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Scheinman PL, Vocanson M, Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Nixon RL, Dear K, Botto NC, Morot J, Goldminz AM. Contact dermatitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7:38. [PMID: 34045488 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Contact dermatitis (CD) is among the most common inflammatory dermatological conditions and includes allergic CD, photoallergic CD, irritant CD, photoirritant CD (also called phototoxic CD) and protein CD. Occupational CD can be of any type and is the most prevalent occupational skin disease. Each CD type is characterized by different immunological mechanisms and/or requisite exposures. Clinical manifestations of CD vary widely and multiple subtypes may occur simultaneously. The diagnosis relies on clinical presentation, thorough exposure assessment and evaluation with techniques such as patch testing and skin-prick testing. Management is based on patient education, avoidance strategies of specific substances, and topical treatments; in severe or recalcitrant cases, which can negatively affect the quality of life of patients, systemic medications may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Scheinman
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Vocanson
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR, 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rosemary L Nixon
- Skin Health Institute - Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate Dear
- Skin Health Institute - Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nina C Botto
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Johanna Morot
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111; Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, UMR, 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Ari M Goldminz
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Song X, Li N, Wang C, Xiao Y. Targetable and fixable rotor for quantifying mitochondrial viscosity of living cells by fluorescence lifetime imaging. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:360-368. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02524b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A fixable probe, named Vis-A, to quantify mitochondrial viscosity of living cells by fluorescence lifetime imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Yi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
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3
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Erecińska M, Nelson D, Silver IA. Metabolic and energetic properties of isolated nerve ending particles (synaptosomes). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1277:13-34. [PMID: 8950370 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(96)00103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Erecińska
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Watson WP, Little HJ. Interactions between diltiazem and ethanol: differences from those seen with dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1994; 114:329-36. [PMID: 7838926 DOI: 10.1007/bf02244856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists prevent the ethanol withdrawal syndrome and potentiate the acute effects of ethanol and other central depressant drugs. We now report that, in contrast, the benzothiazepine calcium channel antagonist, diltiazem, gave no protection against the behavioural hyperexcitability seen during ethanol withdrawal, when given either acutely, on withdrawal, or chronically, during the ethanol treatment. A significant increase in convulsive behaviour on handling was seen during the withdrawal period when diltiazem was given on cessation of a mild chronic ethanol treatment schedule. Diltiazem decreased the acute general anaesthetic effects of ethanol, and did not appear to potentiate the ataxic action of ethanol. Centrally administered diltiazem did not enhance the hypothermic action of ethanol, but this effect was significantly increased by diltiazem when the calcium channel antagonist was given peripherally. When given alone by the intraperitoneal route, diltiazem decreased spontaneous locomotor activity and lowered body temperature. When the intracerebral route was used for administration of diltiazem, a significantly decrease in body temperature was seen when this compound was given alone, accompanied by a brief hyperexcitability. The interactions between ethanol and diltiazem therefore appear to differ from those seen with other calcium channel antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Watson
- Pharmacology Department, Medical School, University Walk, Bristol, UK
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Abstract
Understanding the cellular response to hypoxia may help elucidate the role of altered oxidation in neuronal death or abnormal cell function. In PC12 cells, 30 min of chemical hypoxia (i.e., KCN) reduced ATP concentrations by 92%, but diminished viability by only 10%. Ten minutes of hypoxia increased cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) 2.5-fold above control, but after 30 min of hypoxia, [Ca2+]i was slightly below that of nonhypoxic cells. Short periods of hypoxia also exaggerated the K(+)-induced elevation of [Ca2+]i, but by 30 min these ATP-depleted cells reestablished a calcium gradient that was equal to nonhypoxic, K(+)-depolarized cells. Thus, 30 min of severe ATP depletion left [Ca2+]i and viability relatively unaffected. Nerve growth factor caused slight, but significant, improvements in ATP and viability of hypoxic cells, but had no effect on [Ca2+]i. Although [Ca2+]i was equivalent in control and hypoxic cells after 30 or 60 min, hypoxia abolished the K(+)-stimulated elevation of [Ca2+]i. The nerve growth factor induction of c-fos, an indicator of the genomic response, was diminished by approximately 80%. Thus, hypoxic PC12 cells with greatly reduced ATP stores maintained normal [Ca2+]i, but their ability to respond to external stimulation was impaired. Further, the reduced oxidation that occurs in the brain in a variety of pathological conditions may interfere with the cellular response to stimulation and growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Carroll
- College of Pharmacy, St. Johns University, Jamaica, New York
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Wermelskirchen D, Wilffert B, Peters T. Veratridine-induced intoxication: an in vitro model for the characterization of anti-ischemic compounds? J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 1992; 3:293-321. [PMID: 1285006 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp.1992.3.4.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to the complexity of ischemia-induced cellular dysfunction many different pharmacological approaches have been tested to improve cellular ischemia resistance. However, despite the importance of [Na+]i for ischemia-induced dysfunction, only very few studies have investigated the contribution of the Na+ channel to ischemia-induced failure of intracellular ion homeostasis. Since an activation of Na+ channels by veratridine also results in a failure of intracellular ion homeostasis, the veratridine- and ischemia-induced alterations of cellular function were compared. Moreover, despite the difference in the electrophysiological changes induced by veratridine and ischemia, the possible involvement of a slowly inactivating, less selective Na+ channel in both veratridine- and ischemia-induced cellular dysfunction is discussed. As a conclusion it is suggested that veratridine intoxication could be a helpful in vitro method for the characterization of putative anti-ischemic compounds.
