstrate that estrogen improves the relapse-remittance of MS patients. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and the underlying mechanism(s) of action of estrogen and estrogen receptor α (ERα) in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS. An ERα recombinant lentivirus was constructed. Mouse neurons were cultured in serum-free culture medium, and ERα recombinant lentivirus with a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5 was used to infect the neurons. Furthermore, neuronal ERα mRNA and protein expression were detected using real-time quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. We sterotaxically injected ERα recombinant lentivirus into the lateral ventricle of mouse brains, and successfully identified infected neurons using Flag immunofluorescence staining to determine the optimal dose. A total of 75 C57BL/6 mice were ovariectomized. After 2 weeks, EAE was induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55 peptide. The EAE mice were divided into 5 groups: the estrogen group (treatment with estradiol), the ERα agonist group (treatment with raloxifene), the ERα recombinant lentivirus group (ERα group, treatment with ERα recombinant lentivirus), the empty virus group and the normal saline (NS) group; clinical symptoms and body weight were compared among the groups. We assessed EAE-related parameters, detected pathological changes with immunohistochemistry and quantified the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and a subset of EAE-related cytokines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We successfully constructed an ERα recombinant lentivirus. C57BL/6 mouse neurons can survive in culture for at least 8 weeks. During that period, the recombinant lentivirus was able to infect the neurons, while sustaining green fluorescence protein (GFP) expression. ERα recombinant lentivirus also infected the neurons at a MOI of 5. The ERα mRNA and protein expression levels were higher in the infected neurons compared to the uninfected ones. We successfully infected the CNS of C57BL/6 mice by stereotaxically injecting ERα recombinant lentivirus into the lateral ventricle of the mouse brains and induced EAE. The lentivirus-mediated overexpression of ERα reduced the incidence of EAE, ameliorated the clinical symptoms, inhibited inflammatory cell CNS infiltration, and reduced nerve fiber demyelination. MMP-9, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-23 expression levels were decreased, while those of MBP and IL-4 were increased. These data demonstrate that it is possible to induce the overexpression of ERα using a recombinant lentivirus, and that this novel intervention ameliorates EAE in a mouse model. Mechanistically, estrogen and ERα inhibit inflammatory responses, and ERα alleviates damage to the myelin sheath. Collectively, our findings support the potential use of ERα as a therapeutic target for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Histaminergic mechanisms for modulation of memory systems. Neural Plast 2011; 2011:328602. [PMID: 21876818 PMCID: PMC3160014 DOI: 10.1155/2011/328602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Encoding for several memory types requires neural changes and the activity of distinct regions across the brain. These areas receive broad projections originating in nuclei located in the brainstem which are capable of modulating the activity of a particular area. The histaminergic system is one of the major modulatory systems, and it regulates basic homeostatic and higher functions including arousal, circadian, and feeding rhythms, and cognition. There is now evidence that histamine can modulate learning in different types of behavioral tasks, but the exact course of modulation and its mechanisms are controversial. In the present paper we review the involvement of the histaminergic system and the effects histaminergic receptor agonists/antagonists have on the performance of tasks associated with the main memory types as well as evidence provided by studies with knockout models. Thus, we aim to summarize the possible effects histamine has on modulation of circuits involved in memory formation.
