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Kandil B, Bayraktaroglu AG. Induction of Heat Shock Proteins 27, 60, 70, and 90 in the Cerebellum of Rats After Hyperthermia During Postnatal Development. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2024:ozae075. [PMID: 39189886 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are induced in response to stressful stimuli and play an important role in cell repair and protection. This study, using immunohistochemistry, aimed to determine whether HSPs are induced in the cerebellum of rats subjected to hyperthermia during postnatal development (PND). The results showed that unlike HSP27 and HSP70, HSP60 and HSP90 were constitutively expressed in the cerebellum of rats. However, hyperthermia induced HSP27 in the white matter (WM) and HSP70 in the Bergmann glial cells, the internal granule layer (IGL), and the WM. In the WM, HSP27 induction was only observed on days PND20, PND25, and PND30, and HSP27 expression was higher on day PND30 compared with days PND20 and PND25 (p < 0.001). In the Bergmann glial cells, HSP70 induction was only observed on days PND5, PND10, and PND20, and HSP70 expression was greater on days PND5 and PND10 compared with day PND20 (p < 0.001). In the IGL and the WM, HSP70 expression was higher on days PND20, PND25, and PND30 compared with days PND5 and PND10 (p < 0.001). These findings indicate that unlike HSP60 and HSP90, HSP27 and HSP70 have different expression patterns in the cerebellum of rats after hyperthermia during PND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Kandil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, Siirt 56100, Turkey
| | - Alev Gürol Bayraktaroglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey
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Gimeno-Ferrer F, Eitner A, Schaible HG, Richter F. Galanin diminishes cortical spreading depolarization across rodents - A candidate for treatment? Neurosci Lett 2024; 832:137814. [PMID: 38723760 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Galanin (Gal) is a neuropeptide with the potential to ameliorate cortical spreading depolarization (CSD), an electrophysiological phenomenon occurring after brain injury or in migraine aura. Gal is expressed in all cortical neurons both in rat and in mouse cortices. Here we investigated whether the effect of Gal on CSD previously described in the rat is conserved in the mouse cortex. In rats, the topical application of Gal to the cortex for 1 h did not induce any change in CSD amplitudes, propagation velocity, or threshold of elicitation. Rather, topical application of Gal for 3 h was necessary to obtain a significant decrease in these CSD parameters and to develop a remarkable increase in the KCl threshold to elicit a CSD in rat cortex. In contrast, the topical application of Gal on cortical surface for 1 h in mice was sufficient to significantly attenuate CSD amplitudes and increase threshold. A thinner cortex, a faster diffusion or different affinity/expression of receptors for Gal are possible reasons to explain this difference in the time course between rats and mice. Our data are relevant to postulate Gal as a potential target for inhibition of CSD under pathological situations such as stroke or ischemia. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The neuropeptide Galanin (Gal) is expressed in all neurons throughout the cerebral cortex, both in rats and mice, and is able to reduce or even inhibit Cortical Spreading Depolarization, thus, Gal has the potential to control neuronal excitability that may identify Gal as a target in drug development against CSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Gimeno-Ferrer
- Institute of Physiology 1/Neurophysiology, Jena University Hospital, D-07740 Jena, Germany; Present address: University of Augsburg, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Theoretical Medicine, Vascular Biology Lab, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Annett Eitner
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Experimental Trauma Surgery, Jena University Hospital, D-07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Schaible
- Institute of Physiology 1/Neurophysiology, Jena University Hospital, D-07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Richter
- Institute of Physiology 1/Neurophysiology, Jena University Hospital, D-07740 Jena, Germany.
