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Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons. In this Spotlight, we explore the idea that genetic forms of neurodegenerative disorders might be rooted in neural development. Focusing on Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, we first provide a brief overview of the pathology for these diseases. Although neurodegenerative diseases are generally thought of as late-onset diseases, we discuss recent evidence promoting the notion that they might be considered neurodevelopmental disorders. With this view in mind, we consider the suitability of animal models for studying these diseases, highlighting human-specific features of human brain development. We conclude by proposing that one such feature, human-specific regulation of neurogenic time, might be key to understanding the etiology and pathophysiology of human neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Shabani
- Institut du Cerveau – Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Bassem A. Hassan
- Institut du Cerveau – Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
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2
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Vogt ACS, Jennings GT, Mohsen MO, Vogel M, Bachmann MF. Alzheimer's Disease: A Brief History of Immunotherapies Targeting Amyloid β. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3895. [PMID: 36835301 PMCID: PMC9961492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and may contribute to 60-70% of cases. Worldwide, around 50 million people suffer from dementia and the prediction is that the number will more than triple by 2050, as the population ages. Extracellular protein aggregation and plaque deposition as well as accumulation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, all leading to neurodegeneration, are the hallmarks of brains with Alzheimer's disease. Therapeutic strategies including active and passive immunizations have been widely explored in the last two decades. Several compounds have shown promising results in many AD animal models. To date, only symptomatic treatments are available and because of the alarming epidemiological data, novel therapeutic strategies to prevent, mitigate, or delay the onset of AD are required. In this mini-review, we focus on our understanding of AD pathobiology and discuss current active and passive immunomodulating therapies targeting amyloid-β protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Cathrine S. Vogt
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology (RI), University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Mona O. Mohsen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology (RI), University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monique Vogel
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology (RI), University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin F. Bachmann
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology (RI), University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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3
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Arnst N, Redolfi N, Lia A, Bedetta M, Greotti E, Pizzo P. Mitochondrial Ca 2+ Signaling and Bioenergetics in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:3025. [PMID: 36551781 PMCID: PMC9775979 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a hereditary and sporadic neurodegenerative illness defined by the gradual and cumulative loss of neurons in specific brain areas. The processes that cause AD are still under investigation and there are no available therapies to halt it. Current progress puts at the forefront the "calcium (Ca2+) hypothesis" as a key AD pathogenic pathway, impacting neuronal, astrocyte and microglial function. In this review, we focused on mitochondrial Ca2+ alterations in AD, their causes and bioenergetic consequences in neuronal and glial cells, summarizing the possible mechanisms linking detrimental mitochondrial Ca2+ signals to neuronal death in different experimental AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Arnst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Nelly Redolfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Annamaria Lia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Martina Bedetta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Greotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
- Study Centre for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
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4
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Qin Q, Fu L, Wang R, Lyu J, Ma H, Zhan M, Zhou A, Wang F, Zuo X, Wei C. Prominent Striatum Amyloid Retention in Early-Onset Familial Alzheimer's Disease With PSEN1 Mutations: A Pilot PET/MR Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:732159. [PMID: 34603009 PMCID: PMC8480470 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.732159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: With the advancements of amyloid imaging in recent years, this new imaging diagnostic method has aroused great interest from researchers. Till now, little is known regarding amyloid deposition specialty in patients with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD), and even less is known about its role in cognitive impairments. Objectives: Our study aimed to evaluate the amyloid deposition in five patients with EOFAD, 15 patients with late-onset sporadic AD, and 12 healthy subjects utilizing 11C-labeled Pittsburgh compound-B (11C-PiB) amyloid PET imaging. Moreover, we figured out the correlation between striatal and cortical standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs). We also investigated the correlation between 11C-PiB retention and cognitive presentation. Results: All patients with EOFAD showed high amyloid deposition in the striatum, a pattern that is not usually seen in patients with late-onset sporadic AD. The SUVR in the striatum, especially in the amygdala, showed significant correlations with cortex SUVR in EOFAD. However, neither striatal nor cortical 11C-PiB retention was related to cognitive decline. Conclusions: The amyloid distribution in patients with EOFAD differs from late-onset sporadic AD, with higher amyloid deposits in the striatum. Our study also demonstrated positive correlations in 11C-PiB retention between the striatum and other cortical areas. We revealed that the distribution of amyloid in the brain is not random but diffuses following the functional and anatomical connections. However, the degree and pattern of amyloid deposition were not correlated with cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qin
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.,Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Fu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jihui Lyu
- Center for Cognitive Disorders, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huixuan Ma
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.,Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Minmin Zhan
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.,Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Aihong Zhou
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.,Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.,Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumei Zuo
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.,Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Cuibai Wei
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.,Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
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5
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Lechuga GC, Napoleão-Pêgo P, Bottino CCG, Pinho RT, Provance-Jr DW, De-Simone SG. Trypanosoma cruzi Presenilin-Like Transmembrane Aspartyl Protease: Characterization and Cellular Localization. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111564. [PMID: 33212923 PMCID: PMC7698364 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing detection of infections of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, in non-endemic regions beyond Latin America has risen to be a major public health issue. With an impact in the millions of people, current treatments rely on antiquated drugs that produce severe side effects and are considered nearly ineffective for the chronic phase. The minimal progress in the development of new drugs highlights the need for advances in basic research on crucial biochemical pathways in T. cruzi to identify new targets. Here, we report on the T. cruzi presenilin-like transmembrane aspartyl enzyme, a protease of the aspartic class in a unique phylogenetic subgroup with T. vivax separate from protozoans. Computational analyses suggest it contains nine transmembrane domains and an active site with the characteristic PALP motif of the A22 family. Multiple linear B-cell epitopes were identified by SPOT-synthesis analysis with Chagasic patient sera. Two were chosen to generate rabbit antisera, whose signal was primarily localized to the flagellar pocket, intracellular vesicles, and endoplasmic reticulum in parasites by whole-cell immunofluorescence. The results suggest that the parasitic presenilin-like enzyme could have a role in the secretory pathway and serve as a target for the generation of new therapeutics specific to the T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme C. Lechuga
- Center for Technological Development in Health/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Diseases of Neglected Population (INCT-IDPN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (G.C.L.); (P.N.-P.); (C.C.G.B.); (D.W.P.-J.)
- Cellular Ultrastructure Laboratory, FIOCRUZ, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Paloma Napoleão-Pêgo
- Center for Technological Development in Health/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Diseases of Neglected Population (INCT-IDPN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (G.C.L.); (P.N.-P.); (C.C.G.B.); (D.W.P.-J.)
| | - Carolina C. G. Bottino
- Center for Technological Development in Health/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Diseases of Neglected Population (INCT-IDPN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (G.C.L.); (P.N.-P.); (C.C.G.B.); (D.W.P.-J.)
| | - Rosa T. Pinho
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, FIOCRUZ, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
| | - David W. Provance-Jr
- Center for Technological Development in Health/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Diseases of Neglected Population (INCT-IDPN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (G.C.L.); (P.N.-P.); (C.C.G.B.); (D.W.P.-J.)