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Guyton MK, Brahmachari S, Das A, Samantaray S, Inoue J, Azuma M, Ray SK, Banik NL. Inhibition of calpain attenuates encephalitogenicity of MBP-specific T cells. J Neurochem 2009; 110:1895-907. [PMID: 19627443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease of the CNS, possessing both immune and neurodegenerative events that lead to disability. Adoptive transfer (AT) of myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cells into naïve female SJL/J mice results in a relapsing-remitting (RR) form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Blocking the mechanisms by which MBP-specific T cells are activated before AT may help characterize the immune arm of MS and offer novel targets for therapy. One such target is calpain, which is involved in activation of T cells, migration of immune cells into the CNS, degradation of axonal and myelin proteins, and neuronal apoptosis. Thus, the hypothesis that inhibiting calpain in MBP-specific T cells would diminish their encephalitogenicity in RR-EAE mice was tested. Incubating MBP-specific T cells with the calpain inhibitor SJA6017 before AT markedly suppressed the ability of these T cells to induce clinical symptoms of RR-EAE. These reductions correlated with decreases in demyelination, inflammation, axonal damage, and loss of oligodendrocytes and neurons. Also, calpain : calpastatin ratio, production of truncated Bid, and Bax : Bcl-2 ratio, and activities of calpain and caspases, and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation were attenuated. Thus, these data suggest calpain as a promising target for treating EAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Guyton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Abstract
Histamine is a transmitter in the nervous system and a signaling molecule in the gut, the skin, and the immune system. Histaminergic neurons in mammalian brain are located exclusively in the tuberomamillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus and send their axons all over the central nervous system. Active solely during waking, they maintain wakefulness and attention. Three of the four known histamine receptors and binding to glutamate NMDA receptors serve multiple functions in the brain, particularly control of excitability and plasticity. H1 and H2 receptor-mediated actions are mostly excitatory; H3 receptors act as inhibitory auto- and heteroreceptors. Mutual interactions with other transmitter systems form a network that links basic homeostatic and higher brain functions, including sleep-wake regulation, circadian and feeding rhythms, immunity, learning, and memory in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut L Haas
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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Nowak P, Jochem J, Zwirska-Korczala K, Josko J, Noras L, Kostrzewa RM, Brus R. Ontogenetic noradrenergic lesion alters histaminergic activity in adult rats. Neurotox Res 2008; 13:79-83. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03033559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Menon K, Wu Y, Haas J, Sahu SK, Yang B, Zaheer A. Diminished degradation of myelin basic protein by anti-sulfatide antibody and interferon-gamma in myelin from glia maturation factor-deficient mice. Neurosci Res 2007; 58:156-63. [PMID: 17383764 PMCID: PMC1992520 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study we show the effect of anti-sulfatide (RmAb) antibodies and inflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in inducing myelin basic protein (MBP) degradation in myelin isolated from control wild type (WT) and glia maturation factor (GMF)-deficient (GMF-KO) mice. GMF was not detected in isolated myelin from WT and GMF-KO mice although it is present in brains of WT mice. Our results show that calcium-dependent neutral protease activity caused significantly elevated degradation of 18.5 and/or 17.5kDa isoforms of MBP in WT myelin treated with RmAb or IFN-gamma. In contrast, MBP degradation in isolated myelin from GMF-KO mice remained unaffected following treatment with RmAb, IFN-gamma, or GM-CSF. Neither the 14kDa isoform of MBP nor proteolipid protein (PLP) showed an elevated degradation compared to controls. A virtual absence of GM-CSF, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in GMF-KO brain compared to WT was also evident when the animals were challenged with MOG 35-55. Additionally, the myelin from GMF-KO mice showed difference in distribution of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and beta-tubulin in a sucrose density gradient myelin-axolemmal fractions compared to WT. Taken together, our data suggests a role for GMF in the biochemical organization of myelin and thereby its effect on MBP degradation induced by RmAb and IFN-gamma.