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Abstract
We have seen that there is no simple answer to the question 'what controls respiration?' The answer varies with (a) the size of the system examined (mitochondria, cell or organ), (b) the conditions (rate of ATP use, level of hormonal stimulation), and (c) the particular organ examined. Of the various theories of control of respiration outlined in the introduction the ideas of Chance & Williams (1955, 1956) give the basic mechanism of how respiration is regulated. Increased ATP usage can cause increased respiration and ATP synthesis by mass action in all the main tissues. Superimposed on this basic mechanism is calcium control of matrix dehydrogenases (at least in heart and liver), and possibly also of the respiratory chain (at least in liver) and ATP synthase (at least in heart). In many tissues calcium also stimulates ATP usage directly; thus calcium may stimulate energy metabolism at (at least) four possible sites, the importance of each regulation varying with tissue. Regulation of multiple sites may occur (from a teleological point of view) because: (a) energy metabolism is branched and thus proportionate regulation of branches is required in order to maintain constant fluxes to branches (e.g. to proton leak or different ATP uses); and/or (b) control over fluxes is shared by a number of reactions, so that large increases in flux requires stimulation at multiple sites because each site has relatively little control. Control may be distributed throughout energy metabolism, possibly due to the necessity of minimizing cell protein levels (see Brown, 1991). The idea that energy metabolism is regulated by energy charge (as proposed by Atkinson, 1968, 1977) is misleading in mammals. Neither mitochondrial ATP synthesis nor cellular ATP usage is a unique function of energy charge as AMP is not a significant regulator (see for example Erecinska et al., 1977). The near-equilibrium hypothesis of Klingenberg (1961) and Erecinska & Wilson (1982) is partially correct in that oxidative phosphorylation is often close to equilibrium (apart from cytochrome oxidase) and as a consequence respiration and ATP synthesis are mainly regulated by (a) the phosphorylation potential, and (b) the NADH/NAD+ ratio. However, oxidative phosphorylation is not always close to equilibrium, at least in isolated mitochondria, and relative proximity to equilibrium does not prevent the respiratory chain, the proton leak, the ATP synthase and ANC having significant control over the fluxes. Thus in some conditions respiration rate correlates better with [ADP] than with phosphorylation potential, and may be relatively insensitive to mitochondrial NADH/NAD+ ratio.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, U.K
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Martínez-Serrano A, Satrústegui J. Regulation of cytosolic free calcium concentration by intrasynaptic mitochondria. Mol Biol Cell 1992; 3:235-48. [PMID: 1550964 PMCID: PMC275522 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.3.2.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
By the use of digitonin permeabilized presynaptic nerve terminals (synaptosomes), we have found that intrasynaptic mitochondria, when studied "in situ," i.e., surrounded by their cytosolic environment, are able to buffer calcium in a range of calcium concentrations close to those usually present in the cytosol of resting synaptosomes. Adenine nucleotides and polyamines, which are usually lost during isolation of mitochondria, greatly improve the calcium-sequestering activity of mitochondria in permeabilized synaptosomes. The hypothesis that the mitochondria contributes to calcium homeostasis at low resting cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in synaptosomes has been tested; it has been found that in fact this is the case. Intrasynaptic mitochondria actively accumulates calcium at [Ca2+]i around 10(-7) M, and this activity is necessary for the regulation of [Ca2+]i. When compared with other membrane-limited calcium pools, it was found that depending on external concentration the calcium pool mobilized from mitochondria is similar or even greater than the IP3- or caffeine-sensitive calcium pools. In summary, the results presented argue in favor of a more prominent role of mitochondria in regulating [Ca2+]i in presynaptic nerve terminals, a role that should be reconsidered for other cellular types in light of the present evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martínez-Serrano
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-Centro de Biologia Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C.S.I.C., Spain