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Hevesi Z, Bakker J, Tretiakov EO, Adori C, Raabgrund A, Barde SS, Caramia M, Krausgruber T, Ladstätter S, Bock C, Hökfelt T, Harkany T. Transient expression of the neuropeptide galanin modulates peripheral‑to‑central connectivity in the somatosensory thalamus during whisker development in mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2762. [PMID: 38553447 PMCID: PMC10980825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The significance of transient neuropeptide expression during postnatal brain development is unknown. Here, we show that galanin expression in the ventrobasal thalamus of infant mice coincides with whisker map development and modulates subcortical circuit wiring. Time-resolved neuroanatomy and single-nucleus RNA-seq identified complementary galanin (Gal) and galanin receptor 1 (Galr1) expression in the ventrobasal thalamus and the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (Pr5), respectively. Somatodendritic galanin release from the ventrobasal thalamus was time-locked to the first postnatal week, when Gal1R+ Pr5 afferents form glutamatergic (Slc17a6+) synapses for the topographical whisker map to emerge. RNAi-mediated silencing of galanin expression disrupted glutamatergic synaptogenesis, which manifested as impaired whisker-dependent exploratory behaviors in infant mice, with behavioral abnormalities enduring into adulthood. Pharmacological probing of receptor selectivity in vivo corroborated that target recognition and synaptogenesis in the thalamus, at least in part, are reliant on agonist-induced Gal1R activation in inbound excitatory axons. Overall, we suggest a neuropeptide-dependent developmental mechanism to contribute to the topographical specification of a fundamental sensory neurocircuit in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsofia Hevesi
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joanne Bakker
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Evgenii O Tretiakov
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Csaba Adori
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anika Raabgrund
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Swapnali S Barde
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Martino Caramia
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Data Science, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabrina Ladstätter
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Data Science, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
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4
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Komuro Y, Galas L, Morozov YM, Fahrion JK, Raoult E, Lebon A, Tilot AK, Kikuchi S, Ohno N, Vaudry D, Rakic P, Komuro H. The Role of Galanin in Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration in the Early Postnatal Mouse during Normal Development and after Injury. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8725-8741. [PMID: 34462307 PMCID: PMC8528496 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0900-15.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin, one of the most inducible neuropeptides, is widely present in developing brains, and its expression is altered by pathologic events (e.g., epilepsy, ischemia, and axotomy). The roles of galanin in brain development under both normal and pathologic conditions have been hypothesized, but the question of how galanin is involved in fetal and early postnatal brain development remains largely unanswered. In this study, using granule cell migration in the cerebellum of early postnatal mice (both sexes) as a model system, we examined the role of galanin in neuronal cell migration during normal development and after brain injury. Here we show that, during normal development, endogenous galanin participates in accelerating granule cell migration via altering the Ca2+ and cAMP signaling pathways. Upon brain injury induced by the application of cold insults, galanin levels decrease at the lesion sites, but increase in the surroundings of lesion sites. Granule cells exhibit the following corresponding changes in migration: (1) slowing down migration at the lesion sites; and (2) accelerating migration in the surroundings of lesion sites. Experimental manipulations of galanin signaling reduce the lesion site-specific changes in granule cell migration, indicating that galanin plays a role in such deficits in neuronal cell migration. The present study suggests that manipulating galanin signaling may be a potential therapeutic target for acutely injured brains during development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Deficits in neuronal cell migration caused by brain injury result in abnormal development of cortical layers, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be determined. Here, we report that on brain injury, endogenous levels of galanin, a neuropeptide, are altered in a lesion site-specific manner, decreasing at the lesion sites but increasing in the surroundings of lesion sites. The changes in galanin levels positively correlate with the migration rate of immature neurons. Manipulations of galanin signaling ameliorate the effects of injury on neuronal migration and cortical layer development. These results shed a light on galanin as a potential therapeutic target for acutely injured brains during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Komuro
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Ludovic Galas
- Regional Platform for Cell Imaging of Normandy, INSERM, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Yury M Morozov
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Jennifer K Fahrion
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Emilie Raoult
- Regional Platform for Cell Imaging of Normandy, INSERM, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Alexis Lebon
- Regional Platform for Cell Imaging of Normandy, INSERM, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Amanda K Tilot
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Shin Kikuchi
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - David Vaudry
- Regional Platform for Cell Imaging of Normandy, INSERM, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
- Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, INSERM U1239, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Hitoshi Komuro
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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Constantin S, Wray S. Galanin Activates G Protein Gated Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels and Suppresses Kisspeptin-10 Activation of GnRH Neurons. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3197-212. [PMID: 27359210 PMCID: PMC4967115 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