- Interdisciplinary Medical Research Laboratory, FIOCRUZ, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Salvatore G. De-Simone
- Center for Technological Development in Health/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Diseases of Neglected Population (INCT-IDPN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (G.C.L.); (P.N.-P.); (C.C.G.B.); (D.W.P.-J.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24220-008, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-3865-8183
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6
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Non coding RNAs as the critical factors in chemo resistance of bladder tumor cells. Diagn Pathol 2020; 15:136. [PMID: 33183321 PMCID: PMC7659041 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-020-01054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer (BCa) is the ninth frequent and 13th leading cause of cancer related deaths in the world which is mainly observed among men. There is a declining mortality rates in developed countries. Although, the majority of BCa patients present Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) tumors, only 30% of patients suffer from muscle invasion and distant metastases. Radical cystoprostatectomy, radiation, and chemotherapy have proven to be efficient in metastatic tumors. However, tumor relapse is observed in a noticeable ratio of patients following the chemotherapeutic treatment. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are important factors during tumor progression and chemo resistance which can be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of BCa. MAIN BODY In present review we summarized all of the lncRNAs and miRNAs associated with chemotherapeutic resistance in bladder tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS This review paves the way of introducing a prognostic panel of ncRNAs for the BCa patients which can be useful to select a proper drug based on the lncRNA profiles of patients to reduce the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy in such patients.
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Ho HY, Lin FCF, Chen PN, Chen MK, Hsin CH, Yang SF, Lin CW. Tricetin Suppresses Migration and Presenilin-1 Expression of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma through Akt/GSK-3β Pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:1203-1220. [PMID: 32668971 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lymph node migration results in poor prognoses for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. Tricetin, a flavonoid derivative, regulates tumorigenesis activity through its antiproliferative and antimetastatic properties. However, the molecular mechanism of tricetin affecting the migration and invasion of NPC cells remains poorly understood. In this paper, we examined the antimetastatic properties of tricetin in human NPC cells. Our results demonstrated that tricetin at noncytotoxic concentrations (0-80 3M) noticeably reduced the migration and invasion of NPC cells (HONE-1, NPC-39, and NPC-BM). Moreover, tricetin suppressed the indicative protease, presenilin-1 (PS-1), as indicated by protease array. PS-1 was transcriptionally inhibited via the Akt signaling pathway but not mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, such as the JNK, p38, and ERK1/2 pathways. In addition to upregulating GSK-3[Formula: see text] phosphorylation through Akt suppression, tricetin may downregulate the activity of PS-1. Overall, our study provides new insight into the role of tricetin-induced molecular regulation in the suppression of NPC metastasis and suggests that tricetin has prospective therapeutic applications for patients with NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Ho
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Frank Cheau-Feng Lin
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ni Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Kuan Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Han Hsin
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Wen Lin
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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8
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Pizzo P, Basso E, Filadi R, Greotti E, Leparulo A, Pendin D, Redolfi N, Rossini M, Vajente N, Pozzan T, Fasolato C. Presenilin-2 and Calcium Handling: Molecules, Organelles, Cells and Brain Networks. Cells 2020; 9:E2166. [PMID: 32992716 PMCID: PMC7601421 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Presenilin-2 (PS2) is one of the three proteins that are dominantly mutated in familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). It forms the catalytic core of the γ-secretase complex-a function shared with its homolog presenilin-1 (PS1)-the enzyme ultimately responsible of amyloid-β (Aβ) formation. Besides its enzymatic activity, PS2 is a multifunctional protein, being specifically involved, independently of γ-secretase activity, in the modulation of several cellular processes, such as Ca2+ signalling, mitochondrial function, inter-organelle communication, and autophagy. As for the former, evidence has accumulated that supports the involvement of PS2 at different levels, ranging from organelle Ca2+ handling to Ca2+ entry through plasma membrane channels. Thus FAD-linked PS2 mutations impact on multiple aspects of cell and tissue physiology, including bioenergetics and brain network excitability. In this contribution, we summarize the main findings on PS2, primarily as a modulator of Ca2+ homeostasis, with particular emphasis on the role of its mutations in the pathogenesis of FAD. Identification of cell pathways and molecules that are specifically targeted by PS2 mutants, as well as of common targets shared with PS1 mutants, will be fundamental to disentangle the complexity of memory loss and brain degeneration that occurs in Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Emy Basso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Riccardo Filadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Greotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leparulo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
| | - Diana Pendin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Nelly Redolfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
| | - Michela Rossini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
| | - Nicola Vajente
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via G. Orus 2B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Cristina Fasolato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.B.); (R.F.); (E.G.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (N.R.); (M.R.); (N.V.); (T.P.)
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9
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Galla L, Redolfi N, Pozzan T, Pizzo P, Greotti E. Intracellular Calcium Dysregulation by the Alzheimer's Disease-Linked Protein Presenilin 2. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E770. [PMID: 31991578 PMCID: PMC7037278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Even though most AD cases are sporadic, a small percentage is familial due to autosomal dominant mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1), and presenilin-2 (PSEN2) genes. AD mutations contribute to the generation of toxic amyloid β (Aβ) peptides and the formation of cerebral plaques, leading to the formulation of the amyloid cascade hypothesis for AD pathogenesis. Many drugs have been developed to inhibit this pathway but all these approaches currently failed, raising the need to find additional pathogenic mechanisms. Alterations in cellular calcium (Ca2+) signaling have also been reported as causative of neurodegeneration. Interestingly, Aβ peptides, mutated presenilin-1 (PS1), and presenilin-2 (PS2) variously lead to modifications in Ca2+ homeostasis. In this contribution, we focus on PS2, summarizing how AD-linked PS2 mutants alter multiple Ca2+ pathways and the functional consequences of this Ca2+ dysregulation in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Galla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (N.R.); (T.P.); (E.G.)
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Nelly Redolfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (N.R.); (T.P.); (E.G.)
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (N.R.); (T.P.); (E.G.)
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (N.R.); (T.P.); (E.G.)
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Greotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (L.G.); (N.R.); (T.P.); (E.G.)
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
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10
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Sun J, Martin JM, Vanderpoel V, Sumbria RK. The Promises and Challenges of Erythropoietin for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2019; 21:12-24. [PMID: 30656553 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder in the world, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular amyloid-beta protein deposits represent the major pathological hallmarks of the disease. Currently available treatments provide some symptomatic relief but fail to modify primary pathological processes that underlie the disease. Erythropoietin (EPO), a hematopoietic growth factor, acts primarily to stimulate erythroid cell production, and is clinically used to treat anemia. EPO has evolved as a therapeutic agent for neurodegeneration and has improved neurological outcomes and AD pathology in rodents. However, penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and negative hematopoietic effects are the two major challenges for the therapeutic development of EPO for chronic neurodegenerative diseases like AD. The transferrin receptors at the BBB, which are responsible for transporting transferrin-bound iron from the blood into the brain parenchyma, can be used to shuttle therapeutic molecules across the BBB. In this review, we discuss the role of EPO as a potential neurotherapeutic for AD, challenges associated with EPO development for AD, and targeting the BBB transferrin receptor for EPO brain delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Sun
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, 535 Watson Dr, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Jan Michelle Martin
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA
| | | | - Rachita K Sumbria
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, 535 Watson Dr, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92868, USA.
