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Lei L, Luo Y, Kang D, Yang F, Meng D, Wang JZ, Liu R, Wang X, Li HL. Gypenoside IX restores Akt/GSK-3β pathway and alleviates Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology and cognitive deficits. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:14172-14191. [PMID: 38095632 PMCID: PMC10756109 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The main pathological changes of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, include senile plaque (deposited by amyloid beta), neurofibrillary tangle (formed by paired helical filaments composed of hyperphosphorylated tau), and massive loss of neurons. Currently there is a lack of ideal drugs to halt AD progression. Gypenosides (GPs), a kind of natural product, possesses potential therapeutic effects for neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. However, the specific role and mechanism of GPs for AD remain unclear. In the current study, we used staurosporine (STP), an inducer of apoptosis and causing tau hyperphosphorylation, to mimic AD models, and explored the role and mechanism of Gypenoside IX (one of the extracts of Gynostemma, GP for short name in our experiments) in STP treated primary hippocampal neurons and rats. We found STP not only increased apoptosis and tau hyperphosphorylation, but also significantly increased Aβ production, resulting in synaptic dysfunction and cognitive decline in mimic AD models by STP. GP was found to rescue apoptosis and cognitive impairments caused by STP treatment. Moreover, GP recovered the decreased synaptic proteins PSD95, Synaptophysin and GluR2, and blocked dendritic spine loss. Interestingly, GP decreased the STP induced tau hyperphosphorylation at different sites including S-199, S-202, T-205, T-231, S-262, S-396, and S-404, and at the same time decreased Aβ production through down-regulation of BACE1 and PS1. These effects in STP treated primary hippocampal neurons and rats were accompanied with a restoration of AKT/GSK-3β signaling axis with GP treatment, supporting that dysregulation of AKT/GSK-3β pathway might be involved in STP related AD pathogenesis. The results from our research proved that GP might be a potential candidate compound to reduce neuronal damage and prevent the cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lei
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Dongkun Kang
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Fumin Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Dongli Meng
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Hong-Lian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Lopez Sanchez MIG, van Wijngaarden P, Trounce IA. Amyloid precursor protein-mediated mitochondrial regulation and Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:3464-3474. [PMID: 30471088 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite clear evidence of a neuroprotective physiological role of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its non-amyloidogenic processing products, APP has been investigated mainly in animal and cellular models of amyloid pathology in the context of Alzheimer's disease. The rare familial mutations in APP and presenilin-1/2, which sometimes drive increased amyloid β (Aβ) production, may have unduly influenced Alzheimer's disease research. APP and its cleavage products play important roles in cellular and mitochondrial metabolism, but many studies focus solely on Aβ. Mitochondrial bioenergetic metabolism is essential for neuronal function, maintenance and survival, and multiple reports indicate mitochondrial abnormalities in patients with Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we focus on mitochondrial abnormalities reported in sporadic Alzheimer's disease patients and the role of full-length APP and its non-amyloidogenic fragments, particularly soluble APPα, on mitochondrial bioenergetic metabolism. We do not review the plethora of animal and in vitro studies using mutant APP/presenilin constructs or experiments using exogenous Aβ. In doing so, we aim to invigorate research and discussion around non-amyloidogenic APP processing products and the mechanisms linking mitochondria and complex neurodegenerative disorders such as sporadic Alzheimer's disease. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isabel G Lopez Sanchez
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter van Wijngaarden
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian A Trounce
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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3