GnRH neurons are regulated by hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons. Recently, galanin was identified in a subpopulation of kisspeptin neurons. Although the literature thoroughly describes kisspeptin activation of GnRH neurons, little is known about the effects of galanin on GnRH neurons. This study investigated whether galanin could alter kisspeptin signaling to GnRH neurons. GnRH cells maintained in explants, known to display spontaneous calcium oscillations, and a long-lasting calcium response to kisspeptin-10 (kp-10), were used. First, transcripts for galanin receptors (GalRs) were examined. Only GalR1 was found in GnRH neurons. A series of experiments was then performed to determine the action of galanin on kp-10 activated GnRH neurons. Applied after kp-10 activation, galanin 1-16 (Gal1-16) rapidly suppressed kp-10 activation. Applied with kp-10, Gal1-16 prevented kp-10 activation until its removal. To determine the mechanism by which galanin inhibited kp-10 activation of GnRH neurons, Gal1-16 and galanin were applied to spontaneously active GnRH neurons. Both inhibited GnRH neuronal activity, independent of GnRH neuronal inputs. This inhibition was mimicked by a GalR1 agonist but not by GalR2 or GalR2/3 agonists. Although Gal1-16 inhibition relied on Gi/o signaling, it was independent of cAMP levels but sensitive to blockers of G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels. A newly developed bioassay for GnRH detection showed Gal1-16 decreased the kp-10-evoked GnRH secretion below detection threshold. Together, this study shows that galanin is a potent regulator of GnRH neurons, possibly acting as a physiological break to kisspeptin excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Constantin
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3703
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3703
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6
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Lang R, Gundlach AL, Holmes FE, Hobson SA, Wynick D, Hökfelt T, Kofler B. Physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of galanin peptides and receptors: three decades of emerging diversity. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:118-75. [PMID: 25428932 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin was first identified 30 years ago as a "classic neuropeptide," with actions primarily as a modulator of neurotransmission in the brain and peripheral nervous system. Other structurally-related peptides-galanin-like peptide and alarin-with diverse biologic actions in brain and other tissues have since been identified, although, unlike galanin, their cognate receptors are currently unknown. Over the last two decades, in addition to many neuronal actions, a number of nonneuronal actions of galanin and other galanin family peptides have been described. These include actions associated with neural stem cells, nonneuronal cells in the brain such as glia, endocrine functions, effects on metabolism, energy homeostasis, and paracrine effects in bone. Substantial new data also indicate an emerging role for galanin in innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Galanin has been shown to regulate its numerous physiologic and pathophysiological processes through interactions with three G protein-coupled receptors, GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3, and signaling via multiple transduction pathways, including inhibition of cAMP/PKA (GAL1, GAL3) and stimulation of phospholipase C (GAL2). In this review, we emphasize the importance of novel galanin receptor-specific agonists and antagonists. Also, other approaches, including new transgenic mouse lines (such as a recently characterized GAL3 knockout mouse) represent, in combination with viral-based techniques, critical tools required to better evaluate galanin system physiology. These in turn will help identify potential targets of the galanin/galanin-receptor systems in a diverse range of human diseases, including pain, mood disorders, epilepsy, neurodegenerative conditions, diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Lang
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Fiona E Holmes
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Sally A Hobson
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - David Wynick
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
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Agasse F, Xapelli S, Coronas V, Christiansen SH, Rosa AI, Sardá-Arroyo L, Santos T, Ferreira R, Schitine C, Harnois T, Bourmeyster N, Bragança J, Bernardino L, Malva JO, Woldbye DP. Galanin Promotes Neuronal Differentiation in Murine Subventricular Zone Cell Cultures. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1693-708. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Agasse
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Valérie Coronas
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, University of Poitiers, CNRS FRE 3511, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Søren H. Christiansen
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra I. Rosa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Laura Sardá-Arroyo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Clarissa Schitine
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thomas Harnois
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, University of Poitiers, CNRS FRE 3511, Poitiers Cedex, France
- CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Bourmeyster
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, University of Poitiers, CNRS FRE 3511, Poitiers Cedex, France
- CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - José Bragança
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João O. Malva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - David P.D. Woldbye
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Galanin transgenic mice with elevated circulating galanin levels alleviate demyelination in a cuprizone-induced MS mouse model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33901. [PMID: 22442732 PMCID: PMC3307774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with a presumed autoimmune etiology. Approved treatments for MS are immunoregulatory and are able to reduce the inflammatory components of the disease. However, these treatments do not suppress progressive clinical disability. Approaches that directly protect myelin-producing oligodendrocytes and enhance remyelination are likely to improve long-term outcomes and reduce the rate of axonal damage. Galanin (GAL) is a bioactive neuropeptide that is widely distributed throughout the nervous system and has diverse neuromodulatory effects. In this study, using the cuprizone (CPZ) demyelination model of MS, we demonstrate that GAL has pronounced neuroprotective effects with respect to demyelination and remyelination. Using our GAL transgenic mouse (GAL-Tg), we identified a novel attenuation of OLs against CPZ induced demyelination, which was exerted independently of progenitor cells. Alleviation of myelin breakdown in the GAL-Tg mice was observed to be significant. Furthermore, we observed changes in the expression of the GAL receptor GalR1 during the demyelination and remyelination processes. Our data strongly indicate that GAL has the capacity to influence the outcome of primary insults that directly target OLs, as opposed to cases where immune activation is the primary pathogenic event. Taken together, these results suggest that GAL is a promising next-generation target for the treatment of MS.