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Kennel De March A, De Bouwerie M, Kolopp-Sarda MN, Faure GC, Béné MC, Bernard CCA. Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein B-cell responses in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 135:117-25. [PMID: 12576231 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Humoral auto-immunity to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is likely involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). In 44 MS patients and 30 controls, Ig-producing B cells were identified by their isotype and as MOG-specific spot-forming cells (SFC). Peripheral anti-MOG antibodies were assayed in ELISA as well as anti-butyrophilin antibodies to investigate for molecular mimicry. MS patients had significantly higher levels of IgA- and MOG-SFC than controls, as well as significantly higher antibody responses to MOG and butyrophilin. These data provide added support for the implication of anti-MOG humoral immunity in the pathophysiology of MS, and suggest a balance of systemic (anti-self) and mucosal (environment-modulated) immune reactions in an attempt at regulating the pathogenic specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kennel De March
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie du CHU, Faculté de Médecine, BP 184, 54500 Vandoeuvre les, 54000, Nancy, France
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Baranzini SE, Elfstrom C, Chang SY, Butunoi C, Murray R, Higuchi R, Oksenberg JR. Transcriptional analysis of multiple sclerosis brain lesions reveals a complex pattern of cytokine expression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:6576-82. [PMID: 11086101 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.11.6576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common and severe neurological disorder associated with an autoimmune response directed against myelin components within the CNS. Lymphocyte activation, extravasation, and recruitment, as well as effector function, involves the turning on and off of a number of genes, thus triggering specific transcriptional pathways. The characterization of the transcriptome in MS lesions should provide a better understanding of the mechanisms that generate and sustain the pathogenic immune response in this disease. Here we performed transcriptional profiling of 56 relevant genes in brain specimens from eight MS patients and eight normal controls by kinetic RT-PCR. Results showed a high transcriptional activity for the gene coding for myelin basic protein (MBP); however, it was not differentially expressed in MS samples, suggesting that remyelination is an active process also in the noninflammatory brain. CD4 and HLA-DRalpha transcripts were dramatically increased in MS as compared with controls. This reveals a robust MHC class II up-regulation and suggests that Ag is being presented locally to activated T cells. Although analysis of cytokine and cytokine receptor genes expression showed predominantly increased levels of several Th1 molecules (TGF-ss, RANTES, and macrophage-inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha) in MS samples, some Th2 genes (IL-3, IL-5, and IL-6/IL-6R) were found to be up-regulated as well. Similarly, both proinflammatory type (CCR1, CCR5) and immunomodulatory type (CCR4, CCR8) chemokine receptors were differentially expressed in the MS brain. Overall, our data suggest a complex regulation of the inflammatory response in human autoimmune demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Baranzini
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Baranzini SE, Jeong MC, Butunoi C, Murray RS, Bernard CCA, Oksenberg JR. B Cell Repertoire Diversity and Clonal Expansion in Multiple Sclerosis Brain Lesions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.9.5133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions in the CNS are characterized by disseminated demyelination with perivascular infiltrates of macrophages, T cells, and B cells. To investigate the origin and characteristics of the B cell population found in MS plaque tissue, we performed molecular studies in 10 MS patients and 4 non-MS control samples. Ig transcripts from the perivascular infiltrated brain lesions were analyzed by complementary-determining region 3 spectratyping to ascertain the B cell heavy chain gene rearrangement repertoire expressed in MS brains. Significant rearrangement diversity and deviation from the normal Ig heavy (H) chain repertoire was observed. The cloning and sequencing of RT-PCR products from families VH1 and VH4 showed a correlation with the profiles obtained by spectratyping. Generally, restricted spectratyping patterns concurred with repetition of in-frame complementary-determining region 3 identical sequences. The analysis of heavy chain variable (VH), diversity (D), and joining (JH) gene segments revealed the increased usage of VH1–69, VH4–34, and VH4–39. Similarly, gene segments from families D2, D3, and JH4 were over-represented. The presence of restricted patterns of rearranged Ig mRNA within the plaque lesion suggests that Ab production in the demyelinating plaque is a local phenomenon and supports the idea that in MS an Ag-driven immune response might be responsible for demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E. Baranzini
- *Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Matthew C. Jeong
- *Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Catalin Butunoi
- †Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center, Englewood, CO 80110
| | | | - Claude C. A. Bernard