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11
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Neuroprotective action of Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids on Paraquat intoxication in Drosophila melanogaster. Neurotoxicology 2019; 70:154-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Paracchini L, Beltrame L, Boeri L, Fusco F, Caffarra P, Marchini S, Albani D, Forloni G. Exome sequencing in an Italian family with Alzheimer's disease points to a role for seizure-related gene 6 (SEZ6) rare variant R615H. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 10:106. [PMID: 30309378 PMCID: PMC6182820 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The typical familial form of Alzheimer's disease (FAD) accounts for about 5% of total Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases. Presenilins (PSEN1 and PSEN2) and amyloid-β (A4) precursor protein (APP) genes carry all reported FAD-linked mutations. However, other genetic loci may be involved in AD. For instance, seizure-related gene 6 (SEZ6) has been reported in brain development and psychiatric disorders and is differentially expressed in the cerebrospinal fluid of AD cases. METHODS We describe a targeted exome sequencing analysis of a large Italian kindred with AD, negative for PSEN and APP variants, that indicated the SEZ6 heterozygous mutation R615H is associated with the pathology. RESULTS We overexpressed R615H mutation in H4-SW cells, finding a reduction of amyloid peptide Aβ(1-42). Sez6 expression decreased with age in a mouse model of AD (3xTG-AD), but independently from transgene expression. CONCLUSIONS These results support a role of exome sequencing for disease-associated variant discovery and reinforce available data on SEZ6 in AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Paracchini
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Beltrame
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Boeri
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Caffarra
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Neurologia, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43100, Parma, Italy
| | - Sergio Marchini
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
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13
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Chen XB, Li W, Chu AX. MicroRNA-133a inhibits gastric cancer cells growth, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition process by targeting presenilin 1. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:470-480. [PMID: 30161272 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies and a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Accumulating evidence reported that microRNA (miR)-133a was involved in GC. This study aimed to investigate the function and mechanism of miR-133a in the development and progression of GC. The expression of miR-133a and presenilin 1 (PSEN1) in two GC cell lines, SGC-7901 and BGC-823, were inhibited and overexpressed by transient transfections. Thereafter, cell viability, migration, and apoptosis were measured by trypan blue exclusion assay, transwell migration assay, and flow cytometry assay, respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was conducted to verify whether PSEN1 was a direct target of miR-133a. Furthermore, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were mainly performed to assess the expression changes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated proteins, apoptosis-related proteins, and Notch pathway proteins. MiR-133a inhibitor significantly increased cell viability and migration, while miR-133a mimic decreased cell viability, migration, and induced apoptosis. miR-133a suppression accelerated transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induce EMT, as evidenced by upregulation of E-cadherin, and downregulation of N-cadherin, vimentin, and Slug. Of contrast, miR-133a overexpression blocked TGF-β1-induce EMT by altering these factors. PSEN1 was a direct target of miR-133a, and suppression of PSEN1 abolished the promoting functions of miR-133 suppression on cell growth and metastasis. Moreover, PSEN1 inhibition decreased Notch 1, Notch 2, and Notch 3 protein expressions. This study demonstrates an antigrowth and antimetastasis role of miR-133a in GC cells. Additionally, miR-133a acts as a tumor suppressor may be via targeting PSEN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Bo Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Ai-Xia Chu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, China
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14
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Kim K, Goldberg IJ, Graham MJ, Sundaram M, Bertaggia E, Lee SX, Qiang L, Haeusler RA, Metzger D, Chambon P, Yao Z, Ginsberg HN, Pajvani UB. γ-Secretase Inhibition Lowers Plasma Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins by Stabilizing the LDL Receptor. Cell Metab 2018; 27:816-827.e4. [PMID: 29576536 PMCID: PMC5884729 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Excess plasma triglycerides (TGs) are a key component of obesity-induced metabolic syndrome. We have shown that γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) treatment improves glucose tolerance due to inhibition of hepatic Notch signaling but found additional Notch-independent reduction of plasma TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in GSI-treated, as well as hepatocyte-specific, γ-secretase knockout (L-Ncst) mice, which suggested a primary effect on hepatocyte TRL uptake. Indeed, we found increased VLDL and LDL particle uptake in L-Ncst hepatocytes and Ncst-deficient hepatoma cells, in part through reduced γ-secretase-mediated low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) cleavage and degradation. To exploit this novel finding, we generated a liver-selective Nicastrin ASO, which recapitulated glucose and lipid improvements of L-Ncst mice, with increased levels of hepatocyte LDLR. Collectively, these results identify the role of hepatic γ-secretase to regulate LDLR and suggest that liver-specific GSIs may simultaneously improve multiple aspects of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- KyeongJin Kim
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Meenakshi Sundaram
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Enrico Bertaggia
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel X Lee
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Qiang
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca A Haeusler
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Zemin Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Utpal B Pajvani
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Sharma N, Khurana N, Muthuraman A. Lower vertebrate and invertebrate models of Alzheimer's disease - A review. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:312-323. [PMID: 28943103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by the presence of beta- amyloid protein and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. Till now, various higher vertebrate models have been in use to study the pathophysiology of this disease. But, these models possess some limitations like ethical restrictions, high cost, difficult maintenance of large quantity and lesser reproducibility. Besides, various lower chordate animals like Danio rerio, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans and Ciona intestinalis have been proved to be an important model for the in vivo determination of targets of drugs with least limitations. In this article, we reviewed different studies conducted on theses models for the better understanding of the pathophysiology of AD and their subsequent application as a potential tool in the preclinical evaluation of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Arunachalam Muthuraman
- Department of Pharmacology, Akal College of Pharmacy and Technical Education, Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur, Punjab, India; Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
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16
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Porter RS, Murata-Nakamura Y, Nagasu H, Kim HG, Iwase S. Transcriptome Analysis Revealed Impaired cAMP Responsiveness in PHF21A-Deficient Human Cells. Neuroscience 2017; 370:170-180. [PMID: 28571721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Potocki-Shaffer Syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental syndrome associated with microdeletion of a region of Chromosome 11p11.2. Genetic evidence has implicated haploinsufficiency of PHF21A, a gene that encodes a histone-binding protein, as the likely cause of intellectual disability and craniofacial abnormalities in Potocki-Shaffer Syndrome. However, the molecular consequences of reduced PHF21A expression remain elusive. In this study, we analyzed by RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) two patient-derived cell lines with heterozygous loss of PHF21A compared to unaffected individuals and identified 1,885 genes that were commonly misregulated. The patient cells displayed down-regulation of key pathways relevant to learning and memory, including Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP)-signaling pathway genes. We found that PHF21A is required for full induction of a luciferase reporter carrying cAMP-responsive elements (CRE) following stimulation by the cAMP analog, forskolin. Finally, PHF21A-deficient patient-derived cells exhibited a delayed induction of immediate early genes following forskolin stimulation. These results suggest that an impaired response to cAMP signaling might be involved in the pathology of PHF21A deficiency. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: [SI: Molecules & Cognition].