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Płóciennik A, Prendecki M, Zuba E, Siudzinski M, Dorszewska J. Activated Caspase-3 and Neurodegeneration and Synaptic Plasticity in Alzheimer’s Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/aad.2015.43007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cross-linking of cell surface amyloid precursor protein leads to increased β-amyloid peptide production in hippocampal neurons: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2012; 32:10674-85. [PMID: 22855816 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6473-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is thought to play a causative role in triggering synaptic dysfunction in neurons, leading to their eventual demise through apoptosis. Aβ is produced and secreted upon sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretases and γ-secretases. However, while Aβ levels have been shown to be increased in the brains of AD patients, little is known about how the cleavage of APP and the subsequent generation of Aβ is influenced, or whether the cleavage process changes over time. It has been proposed that Aβ can bind APP and promote amyloidogenic processing of APP, further enhancing Aβ production. Proof of this idea has remained elusive because a clear mechanism has not been identified, and the promiscuous nature of Aβ binding complicates the task of demonstrating the idea. To work around these problems, we used an antibody-mediated approach to bind and cross-link cell-surface APP in cultured rat primary hippocampal neurons. Here we show that cross-linking of APP is sufficient to raise the levels of Aβ in viable neurons with a concomitant increase in the levels of the β-secretase BACE1. This appears to occur as a result of a sorting defect that stems from the caspase-3-mediated inactivation of a key sorting adaptor protein, namely GGA3, which prevents the lysosomal degradation of BACE1. Together, our data suggest the occurrence of a positive pathogenic feedback loop involving Aβ and APP in affected neurons possibly allowing Aβ to spread to nearby healthy neurons.
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Hedskog L, Petersen CAH, Svensson AI, Welander H, Tjernberg LO, Karlström H, Ankarcrona M. γ-Secretase complexes containing caspase-cleaved presenilin-1 increase intracellular Aβ(42) /Aβ(40) ratio. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 15:2150-63. [PMID: 21054783 PMCID: PMC4394225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Markers for caspase activation and apoptosis have been shown in brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and AD-mouse models. In neurons, caspase activation is associated with elevated amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) production. Caspases cleave numerous substrates including presenilin-1 (PS1). The cleavage takes place in the large cytosolic loop of PS1-C-terminal fragment (PS1CTF), generating a truncated PS1CTF lacking half of the loop domain (caspCTF). The loop has been shown to possess important regulatory functions with regard to Aβ(40) and Aβ(42) production. Previously, we have demonstrated that γ-secretase complexes are active during apoptosis regardless of caspase cleavage in the PS1CTF-loop. Here, a PS1/PS2-knockout mouse blastocyst-derived cell line was used to establish stable or transient cell lines expressing either caspCTF or full-length CTF (wtCTF). We show that caspCTF restores γ-secretase activity and forms active γ-secretase complexes together with Nicastrin, Pen-2, Aph-1 and PS1-N-terminal fragment. Further, caspCTF containing γ-secretase complexes have a sustained capacity to cleave amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch, generating APP and Notch intracellular domain, respectively. However, when compared to wtCTF cells, caspCTF cells exhibit increased intracellular production of Aβ(42) accompanied by increased intracellular Aβ(42) /Aβ(40) ratio without changing the Aβ secretion pattern. Similarly, induction of apoptosis in wtCTF cells generate a similar shift in intracellular Aβ pattern with increased Aβ(42) /Aβ(40) ratio. In summary, we show that caspase cleavage of PS1 generates a γ-secretase complex that increases the intracellular Aβ(42) /Aβ(40) ratio. This can have implications for AD pathogenesis and suggests caspase inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Hedskog
- KI-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Chae SS, Yoo CB, Jo C, Yun SM, Jo SA, Koh YH. Caspases-2 and -8 are involved in the presenilin1/gamma-secretase-dependent cleavage of amyloid precursor protein after the induction of apoptosis. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:1926-33. [PMID: 20143425 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The presenilin/gamma-secretase protease cleaves many type-I membrane proteins, including the amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) precursor (APP). Previous studies have shown that apoptosis induces alterations in Abeta production in a caspase-dependent manner. Here, we report that staurosporine (STS)-induced apoptosis induces caspase-8 and/or-2-dependent gamma-secretase activation. Blocking of caspase activity with caspase-8 inhibitor z-IETD-fmk, and caspase-2 inhibitor z-VDVAD-fmk reduced Abeta production by STS in H4 cells expressing the Swedish mutant of APP (HSW) or APP-C99 (H4-C99). There was no inhibitory effect of other caspases (-1, -3, -5, -6, -9) on Abeta production by STS. This finding was further supported by evidence that siRNA transfection, depleting caspase-2 or -8 levels, lowered Abeta production in HSW and H4-C99 cells without affecting expression of APP or gamma-secretase complex. In addition, Abeta production by STS was decreased by JNK inhibitors, SP600125. These results suggest that caspase-2 and/or -8 is involved in presenilin/gamma-secretase activation and Abeta production in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- San Sook Chae