- *Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Jorge R. Oksenberg
- *Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
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Abstract
The factors responsible for the major demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), multiple sclerosis, are poorly defined. Although T-cell-mediated immune responses play a pivotal role in establishing the inflammatory response, humoral factors also may be critical in disease progress. We have isolated a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb 2B10) that recognizes a cell-surface molecule expressed exclusively by rat oligodendrocytes, the cells responsible for the formation and maintenance of CNS myelin. In cultures of neonatal rat spinal cord, mAb 2B10 specifically mediated oligodendrocyte cell death in the absence of complement. In the current study, mAb 2B10-producing hybridoma cells were implanted into adult rat brain ventricles, and the effect of mAb 2B10 on CNS cytoarchitecture was examined. In the optic nerves of mAb 2B10-treated animals, there was significant focal myelin degeneration near the optic chiasm. Axons in the myelin degenerate regions were largely healthy. There was no significant infiltration of hematopoietic-derived cells into the affected regions, but microglia were activated focally and phagocytosed the collapsed myelin. This study demonstrates that an antibody directed against myelin-forming cells induces CNS demyelination and supports the hypothesis that autoantibodies may play a role in CNS demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhou
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Rivas AA, Civera C, Ruiz-Cabello J, Castro RM. Interaction of Bovine Myelin Basic Protein with Cholesterol. J Colloid Interface Sci 1998; 204:9-15. [PMID: 9665761 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.1997.5385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of myelin basic protein with cholesterol and the conformational changes occurring in the protein upon interaction with the lipid were investigated. The myelin basic protein (MBP) plays an important role in stabilizing the multilamellar structure of the myelin membrane. MBP interacts in a specific way with the lipids components of the membrane. The major lipid component is the cholesterol which comprises 40-44 mol% of the lipids. In order to understand the effect of the lipids in the protein conformation we have studied the interaction between MBP and cholesterol. The conformational changes induced in the protein upon interaction with different concentrations of cholesterol were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and monolayer studies. Aqueous solution of MBP from bovine brain (obtained by the method of Cheifetz and Moscarello) exhibited a circular dichroism (CD) spectrum characteristic of random coil protein molecules. Upon addition of cholesterol, MBP-cholesterol complexes were observed by TEM. The monolayer compression experiments show plateaus in their surface pressure-area isotherms. The presence of these plateaus has previously been interpreted as alpha-helix conformation. By seeding the MBP onto the aqueous support, we have determined the compression work for the protein on the surface. Experimental areas of the mixtures MBP-cholesterol are smaller than the area calculated by adding the areas of the pure components, indicating that there are attractive forces between both components. The calculated entropy of compression indicates that the highest organization is reached when lipid and protein are almost in the same proportion. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- AA Rivas
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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12
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Ben-Nun A, Mendel I, Bakimer R, Fridkis-Hareli M, Teitelbaum D, Arnon R, Sela M, Kerlero de Rosbo N. The autoimmune reactivity to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in multiple sclerosis is potentially pathogenic: effect of copolymer 1 on MOG-induced disease. J Neurol 1996; 243:S14-22. [PMID: 8965116 DOI: 10.1007/bf00873697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by primary demyelination, is believed to result from an autoimmune attack against myelin components. In view of their ability to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for MS, the quantitatively major malign proteins--myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP)--have been extensively studied as the relevant primary antigens in MS, and therapeutic approaches have been targeted to counteract autoimmune reactivity to MBP and PLP. Accordingly, copolymer 1, a random synthetic amino acid copolymer crossreactive with MBP and highly protective against the induction of EAE with MBP or PLP, is not being extensively tested in clinical studies as a therapeutic agent for MS. However, increasing evidence suggests that autoimmune reactivity against other CNS-specific myelin proteins could also be involved in the pathogenesis of MS. In this context, we have demonstrated that peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with MS respond predominantly to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) rather than to MBP or PLP, suggesting an important role for cell reactivity against MOG in the pathogenesis of MS. We have demonstrated that T-cell reactivity in MOG can also be pathogenic by inducing neurological disease in H-2u and H-2b mice with the same peptide of MOG, pMOG 35-55. Most interestingly, the expression of the disease differed with the