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Porter
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Hajime Nagasu
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Shigeki Iwase
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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17
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Chaudhari KS, Tiwari NR, Tiwari RR, Sharma RS. Neurocognitive Effect of Nootropic Drug Brahmi ( Bacopa monnieri) in Alzheimer's Disease. Ann Neurosci 2017; 24:111-122. [PMID: 28588366 DOI: 10.1159/000475900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the elderly. The rapid increase in its incidence has necessitated development of newer drugs. Ayurvedic herbal medications are increasingly researched due to their biosafety profile and usefulness in cognitive impairment. In this article, we critically reviewed one such Medhya Rasayana (nootropic drug) Brahmi-derived from extract of Bacopa monnieri (EBm). Studies have shown that EBm promotes free radical scavenger mechanisms and protects cells in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum against cytotoxicity and DNA damage implicated in AD. It also reduces lipoxygenase activity reducing lipid peroxidation, increases glutathione peroxidase and chelates iron. Administration of EBm was seen to protect the cholinergic neurons and reduce anticholinesterase activity comparable to donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine. It also reduces hippocampal β-amyloid deposition and stress-induced hippocampal damage. The neuroprotective effect of EBm is also due to nitric oxide-mediated cerebral vasodilation. EBm improved the total memory score and maximum improvement was seen in logical memory and paired associate learning in humans and reversed phenytoin-induced memory impairment in experimental model. EBm has not shown any serious clinical, neurological, hematological complications, or vital organs damage in experimental studies. Rats showed marked reduction in fertility; however, libido was unaffected. There is no experimental evidence of genotoxicity or teratogenesis by use of EBm. Mild nausea and gastrointestinal upset are seen in humans. Brahmi promises to be a novel agent in AD; however, further human trials are recommended to verify the efficacy and rule out any side effects as evidenced by the experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh S Chaudhari
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Samhita Siddhanta (Ayurveda), Kamaladevi Gauridutt Mittal Ayurvedic Hospital and College, Mumbai, India
| | - Nishant R Tiwari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Rakesh R Tiwari
- Department of Samhita Siddhanta (Ayurveda), Kamaladevi Gauridutt Mittal Ayurvedic Hospital and College, Mumbai, India
| | - Rohan S Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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18
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Al-Shawi R, Tennent GA, Millar DJ, Richard-Londt A, Brandner S, Werring DJ, Simons JP, Pepys MB. Pharmacological removal of serum amyloid P component from intracerebral plaques and cerebrovascular Aβ amyloid deposits in vivo. Open Biol 2016; 6:150202. [PMID: 26842068 PMCID: PMC4772805 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human amyloid deposits always contain the normal plasma protein serum amyloid P component (SAP), owing to its avid but reversible binding to all amyloid fibrils, including the amyloid β (Aβ) fibrils in the cerebral parenchyma plaques and cerebrovascular amyloid deposits of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). SAP promotes amyloid fibril formation in vitro, contributes to persistence of amyloid in vivo and is also itself directly toxic to cerebral neurons. We therefore developed (R)-1-[6-[(R)-2-carboxy-pyrrolidin-1-yl]-6-oxo-hexanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (CPHPC), a drug that removes SAP from the blood, and thereby also from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), in patients with AD. Here we report that, after introduction of transgenic human SAP expression in the TASTPM double transgenic mouse model of AD, all the amyloid deposits contained human SAP. Depletion of circulating human SAP by CPHPC administration in these mice removed all detectable human SAP from both the intracerebral and cerebrovascular amyloid. The demonstration that removal of SAP from the blood and CSF also removes it from these amyloid deposits crucially validates the strategy of the forthcoming ‘Depletion of serum amyloid P component in Alzheimer's disease (DESPIAD)’ clinical trial of CPHPC. The results also strongly support clinical testing of CPHPC in patients with CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raya Al-Shawi
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Glenys A Tennent
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - David J Millar
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Angela Richard-Londt
- Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - J Paul Simons
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Mark B Pepys
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
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19
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Next Generation Sequencing Identifies Five Major Classes of Potentially Therapeutic Enzymes Secreted by Lucilia sericata Medical Maggots. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8285428. [PMID: 27119084 PMCID: PMC4826915 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8285428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lucilia sericata larvae are used as an alternative treatment for recalcitrant and chronic wounds. Their excretions/secretions contain molecules that facilitate tissue debridement, disinfect, or accelerate wound healing and have therefore been recognized as a potential source of novel therapeutic compounds. Among the substances present in excretions/secretions various peptidase activities promoting the wound healing processes have been detected but the peptidases responsible for these activities remain mostly unidentified. To explore these enzymes we applied next generation sequencing to analyze the transcriptomes of different maggot tissues (salivary glands, gut, and crop) associated with the production of excretions/secretions and/or with digestion as well as the rest of the larval body. As a result we obtained more than 123.8 million paired-end reads, which were assembled de novo using Trinity and Oases assemblers, yielding 41,421 contigs with an N50 contig length of 2.22 kb and a total length of 67.79 Mb. BLASTp analysis against the MEROPS database identified 1729 contigs in 577 clusters encoding five peptidase classes (serine, cysteine, aspartic, threonine, and metallopeptidases), which were assigned to 26 clans, 48 families, and 185 peptidase species. The individual enzymes were differentially expressed among maggot tissues and included peptidase activities related to the therapeutic effects of maggot excretions/secretions.
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20
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Killing Me Softly: Connotations to Unfolded Protein Response and Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1805304. [PMID: 26881014 PMCID: PMC4736771 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1805304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review is focused on the possible causes of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD, underlying molecular mechanisms of this malfunction, possible causes and known consequences of APP, Aβ, and hyperphosphorylated tau presence in mitochondria, and the contribution of altered lipid metabolism (nonsterol isoprenoids) to pathological processes leading to increased formation and accumulation of the aforementioned hallmarks of AD. Abnormal protein folding and unfolded protein response seem to be the outcomes of impaired glycosylation due to metabolic disturbances in geranylgeraniol intermediary metabolism. The origin and consecutive fate of APP, Aβ, and tau are emphasized on intracellular trafficking apparently influenced by inaccurate posttranslational modifications. We hypothesize that incorrect intracellular processing of APP determines protein translocation to mitochondria in AD. Similarly, without obvious reasons, the passage of Aβ and tau to mitochondria is observed. APP targeted to mitochondria blocks the activity of protein translocase complex resulting in poor import of proteins central to oxidative phosphorylation. Besides, APP, Aβ, and neurofibrillary tangles of tau directly or indirectly impair mitochondrial biochemistry and bioenergetics, with concomitant generation of oxidative/nitrosative stress. Limited protective mechanisms are inadequate to prevent the free radical-mediated lesions. Finally, neuronal loss is observed in AD-affected brains typically by pathologic apoptosis.
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21
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Xia M, Chen S, Shi Y, Huang Y, Xu J, Zhao T, He S, Wu Y, Xu C, Zang W, Zhang J. Probable novel PSEN2 Pro123Leu mutation in a Chinese Han family of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:3334.e13-3334.e18. [PMID: 26422362 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe a probably novel mutation in exon 5 of the presenilin 2 gene (Pro123Leu) in a Chinese familial early-onset Alzheimer's disease, which clinically manifests as progressive memory loss, cognitive impairment, parkinsonism, and myoclonic jerks. Clinical and neuroimaging examination, target region capture, and high-throughput sequencing were performed in a family of 4 generations. Cerebral perfusion and glucose metabolism were evaluated using arterial spin labeling perfusion magnetic resonance imaging and (18)F-fludeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, respectively. Target region capture sequencing yielded a novel missense mutation at codon 123 (P123L) which is a heterozygous C to T point mutation at position 368 (c.368C>T) in exon 5 of the presenilin 2 leading to a proline-to-leucine substitution. The results were also identified by Sanger sequencing in 7 family members but not in the other 9 unaffected family members and 100 control subjects. This mutation is probably pathogenic and is the first of its kind reported in an early-onset familial AD associated with atypical symptom presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrong Xia
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yingying Shi
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junling Xu
- Department of Radiology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuang He
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Changshui Xu