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Boakye P, White EJ, Clark JB. Protection of ischaemic synaptosomes from calcium overload by addition of exogenous lactate. J Neurochem 1991; 57:88-94. [PMID: 2051174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb02103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In depolarised anoxic synaptosomes, in which lactate production was significantly raised compared with normoxic conditions, calcium uptake, net acetylcholine release, and the intrasynaptosomal calcium concentration were all significantly lowered. In contrast, lactate production in synaptosomes incubated under aglycaemic- and ischaemic-type conditions was significantly lower and basal calcium uptake, acetylcholine release, and intrasynaptosomal calcium concentration were elevated compared with normoxia. In addition, the increase in intrasynaptosomal calcium concentration under the ischaemic-type condition appeared to be greater than could be accounted for by the rise in calcium uptake alone. Intrasynaptosomal pH reflected the lactate production under each condition investigated. Addition of exogenous lactate to normoxic synaptosomes mimicked the effects observed in anoxia, suggesting that lactate itself may have blocked the calcium uptake, inhibiting the rise in intrasynaptosomal calcium and acetylcholine release occurring in depolarised anoxic synaptosomes. When lactate was added to ischaemic synaptosomes, the large rise in intrasynaptosomal calcium concentration, calcium uptake, and acetylcholine release were decreased, suggesting that lactate may have a protective role in preventing cell death by calcium overload under ischaemic-type conditions. Evidence is presented to suggest that the effect of L-lactate was due to the lactate moiety itself rather than the associated acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Boakye
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, University of London, England
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Maduh EU, Borowitz JL, Isom GE. Cyanide-induced alteration of cytosolic pH: involvement of cellular hydrogen ion handling processes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1990; 106:201-8. [PMID: 2256111 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(90)90240-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal cells exposed to cyanide rapidly lose the capacity to regulate internal Ca2+ homeostasis, thereby accumulating an excess cytosolic Ca2+ load. The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of KCN on another important ion: hydrogen ion. KCN (1-10 mM) rapidly decreased intracellular pH (pHi) of cultured pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells as indicated by the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye 2',7-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein. Removal of Ca2+ from the media or pretreating the cells with diltiazem (10(-5) M), a calcium channel blocker, delayed the onset and reduced the magnitude of the drop in pHi. Lowering the pH of the incubation medium (pHo) to 6.9 exaggerated the drop in pHi, while raising it to 7.9 attenuated the change in pHi. Removal of Na+ from the media enhanced the cyanide effect. Reintroduction of Na+ or substitution with Li+ reversed the cytosolic acidification, suggesting involvement of the Na+/H+ exchanger in the cyanide action. Pretreatment of cells with amiloride, 0.2 mM, blunted the cytosolic acidification induced by KCN, possibly by decreasing intracellular Na+ accumulation and disrupting H+ efflux. Cyanide thus produces a rapid dysfunction of hydrogen ion handling mechanisms and this may play a role in cyanide neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E U Maduh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Dagani F, Ferrari R, Canevari L. A pharmacological model for studying the role of Na+ gradients in the modulation of synaptosomal free [Ca2+]i levels and energy metabolism. Brain Res 1990; 530:261-6. [PMID: 2176115 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(90)91293-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lactate production (Jlac), oxygen consumption rate (QO2), plasma membrane potentials (Em) and cytosolic free calcium levels [Ca2+]i were studied on synaptosomes isolated from rat brains, incubated in presence of high doses of nicardipine (90 microM), diltiazem (0.5 mM) and verapamil (0.25 mM), and submitted to depolarizing stimulation or inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. Nicardipine was able to completely prevent the veratridine-induced stimulation of Jlac, QO2 and Em depolarization, whereas diltiazem and verapamil were less effective, although the concentrations used were 5 and 3 times higher, respectively, than nicardipine. Diltiazem, verapamil and nicardipine (9 microM) also prevented the veratridine-induced increase in [Ca2+]i, this effect being much less pronounced if the drugs were added after veratridine. Monensin (20 microM) was also able to increase [Ca2+]i but this effect was not affected by verapamil. Synaptosomes were also submitted to an inhibition of respiration of intrasynaptic mitochondria by incubation with rotenone (5 microM); in this condition of mimicked hypoxia Em was more positive of about 11 mV; none of the drugs utilized modified this situation. The rotenone-induced 3-fold increase in Jlac was barely modified by diltiazem and verapamil but it was completely abolished by nicardipine. The possible mechanism of the counteracting action of the drugs towards veratridine stimulation and rotenone inhibition and the involvement of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in affecting [Ca2+]i are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dagani
- Istituto di Farmacologia, Università di Pavia, Italy
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