different MHC backgrounds. Induction of a differentially expressed disease in different strains of mice with the same myelin antigen makes this new model particularly relevant to MS, where different expression of the disease is seen in different patients. Therefore, notwithstanding the importance of the autoimmune reactivity to MBP and PLP in MS, the potentially pathogenic autoimmune reactivity to MOG must now also be taken into consideration in therapeutic approaches to MS. In this context, we have investigated the possible effect of copolymer 1 treatment on autoimmune reactivity to MOG and on the development of EAE induced by MOG. Copolymer 1 was found to inhibit the binding of MOG peptides to MHC molecules, as well as the proliferation of MOG-reactive T cells, in a dose-dependent manner. In parallel, injection of copolymer 1 concomitantly with the encephalitogenic MOG peptide exerted a strong protective effect against the development of EAE. These preliminary data on the effect of copolymer 1 on the autoimmune response to MOG in mice indicate that copolymer 1 may also be effective in cases of MS where the autoimmune response to MOG prevails, and should therefore be further investigated in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ben-Nun
- Department of Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Bernard CC, Kerlero de Rosbo N. Multiple sclerosis: an autoimmune disease of multifactorial etiology. Curr Opin Immunol 1992; 4:760-5. [PMID: 1281641 DOI: 10.1016/0952-7915(92)90058-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of multiple sclerosis is linked to a variety of genetic and environmental factors. Both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, triggered by extraneous or autoantigens, are likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease. A greater insight into the fundamental cause of multiple sclerosis has been provided by the recognition that certain immune response genes are associated with an increased susceptibility to the disease. Such knowledge should provide new opportunities for selective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Bernard
- Department of Psychology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Cash E, Weerth S, Voltz R, Kornhuber M. Cells of cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients secrete antibodies to myelin basic protein in vitro. Scand J Immunol 1992; 35:695-701. [PMID: 1376491 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb02977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the role of B lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), we have isolated mononuclear cells from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and stimulated them with a polyclonal B-cell mitogen (pokeweed mitogen). This study has been done with MS patients selected for the occurrence of an acute attack in the course of the disease and with patients hospitalized for other neurological diseases. Five of the 11 MS patients had B lymphocytes producing in vitro antibodies (Abs) directed against purified human myelin basic protein (hMBP), as revealed by Western blot analysis. None of the 20 patients with other neurological diseases showed such a reactivity. The produced Abs recognized only 1 or 2 hMBP peptides without dominance for a certain peptide. This result emphasizes the presence of B cells producing Abs against MBP in CSF of MS patients and shows the interest of studying mononuclear cells of CSF as a good marker of the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cash
- Max Planck Institut für Psychiatrie, Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Roth GA, Obata K. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: Dissociation of immunochemical and clinicopathological responses in two strains of rats. Neurochem Int 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0197-0186(91)90003-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Owen SJ, Watson CM, Davison AN. Degradation of human myelin in vitro by leucocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 1990; 82:86-92. [PMID: 2170067 PMCID: PMC1535170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1990.tb05408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the possible autoimmune basis of multiple sclerosis (MS) a quantitative method has been used to investigate breakdown of human myelin in vitro. We found that serum from MS patients and controls was generally devoid of any myelin degradative activity. However, isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 43% of MS patients showed significant myelin degradative activity as did those from 61.5% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Myelin degradation by cells was found in only 13% of patients with other neurological diseases and in no healthy controls. It is proposed that this non-specific peripheral cellular immune degradative activity originates from cells activated within the central nervous system of MS patients or the joints of individuals with RA. As a result, activity in the blood only indirectly reflects the ongoing inflammatory response at the primary site, accounting for the lack of correlation between changes in the blood and the clinical status of the MS patient. We further propose that the lack of in vitro myelin degradative activity in cells recovered from the cerebrospinal fluid is due to autoaggressive cells being sequestered to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Owen
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neurology, London, England, U.K
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