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weizhou Zang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Liang J, Kulasiri D, Samarasinghe S. Ca2+ dysregulation in the endoplasmic reticulum related to Alzheimer's disease: A review on experimental progress and computational modeling. Biosystems 2015; 134:1-15. [PMID: 25998697 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating, incurable neurodegenerative disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Dysregulation of intracellular Ca(2+) signaling has been observed as an early event prior to the presence of clinical symptoms of AD and is believed to be a crucial factor contributing to its pathogenesis. The progressive and sustaining increase in the resting level of cytosolic Ca(2+) will affect downstream activities and neural functions. This review focuses on the issues relating to the increasing Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) observed in AD neurons. Numerous research papers have suggested that the dysregulation of ER Ca(2+) homeostasis is associated with mutations in the presenilin genes and amyloid-β oligomers. These disturbances could happen at many different points in the signaling process, directly affecting ER Ca(2+) channels or interfering with related pathways, which makes it harder to reveal the underlying mechanisms. This review paper also shows that computational modeling is a powerful tool in Ca(2+) signaling studies and discusses the progress in modeling related to Ca(2+) dysregulation in AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Liang
- Centre for Advanced Computational Solutions (C-fACS), Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Don Kulasiri
- Centre for Advanced Computational Solutions (C-fACS), Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Sandhya Samarasinghe
- Centre for Advanced Computational Solutions (C-fACS), Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Informatics and Enabling Technologies, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
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The miR-193a-3p regulated PSEN1 gene suppresses the multi-chemoresistance of bladder cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:520-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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24
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Gudey SK, Wallenius A, Landström M. Regulated intramembrane proteolysis of the TGFβ type I receptor conveys oncogenic signals. Future Oncol 2014; 10:1853-61. [PMID: 24597658 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells produce high levels of TGFβ, a multipotent cytokine. Binding of TGFβ to its cell surface receptors, the transmembrane serine/threonine kinases TβRII and TβRI, causes phosphorylation and activation of intracellular latent Smad transcription factors. Nuclear Smads act in concert with specific transcription factors to reprogram epithelial cells to become invasive mesenchymal cells. TGFβ also propagates non-canonical signals, so it is crucial to have a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms which favor this pathway. Here we highlight our recent discovery that TGFβ promotes the proteolytic cleavage of TβRI in cancer cells, resulting in the liberation and nuclear translocation of its intracellular domain, acting as co-regulator to transcribe pro-invasive genes. This newly identified oncogenic TGFβ pathway resembles the Notch signaling pathway. We discuss our findings in relation to Notch and provide a short overview of other growth factors that transduce signals via nuclear translocation of their cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Kumar Gudey
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
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Gudey SK, Sundar R, Mu Y, Wallenius A, Zang G, Bergh A, Heldin CH, Landström M. TRAF6 stimulates the tumor-promoting effects of TGFβ type I receptor through polyubiquitination and activation of presenilin 1. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra2. [PMID: 24399296 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) can be both a tumor promoter and suppressor, although the mechanisms behind the protumorigenic switch remain to be fully elucidated. The TGFβ type I receptor (TβRI) is proteolytically cleaved in the ectodomain region. Cleavage requires the combined activities of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and TNF-α-converting enzyme (TACE). The cleavage event occurs selectively in cancer cells and generates an intracellular domain (ICD) of TβRI, which enters the nucleus to mediate gene transcription. Presenilin 1 (PS1), a γ-secretase catalytic core component, mediates intramembrane proteolysis of transmembrane receptors, such as Notch. We showed that TGFβ increased both the abundance and activity of PS1. TRAF6 recruited PS1 to the TβRI complex and promoted lysine-63-linked polyubiquitination of PS1, which activated PS1. Furthermore, PS1 cleaved TβRI in the transmembrane domain between valine-129 and isoleucine-130, and ICD generation was inhibited when these residues were mutated to alanine. We also showed that, after entering the nucleus, TβRI-ICD bound to the promoter and increased the transcription of the gene encoding TβRI. The TRAF6- and PS1-induced intramembrane proteolysis of TβRI promoted TGFβ-induced invasion of various cancer cells in vitro. Furthermore, when a mouse xenograft model of prostate cancer was treated with the γ-secretase inhibitor DBZ {(2S)-2-[2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-acetylamino]-N-(5-methyl-6-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,d]azepin-7-yl)-propionamide}, generation of TβRI-ICD was prevented, transcription of the gene encoding the proinvasive transcription factor Snail1 was reduced, and tumor growth was inhibited. These results suggest that γ-secretase inhibitors may be useful for treating aggressive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Kumar Gudey
- 1Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
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Members of the EpCAM signalling pathway are expressed in gastric cancer tissue and are correlated with patient prognosis. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:2217-27. [PMID: 24008668 PMCID: PMC3798952 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We investigated the expression of members of the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) signalling pathway in gastric cancer (GC) testing the following hypotheses: are these molecules expressed in GC and are they putatively involved in GC biology. Methods: The study cohort consisted of 482 patients. The following members of the EpCAM signalling pathway were analysed by immunohistochemistry and were correlated with various clinico-pathological patient characteristics: extracellular domain of EpCAM (EpEX), intracellular domain of EpCAM (EpICD), E-cadherin, β-catenin, presenilin-2 (PSEN2), and ADAM17. Results: All members of the EpCAM signalling pathway were differentially expressed in GC. The expression correlated significantly with tumour type (EpEX, EpICD, E-cadherin, β-catenin, and PSEN2), mucin phenotype (EpEX, EpICD, β-catenin, and ADAM17), T-category (EpEX, E-cadherin, and β-catenin), N-category (EpEX and β-catenin), UICC tumour stage (EpEX, EpICD, β-catenin, and PSEN2), tumour grade (EpEX, EpICD, E-cadherin, β-catenin, and PSEN2), and patients' survival (EpEX, EpICD, and PSEN2). A significant coincidental expression in GC was found for EpEX, EpICD, E-cadherin, β-catenin, PSEN2, and ADAM17. Decreased immunodetection of EpEX in locally advanced GC was not associated with decreased EpCAM mRNA levels. Conclusion: All members of the EpCAM signalling pathway are expressed in GC. The expression correlated significantly with each other and with various clinico-pathological patient characteristics, including patients' survival. Thus, the EpCAM signalling pathway is a highly interesting putative therapeutic target in GC.
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Mencel M, Nash M, Jacobson C. Neuregulin upregulates microglial α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in immortalized cell lines: implications for regulating neuroinflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70338. [PMID: 23936190 PMCID: PMC3728089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuregulin, previously known as ARIA, is a signaling protein involved in cell survival, synaptic plasticity, cell communication and differentiation. Neuregulin has also been described as a potent inducer of acetylcholine receptor transcription in muscle and although both neuregulin and acetylcholine have been individually described to have neuroprotective roles, their relationship in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway of the brain has not been examined. Using three cell lines, BV-2, EOC-20 and RAW 264.7, we investigated the role that neuregulin signaling through the Erb family of tyrosine kinases may play in the anti-inflammatory process mediated by the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Here we show that ErbB4 is expressed in all of our cell lines and is phosphorylated upon treatment with neuregulin. Neuregulin treatment further increases the expression of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the microglial lines tested. Given the central role of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in regulating system inflammation we analyzed the expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines in our system. Using ELISAs for TNF-α and IL-6 we show that treatment with NRG can produce a nearly a 33% decrease in the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α secreted by activated microglia and a nearly 88% decrease in IL-6. Given these results we propose a neuroprotective role for neuregulin wherein it modulates the expression of TNF-α and thus inflammation in the CNS via the upregulation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in microglia in vitro. We suggest that the disregulation of neuregulin expression may be pivotal in neurological disorders characterized by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Mencel