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Shen PJ, Gundlach AL. Galanin systems and ischemia: peptide and receptor plasticity in neurons and oligodendroglial precursors. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2011; 102:209-21. [PMID: 21299071 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0346-0228-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral cortex contains few if any galanin neurons, but receives galanin-ergic inputs from subcortical areas. Apart from our earlier study on the response to cortical spreading depression, little is known about the presence and function of galanin in normal or injured cortex and to gain more insight into its possible roles, we investigated the temporal effects of focal ischemia on the expression of galanin and galanin receptors (GalRs). Focal ischemia induced in the rat by unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion increased galanin and GalR1 mRNAs in penumbral/undamaged areas on the first and second day post-ischemia, while increased GalR2 mRNA was observed in the same regions only on the second day. Immunohistochemical studies revealed galanin immunoreactive neurons in the frontal/ cingulate cortex and abundant galanin-immunoreactivity in nerve axons/fibres within the penumbral areas, between the third and the seventh day after ischemia. Galanin mRNA and immunoreactivity was also increased in a population of small cells thought to be NG2-positive oligodendrocyte precursors. Up-regulation of galanin and GalRs in various cell populations following severe ischemic injury further demonstrates the marked plasticity of galanin and GalR1/2 expression after brain injury, and together with data reported elsewhere in this volume, suggests a functional role for galanin signalling in such pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Juan Shen
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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10
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Cameron DB, Galas L, Jiang Y, Raoult E, Vaudry D, Komuro H. Cerebellar cortical-layer-specific control of neuronal migration by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide. Neuroscience 2007; 146:697-712. [PMID: 17383102 PMCID: PMC1951536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Migration of immature neurons is essential for forming the cortical layers and nuclei. Impairment of migration results in aberrant neuronal cytoarchitecture, which leads to various neurological disorders. Neurons alter the mode, tempo and rate of migration when they translocate through different cortical layers, but little is known about the mechanisms underlying this process. Here we show that endogenous pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has short-term and cortical-layer-specific effects on granule cell migration in the early postnatal mouse cerebellum. Application of exogenous PACAP significantly slowed the migration of isolated granule cells and shortened the leading process in the microexplant cultures of the postnatal day (P)0-3 cerebella. Interestingly, in the cerebellar slices of P10 mice, application of exogenous PACAP significantly inhibited granule cell migration in the external granular layer (EGL) and molecular layer (ML), but failed to alter the movement in the Purkinje cell layer (PCL) and internal granular layer (IGL). In contrast, application of PACAP antagonist accelerated granule cell migration in the PCL, but did not change the movement in the EGL, ML and IGL. Inhibition of the cAMP signaling and the activity of phospholipase C significantly reduced the effects of exogenous PACAP on granule cell migration. The PACAP action on granule cell migration was transient, and lasted for approximately 2 h. The duration of PACAP action on granule cell migration was determined by the desensitization of its receptors and prolonged by inhibiting the protein kinase C. Endogenous PACAP was present sporadically in the bottom of the ML, intensively in the PCL, and throughout the IGL. Collectively, these results indicated that PACAP acts on granule cell migration as "a brake (stop signal) for cell movement." Furthermore, these results suggest that endogenous PACAP slows granule cell migration when the cells enter the PACAP-rich PCL, and 2 h later the desensitization of PACAP receptors allows the cells to accelerate the rate of migration and to actively move within the PACAP-rich IGL. Therefore, endogenous PACAP may provide a cue that regulates granule cell migration in a cerebellar cortical-layer-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Bryant Cameron
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Ludovic Galas
- European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U-413, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France 76821
| | - Yulan Jiang
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Emilie Raoult
- European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U-413, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France 76821
| | - David Vaudry
- European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U-413, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France 76821
| | - Hitoshi Komuro
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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