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea
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7
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Bulat N, Widmann C. Caspase substrates and neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res Bull 2009; 80:251-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Marks N, Berg MJ. BACE and gamma-secretase characterization and their sorting as therapeutic targets to reduce amyloidogenesis. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:181-210. [PMID: 19760173 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Secretases are named for enzymes processing amyloid precursor protein (APP), a prototypic type-1 membrane protein. This led directly to discovery of novel Aspartyl proteases (beta-secretases or BACE), a tetramer complex gamma-secretase (gamma-SC) containing presenilins, nicastrin, aph-1 and pen-2, and a new role for metalloprotease(s) of the ADAM family as a alpha-secretases. Recent advances in defining pathways that mediate endosomal-lysosomal-autophagic-exosomal trafficking now provide targets for new drugs to attenuate abnormal production of fibril forming products characteristic of AD. A key to success includes not only characterization of relevant secretases but mechanisms for sorting and transport of key metabolites to abnormal vesicles or sites for assembly of fibrils. New developments we highlight include an important role for an 'early recycling endosome' coated in retromer complex containing lipoprotein receptor LRP-II (SorLA) for switching APP to a non-amyloidogenic pathway for alpha-secretases processing, or to shuttle APP to a 'late endosome compartment' to form Abeta or AICD. LRP11 (SorLA) is of particular importance since it decreases in sporadic AD whose etiology otherwise is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville Marks
- Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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Barakat A, Mercer B, Cooper E, Chung HM. Examining requirement for formation of functional Presenilin proteins and their processing events in vivo. Genesis 2009; 47:161-8. [PMID: 19191327 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Presenilin (Psn) is a multipass transmembrane protein that functions as the catalytic subunit of gamma-secretase for mediating intramembrane cleavage of type 1 transmembrane proteins. Normally active Psn is in the form of a heterodimer composed by its N-terminal and C-terminal fragments that are generated from a Presenilinase-mediated endoproteolytic cleavage within its large cytosolic loop during assembly of the protease complex. Using the Psn forms that either bypass or disable Presenilinase-mediated endoproteolysis, and a Psn form that has most of the large cytosolic loop deleted, we have established an in vivo system to enable investigations of Psn functional domains in Drosophila. We show that the Presenilinase-mediated endoproteolytic event is not essential for producing Psn activity during animal development, and is regulated by integrity of the large cytosolic loop of Psn in Drosophila. The Psn transgenic flies described here could be applied to a broad range of studies on Psn functioning and its related gamma-secretase activity at any developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Barakat
- Department of Biology, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida, USA
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10
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Jin SM, Cho HJ, Jung ES, Shim MY, Mook-Jung I. DNA damage-inducing agents elicit gamma-secretase activation mediated by oxidative stress. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:1375-84. [PMID: 18421302 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, Alzheimer's disease is the consequence of neuronal cell death induced by beta-amyloid (Abeta), which accumulates by abnormal clearance or production. On the other hand, recent studies have shown cell death-induced alteration in amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, suggesting potential mutual interactions between APP processing and cell death. We have shown previously that the cell death caused by DNA damage-inducing agents (DDIAs) facilitated gamma-secretase activity and Abeta generation in a Bax/Bcl-2-dependent, but caspase-independent manner. Here, we attempted to elucidate the downstream mechanism that modulates gamma-secretase activity in DDIA-treated