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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Lee JE, Han PL. An update of animal models of Alzheimer disease with a reevaluation of plaque depositions. Exp Neurobiol 2013; 22:84-95. [PMID: 23833557 PMCID: PMC3699678 DOI: 10.5607/en.2013.22.2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of Alzheimer disease (AD) are used to study the mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis, genetic interactions with genes of interest, and environmental risk factors that cause sporadic AD as well as to test the therapeutic effects of AD drug-candidates on neuropathology and cognitive function. To attain a comparative view on the AD models developed, representative AD lines were selected and summarized with respect to transgenic constructs and AD-related pathology. In addition, age-dependent plaque deposition data available in the literature for six representative AD models such as Tg2576, PDAPP, TgAPP23, Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9, 3xTg-AD, and 5XFAD mice were reevaluated using a photographic plaque reference scale method that was introduced recently. Tg2576, PDAPP, and TgAPP23 mice, which carry the amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgene, produced initially slow, but progressively accelerated plaque deposition as they aged, resulting in logistic plaque deposition. In contrast, Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9 and 3xTg-AD mice, which carry both APP and PS1 transgenes, developed abruptly accelerated plaque formation from the beginning, resulting in logarithmic plaque deposition. 5XFAD mice, which also carry both the APP and PS1 transgenes, developed a logarithmic deposition beginning at 2 months. This comparative analysis suggests that AD models may be classified into two distinct plaque deposition groups, and that early plaque models such as APPswe/PS1dE9, 3xTg-AD and 5XFAD might be useful to study the biochemical aspects of APP metabolism, whereas late plaque models such as Tg2576, PDAPP, and TgAPP23 might be useful to study more physiological and environmental aspects of AD pathogenesis, which occur on a longer time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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Tomi M, Zhao Y, Thamotharan S, Shin BC, Devaskar SU. Early life nutrient restriction impairs blood-brain metabolic profile and neurobehavior predisposing to Alzheimer's disease with aging. Brain Res 2012; 1495:61-75. [PMID: 23228723 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal nutrient restriction (NR) culminating in intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) with postnatal catch up growth leads to diabesity. In contrast, postnatal NR with growth restriction (PNGR) superimposed on IUGR (IPGR) protects young and aging adults from this phenotype. We hypothesized that PNGR/IPGR will compromise the blood-brain metabolic profile impairing neurobehavior and predisposing to Alzheimer's disease (AD). NR (50%) in late gestation followed by cross-fostering of rat pups to either ad lib fed (CON) or NR (50%) lactating mothers generated CON, IUGR, PNGR and IPGR male (M) and female (F) offspring that were examined through the life span. In PNGR/IPGR plasma/CSF glucose and lactate decreased while ketones increased in (M) and (F) (PN21, PN50). In addition increased brain glucose transporters, Glut1 & Glut3, greater brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), reduced Glut4, with unchanged serotonin transporter concentrations were noted in (F) (PN50-60). While (F) displayed more hyperactivity, both (F) and (M) exhibited anxiety although socially and cognitively unimpaired (PN25-28&50). Aging (15-17 m) (F) not (M), expressed low plasma insulin, reduced brain IRS-2, pAkt, and pGSK-3β(Ser9), unchanged pPDK1, pTau or lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (LRP1), higher glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and spinophilin but a 10-fold increased amyloid-β42. We conclude that therapeutically superimposing PNGR on IUGR (IPGR) should be carefully weighed in light of unintended consequences related to perturbed neurobehavior and potential predilection for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Tomi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1752, USA
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Honarnejad K, Herms J. Presenilins: Role in calcium homeostasis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1983-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Mishra M, Heese K. P60TRP interferes with the GPCR/secretase pathway to mediate neuronal survival and synaptogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 15:2462-77. [PMID: 21199326 PMCID: PMC3822957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we show that overexpression of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-associated sorting protein p60TRP (transcription regulator protein) in neural stem cells (NSCs) and in a transgenic mouse model modulates the phosphorylation and proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (App), N-cadherin (Cdh2), presenilin (Psen) and τ protein (Mapt). Our results suggest that p60TRP is an inhibitor of Bace1 (β-site App cleaving enzyme) and Psen. We performed several apoptosis assays [Annexin-V, TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL), caspase-3/7] using NSCs and PC12 cells (overexpressing p60TRP and knockdown of p60TRP) to substantiate the neuroprotective role of p60TRP. Functional analyses, both in vitro and in vivo, revealed that p60TRP promotes neurosynaptogenesis. Characterization of the cognitive function of p60TRP transgenic mice using the radial arm water maze test demonstrated that p60TRP improved memory and learning abilities. The improved cognitive functions could be attributed to increased synaptic connections and plasticity, which was confirmed by the modulation of the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor system and the elevated expression of microtubule-associated protein 2, synaptophysin and Slc17a7 (vesicle glutamate transporter, Vglut1), as well as by the inhibition of Cdh2 cleavage. In conclusion, interference with the p60TRP/ GPCR/secretase signalling pathway might be a new therapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Mishra
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Qi X, Cai J, Ruan Q, Liu L, Boye SL, Chen Z, Hauswirth WW, Ryals RC, Shaw L, Caballero S, Grant MB, Boulton ME. γ-Secretase inhibition of murine choroidal neovascularization is associated with reduction of superoxide and proinflammatory cytokines. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:574-85. [PMID: 22205609 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine whether upregulation of γ-secretase could inhibit laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and if this was associated with a reduction in both oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines. METHODS γ-Secretase, or its catalytic subunit presenilin 1 (PS1), were upregulated by exposure to either pigment epithelial derived factor (PEDF) or an AAV2 vector containing a PS1 gene driven by a vascular endothelial-cadherin promoter. Retinal endothelial cells were infected with AAV2 or exposed to PEDF in the presence or absence of VEGF and in vitro angiogenesis determined. Mouse eyes either received intravitreal injection of PEDF, DAPT (a γ-secretase inhibitor) or PEDF + DAPT at the time of laser injury, or AAV2 infection 3 weeks before receiving laser burns. Lesion volume was determined 14 days post laser injury. Superoxide generation, antioxidant activity and the production of proinflammatory mediators were assessed. Knockdown of γ-secretase was achieved using siRNA. RESULTS γ-Secretase upregulation and PS1 overexpression suppressed VEGF-induced in vitro angiogenesis and in vivo laser-induced CNV. This was associated with a reduction in the expression of VEGF and angiogenin 1 together with reduced superoxide anion generation and an increase in MnSOD compared with untreated CNV eyes. PS1 overexpression reduced proinflammatory factors and microglial activation in eyes with CNV compared with control. siRNA inhibition of γ-secretase resulted in increased angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS γ-Secretase, and in particular PS1 alone, are potent regulators of angiogenesis and this is due in part to stabilizing endogenous superoxide generation and reducing proinflammatory cytokine expression during CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Qi
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0235, USA
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Laurent S, Ejtehadi MR, Rezaei M, Kehoe PG, Mahmoudi M. Interdisciplinary challenges and promising theranostic effects of nanoscience in Alzheimer's disease. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra01374f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Zall A, Kieser D, Höttecke N, Naumann EC, Thomaszewski B, Schneider K, Steinbacher DT, Schubenel R, Masur S, Baumann K, Schmidt B. NSAID-derived γ-secretase modulation requires an acidic moiety on the carbazole scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4903-9. [PMID: 21763147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of γ-secretase activity holds potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Most NSAID-derived γ-secretase modulators feature a carboxylic acid, which may impair blood-brain barrier permeation. The structure activity relationship of 33 carbazoles featuring diverse carboxylic acid isosteres or metabolic precursors thereof was established in a cellular amyloid secretion assay. The modulatory activity was observed for acidic moieties and metabolically labile esters only, which supports our hypothesis of an acid-lysine interaction to be relevant for this type of γ-secretase modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zall
- Clemens Schöpf-Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstr. 22, Darmstadt D-64287, Germany
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Hashimoto M, Hossain S. Neuroprotective and Ameliorative Actions of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Against Neuronal Diseases: Beneficial Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 116:150-62. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10r33fm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Evidence for the involvement of calbindin D28k in the presenilin 1 model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2010; 169:532-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Placanica L, Chien JW, Li YM. Characterization of an atypical gamma-secretase complex from hematopoietic origin. Biochemistry 2010; 49:2796-804. [PMID: 20178366 DOI: 10.1021/bi901388t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-secretase is a widely expressed multisubunit enzyme complex which is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease and hematopoietic malignancies through its aberrant processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch1, respectively. While gamma-secretase has been extensively studied, there is a dearth of information surrounding the activity, composition, and function of gamma-secretase expressed in distinct cellular populations. Here we show that endogenous gamma-secretase complexes of hematopoietic origin are distinct from epithelial derived gamma-secretase complexes. Hematopoietic gamma-secretase has reduced activity for APP and Notch1 processing compared to epithelial gamma-secretase. Characterization of the active complexes with small molecule affinity probes reveals that hematopoietic gamma-secretase has an atypical subunit composition with significantly altered subunit stoichiometry. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these discrete complexes exhibit cell-line specific substrate selectivity suggesting a possible mechanism of substrate regulation. These data underscore the need for studying endogenous gamma-secretase to fully understand of the biology of gamma-secretase and its complexity as a molecular target for the development of disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Placanica
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Heilig EA, Xia W, Shen J, Kelleher RJ. A presenilin-1 mutation identified in familial Alzheimer disease with cotton wool plaques causes a nearly complete loss of gamma-secretase activity. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:22350-9. [PMID: 20460383 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.116962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in presenilin-1 and presenilin-2 (PS1 and PS2) are the most common cause of familial Alzheimer disease. PS1 and PS2 are the presumptive catalytic components of the multisubunit gamma-secretase complex, which proteolyzes a number of type I transmembrane proteins, including the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch. APP processing by gamma-secretase produces beta-amyloid peptides (Abeta40 and Abeta42) that accumulate in the Alzheimer disease brain. Here we identify a pathogenic L435F mutation in PS1 in two affected siblings with early-onset familial Alzheimer disease characterized by deposition of cerebral cotton wool plaques. The L435F mutation resides in a conserved C-terminal PAL sequence implicated in active site conformation and catalytic activity. The impact of PS1 mutations in and around the PAL motif on gamma-secretase activity was assessed by expression of mutant PS1 in mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking endogenous PS1 and PS2. Surprisingly, the L435F mutation caused a nearly complete loss of gamma-secretase activity, including >90% reductions in the generation of Abeta40, Abeta42, and the APP and Notch intracellular domains. Two nonpathogenic PS1 mutations, P433L and L435R, caused essentially complete loss of gamma-secretase activity, whereas two previously identified pathogenic PS1 mutations, P436Q and P436S, caused partial loss of function with substantial reductions in production of Abeta40, Abeta42, and the APP and Notch intracellular domains. These results argue against overproduction of Abeta42 as an essential property of presenilin proteins bearing pathogenic mutations. Rather, our findings provide support for the hypothesis that pathogenic mutations cause a general loss of presenilin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Heilig
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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40
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A novel presenilin 1 mutation (Ser169del) in a Chinese family with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2010; 468:34-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Albani D, Batelli S, Pesaresi M, Prato F, Polito L, Forloni G, Pantieri R. A novel PSENEN mutation in a patient with complaints of memory loss and a family history of dementia. Alzheimers Dement 2009; 3:235-8. [PMID: 19595943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.04.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2006] [Revised: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Presenilin enhancer-2 (PSENEN) is a fundamental component of the gamma-secretase protein complex involved in beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta APP) processing, a key event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiopathogenesis. In a mild cognitive impairment (MCI)-diagnosed woman, belonging to a family with a positive history for AD, we found that a novel PSENEN mutation (S73F) was the only genetic alteration of relevance. The mutation was absent in 253 age-matched controls. In an attempt to learn the biochemical effects of this mutation, we cultured skin primary fibroblasts from the patient and her daughter, and we assessed A beta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42) production. We did not find any relevant differences in comparison to age-matched, normal subjects. Although our data do not definitively support a pathogenetic role for this mutation, it does not appear to be a common polymorphism. Further follow-up is warranted in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy.
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Transgenic Drosophila models of Alzheimer's disease and tauopathies. Brain Struct Funct 2009; 214:245-62. [PMID: 19967412 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-009-0234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of senile dementia. Aggregation of the amyloid-beta42 peptide (Abeta42) and tau proteins are pathological hallmarks in AD brains. Accumulating evidence suggests that Abeta42 plays a central role in the pathogenesis of AD, and tau acts downstream of Abeta42 as a modulator of the disease progression. Tau pathology is also observed in frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) and other related diseases, so called tauopathies. Although most cases are sporadic, genes associated with familial AD and FTDP-17 have been identified, which led to the development of transgenic animal models. Drosophila has been a powerful genetic model system used in many fields of biology, and recently emerges as a model for human neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will summarize key features of transgenic Drosophila models of AD and tauopathies and a number of insights into disease mechanisms as well as therapeutic implications gained from these models.
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Donev R, Kolev M, Millet B, Thome J. Neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease and therapeutic opportunities. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:4329-48. [PMID: 19725918 PMCID: PMC4515050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease that affects approximately 24 million people worldwide. A number of different risk factors have been implicated in AD; however, neuritic (amyloid) plaques are considered as one of the defining risk factors and pathological hallmarks of the disease. In the past decade, enormous efforts have been devoted to understand the genetics and molecular pathogenesis leading to neuronal death in AD, which has been transferred into extensive experimental approaches aimed at reversing disease progression. Modern medicine is facing an increasing number of treatments available for vascular and neurodegenerative brain diseases, but no causal or neuroprotective treatment has yet been established. Almost all neurological conditions are characterized by progressive neuronal dysfunction, which, regardless of the pathogenetic mechanism, finally leads to neuronal death. The particular emphasis of this review is on risk factors and mechanisms resulting in neuronal loss in AD and current and prospective opportunities for therapeutic interventions. This review discusses these issues with a view to inspiring the development of new agents that could be useful for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossen Donev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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Chan A, Tchantchou F, Rogers EJ, Shea TB. Dietary deficiency increases presenilin expression, gamma-secretase activity, and Abeta levels: potentiation by ApoE genotype and alleviation by S-adenosyl methionine. J Neurochem 2009; 110:831-6. [PMID: 19457069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whether this risk arises from a deficient function of E4 or the lack of protection provided by E2 or E3 is unclear. Previous studies demonstrate that deprivation of folate and vitamin E, coupled with dietary iron as a pro-oxidant, for 1 month displayed increased presenilin 1 (PS-1) expression, gamma-secretase, and Abeta generation in mice lacking ApoE (ApoE-/- mice). While ApoE-/- mice are a model for ApoE deficiency, they may not reflect the entire range of consequences of E4 expression. We therefore compared herein the impact of the above deficient diet on mice expressing human E2, E3, or E4. As folate deficiency is accompanied by a decrease in the major methyl donor, S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), additional mice received the deficient diet plus SAM. E2 was more protective than murine ApoE or E3 and E4. Surprisingly, PS-1 and gamma-secretase were over-expressed in E3 to the same extent as in E4 even under a complete diet, and were not alleviated by SAM supplementation. Abeta increased only in E4 mice maintained under the complete diet, and was alleviated by SAM supplementation. These findings suggest dietary compromise can potentiate latent risk factors for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Health and Clinical Sciences, Center for Cellular Neurobiology and Neurodegeneration Research, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusets 01854, USA
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with high prevalence in old age. It is the most common cause of dementia, with a risk reaching 50% after the age of 85 years, and with the increasing age of the population it is one of the biggest healthcare challenges of the 21st century. Genetic variation is an important contributor to the risk for this disease, underlying an estimated heritability of about 70%. Alzheimer's genetics research in the 1990s was successful in identifying three genes accounting for most cases of early-onset disease with autosomal dominant inheritance, and one gene involved in the more common late-onset disease, which shows complex inheritance patterns. Despite the presence of significant remaining genetic contribution to the risk, the identification of genes since then has been elusive, reminiscent of most other complex disorders. In the past decade there have been significant efforts towards a systematic evaluation of the multiple genetic association studies for Alzheimer's disease, while the first genome-wide association studies are now being reported with promising results. As sample sizes grow through new collections and collaborative efforts, and as new technologies make it possible to test alternative hypotheses, it is expected that new genes involved in the disease will soon be identified and confirmed. The gene discoveries of the 1990s have taught us a lot about Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, providing many therapeutic targets that are currently at various stages of testing for future clinical use. As new genes become known and the biological pathways leading to disease are further explored, the possibility of prevention and successful personalized treatment is becoming tangible, providing hope for the millions of patients with Alzheimer's disease and their caregivers.