cells. N-acetyl cysteine, a potent antioxidant, attenuated DDIA-induced enhancement of gamma-secretase activity but failed to rescue cell death. Overexpression of heat shock protein 70, which blocks cytochrome c release from mitochondria, also reduced gamma-secretase activity. Moreover, glutathione depletion significantly facilitated gamma-secretase activity and Abeta generation by enhancing the formation of higher molecular weight gamma-secretase complex before signs of cell death developed. Finally, Abeta treatment, a known inducer of oxidative stress, also increased gamma-secretase activity. Taken together, these results indicate that DDIA-induced gamma-secretase activation is dependent on augmented oxidative stress, and that Abeta and gamma-secretase may activate each other. On the basis of these results, we propose a feed-back loop between oxidative stress and Abeta generation mediated by gamma-secretase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Marks N, Berg MJ. Neurosecretases provide strategies to treat sporadic and familial Alzheimer disorders. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:184-215. [PMID: 17719698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries on neurosecretases and their trafficking to release fibril-forming neuropeptides or other products, are of interest to pathology, cell signaling and drug discovery. Nomenclature arose from the use of amyloid precursor protein (APP) as a prototypic type-1 substrate leading to the isolation of beta-secretase (BACE), multimeric complexes (gamma-secretase, gamma-SC) for intramembranal cleavage, and attributing a new function to well-characterized metalloproteases of the ADAM family (alpha-secretase) for normal APP turnover. While purified alpha/beta-secretases facilitate drug discovery, gamma-SC presents greater challenges for characterization and mechanisms of catalysis. The review comments on links between mutation or polymorphisms in relation to enzyme mechanisms and disease. The association between lipoprotein receptor LRP11 variants and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD) offers scope to integrate components of pre- and post-Golgi membranes, or brain clathrin-coated vesicles within pathways for trafficking as targets for intervention. The presence of APP and metabolites in brain clathrin-coated vesicles as significant cargo with lipoproteins and adaptors focuses attention as targets for therapeutic intervention. This overview emphasizes the importance to develop new therapies targeting neurosecretases to treat a major neurological disorder that has vast economic and social implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville Marks
- Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States.
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12
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Jantas D, Pytel M, Mozrzymas JW, Leskiewicz M, Regulska M, Antkiewicz-Michaluk L, Lason W. The attenuating effect of memantine on staurosporine-, salsolinol- and doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Neurochem Int 2007; 52:864-77. [PMID: 17996985 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Memantine, a clinically used N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist, has been shown to prevent apoptotic neuronal damage connected with the over-activity of NMDA receptors. In the present study, we examined the effect of memantine on staurosporine-, salsolinol- and doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in the SH-SY5Y cell line which does not possess functional NMDA receptors. Electrophysiological recordings and toxicity studies showed no response to NMDA-evoked currents in this cell line, irrespective of the stage of its neuronal differentiation. Memantine (0.1-2 microM) attenuated staurosporine-induced apoptosis as evidenced by reversal of the changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) and decreased caspase-3 activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and DNA fragmentation. Wortmannin (10 nM) and LY 294002 (10 microM) (inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, PI3-K) reversed the inhibitory effect of memantine on the staurosporine-induced LDH release, suggesting that the PI3-K/Akt prosurvival pathway is a possible target for antiapoptotic action of memantine. Memantine at low micromolar concentrations also attenuated salsolinol- and doxorubicin-induced LDH release and DNA fragmentation, but only in the case of salsolinol was this effect accompanied by a decrease in caspase-3 activity. The present data indicate that memantine attenuates the toxic effects of various proapoptotic agents and the cytoprotective effect of memantine does not seem to be connected with its action on NMDA receptor but rather with its influence on intracellular pathways engaged in cellular survival/apoptotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jantas
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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