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Mendonsa G, Dobrowolska J, Lin A, Vijairania P, Jong YJI, Baenziger NL. Molecular profiling reveals diversity of stress signal transduction cascades in highly penetrant Alzheimer's disease human skin fibroblasts. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4655. [PMID: 19247475 PMCID: PMC2644820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The serious and growing impact of the neurodegenerative disorder Alzheimer's disease (AD) as an individual and societal burden raises a number of key questions: Can a blanket test for Alzheimer's disease be devised forecasting long-term risk for acquiring this disorder? Can a unified therapy be devised to forestall the development of AD as well as improve the lot of present sufferers? Inflammatory and oxidative stresses are associated with enhanced risk for AD. Can an AD molecular signature be identified in signaling pathways for communication within and among cells during inflammatory and oxidative stress, suggesting possible biomarkers and therapeutic avenues? We postulated a unique molecular signature of dysfunctional activity profiles in AD-relevant signaling pathways in peripheral tissues, based on a gain of function in G-protein-coupled bradykinin B2 receptor (BKB2R) inflammatory stress signaling in skin fibroblasts from AD patients that results in tau protein Ser hyperphosphorylation. Such a signaling profile, routed through both phosphorylation and proteolytic cascades activated by inflammatory and oxidative stresses in highly penetrant familial monogenic forms of AD, could be informative for pathogenesis of the complex multigenic sporadic form of AD. Comparing stimulus-specific cascades of signal transduction revealed a striking diversity of molecular signaling profiles in AD human skin fibroblasts that express endogenous levels of mutant presenilins PS-1 or PS-2 or the Trisomy 21 proteome. AD fibroblasts bearing the PS-1 M146L mutation associated with highly aggressive AD displayed persistent BKB2R signaling plus decreased ERK activation by BK, correctible by gamma-secretase inhibitor Compound E. Lack of these effects in the homologous PS-2 mutant cells indicates specificity of presenilin gamma-secretase catalytic components in BK signaling biology directed toward MAPK activation. Oxidative stress revealed a JNK-dependent survival pathway in normal fibroblasts lost in PS-1 M146L fibroblasts. Complex molecular profiles of signaling dysfunction in the most putatively straightforward human cellular models of AD suggest that risk ascertainment and therapeutic interventions in AD as a whole will likely demand complex solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Mendonsa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St.Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Justyna Dobrowolska
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St.Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Angela Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St.Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Pooja Vijairania
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St.Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Y.-J. I. Jong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St.Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nancy L. Baenziger
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St.Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Waschbüsch D, Born S, Niediek V, Kirchgessner N, Tamboli IY, Walter J, Merkel R, Hoffmann B. Presenilin 1 affects focal adhesion site formation and cell force generation via c-Src transcriptional and posttranslational regulation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:10138-49. [PMID: 19176482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806825200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin 1 and 2 (PS) are critical components of the gamma-secretase complex that cleaves type I transmembrane proteins within their transmembrane domains. This process leads to release of proteolytically processed products from cellular membranes and plays an essential role in signal transduction or vital functions as cell adhesion. Here we studied the function of presenilins in cell-matrix interaction of wild-type and PS knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We found for PS1(-/-) cells an altered morphology with significantly reduced sizes of focal adhesion sites compared with wild type. Cell force analyses on micropatterned elastomer films revealed PS1(-/-) cell forces to be reduced by 50%. Pharmacological inhibition confirmed this function of gamma-secretase in adhesion site and cell force formation. On the regulatory level, PS1 deficiency was associated with strongly decreased phosphotyrosine levels of focal adhesion site-specific proteins. The reduced tyrosine phosphorylation was caused by a down-regulation of c-Src kinase activity primarily at the level of c-Src transcription. The direct regulatory connection between PS1 and c-Src could be identified with ephrinB2 as PS1 target protein. Overexpression of ephrinB2 cytoplasmic domain resulted in its nuclear translocation with increased levels of c-Src and a full complementation of the PS1(-/-) adhesion and phosphorylation phenotype. Cleavage of full-length EB2 and subsequent intracellular domain translocation depended on PS1 as these processes were only found in WT cells. Therefore, we conclude that gamma-secretase is vital for controlling cell adhesion and force formation by transcriptional regulation of c-Src via ephrinB2 cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Waschbüsch
- Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems 4: Biomechanics, Research Centre Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Kummer MP, Maruyama H, Huelsmann C, Baches S, Weggen S, Koo EH. Formation of Pmel17 amyloid is regulated by juxtamembrane metalloproteinase cleavage, and the resulting C-terminal fragment is a substrate for gamma-secretase. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:2296-306. [PMID: 19047044 PMCID: PMC2629115 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808904200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of insoluble cross beta-sheet amyloid is pathologically associated with disorders such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington diseases. One exception is the nonpathological amyloid derived from the protein Pmel17 within melanosomes to generate melanin pigment. Here we show that the formation of insoluble MalphaC intracellular fragments of Pmel17, which are the direct precursors to Pmel17 amyloid, depends on a novel juxtamembrane cleavage at amino acid position 583 between the furin-like proprotein convertase cleavage site and the transmembrane domain. The resulting Pmel17 C-terminal fragment is then processed by the gamma-secretase complex to release a short-lived intracellular domain fragment. Thus, by analogy to the Notch receptor, we designate this cleavage the S2 cleavage site, whereas gamma-secretase mediates proteolysis at the intramembrane S3 site. Substitutions or deletions at this S2 cleavage site, the use of the metalloproteinase inhibitor TAPI-2, as well as small interfering RNA-mediated knock-down of the metalloproteinases ADAM10 and 17 reduced the formation of insoluble Pmel17 fragments. These results demonstrate that the release of the Pmel17 ectodomain, which is critical for melanin amyloidogenesis, is initiated by S2 cleavage at a juxtamembrane position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus P Kummer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Kaden D, Voigt P, Munter LM, Bobowski KD, Schaefer M, Multhaup G. Subcellular localization and dimerization of APLP1 are strikingly different from APP and APLP2. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:368-77. [PMID: 19126676 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.034058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular association between APP and its mammalian homologs has hardly been explored. In systematically addressing this issue, we show by live cell imaging that APLP1 mainly localizes to the cell surface, whereas APP and APLP2 are mostly found in intracellular compartments. Homo- and heterotypic cis interactions of APP family members could be detected by FRET and co-immunoprecipitation analysis and occur in a modular mode. Only APLP1 formed trans interactions, supporting the argument for a putative specific role of APLP1 in cell adhesion. Deletion mutants of APP family members revealed two highly conserved regions as important for the protein crosstalk. In particular, the N-terminal half of the ectodomain was crucial for APP and APLP2 interactions. By contrast, multimerization of APLP1 was only partially dependent on this domain but strongly on the C-terminal half of the ectodomain. We further observed that coexpression of APP with APLP1 or APLP2 leads to diminished generation of Abeta42. The current data suggest that this is due to the formation of heteromeric complexes, opening the way for novel therapeutic strategies targeting these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kaden
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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50
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Experimental models and mechanisms underlying the protective effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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