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Sunardi M, Cirillo C. Mini-review: "Enteric glia functions in nervous tissue repair: Therapeutic target or tool?". Neurosci Lett 2023; 812:137360. [PMID: 37393007 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
In the body, nerve tissue is not only present in the central nervous system, but also in the periphery. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a highly organized intrinsic network of neurons and glial cells grouped to form interconnected ganglia. Glial cells in the ENS are a fascinating cell population: their neurotrophic role is well established, as well as their plasticity in specific circumstances. Gene expression profiling studies indicate that ENS glia retain neurogenic potential. The identification of neurogenic glial subtype(s) and the molecular basis of glia-derived neurogenesis may have profound biological and clinical implications. In this review, we discuss the potential of using gene-editing for ENS glia and cell transplantation as therapies for enteric neuropathies. Glia in the ENS: target or tool for nerve tissue repair?
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhamad Sunardi
- Division of Neural Differentiation and Regeneration (NDR), Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Carla Cirillo
- Division of Neural Differentiation and Regeneration (NDR), Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Toulouse University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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2
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Yu H, Yang S, Li H, Wu R, Lai B, Zheng Q. Activating Endogenous Neurogenesis for Spinal Cord Injury Repair: Recent Advances and Future Prospects. Neurospine 2023; 20:164-180. [PMID: 37016865 PMCID: PMC10080446 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2245184.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), endogenous neural stem cells are activated and migrate to the injury site where they differentiate into astrocytes, but they rarely differentiate into neurons. It is difficult for brain-derived information to be transmitted through the injury site after SCI because of the lack of neurons that can relay neural information through the injury site, and the functional recovery of adult mammals is difficult to achieve. The development of bioactive materials, tissue engineering, stem cell therapy, and physiotherapy has provided new strategies for the treatment of SCI and shown broad application prospects, such as promoting endogenous neurogenesis after SCI. In this review, we focus on novel approaches including tissue engineering, stem cell technology, and physiotherapy to promote endogenous neurogenesis and their therapeutic effects on SCI. Moreover, we explore the mechanisms and challenges of endogenous neurogenesis for the repair of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shangbin Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haotao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Rongjie Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Biqin Lai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Co-corresponding Author Biqin Lai Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiujian Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Corresponding Author Qiujian Zheng Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Chua XY, Ho LTY, Xiang P, Chew WS, Lam BWS, Chen CP, Ong WY, Lai MKP, Herr DR. Preclinical and Clinical Evidence for the Involvement of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Signaling in the Pathophysiology of Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 23:47-67. [PMID: 33180310 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphates (S1Ps) are bioactive lipids that mediate a diverse range of effects through the activation of cognate receptors, S1P1-S1P5. Scrutiny of S1P-regulated pathways over the past three decades has identified important and occasionally counteracting functions in the brain and cerebrovascular system. For example, while S1P1 and S1P3 mediate proinflammatory effects on glial cells and directly promote endothelial cell barrier integrity, S1P2 is anti-inflammatory but disrupts barrier integrity. Cumulatively, there is significant preclinical evidence implicating critical roles for this pathway in regulating processes that drive cerebrovascular disease and vascular dementia, both being part of the continuum of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). This is supported by clinical studies that have identified correlations between alterations of S1P and cognitive deficits. We review studies which proposed and evaluated potential mechanisms by which such alterations contribute to pathological S1P signaling that leads to VCI-associated chronic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Notably, S1P receptors have divergent but overlapping expression patterns and demonstrate complex interactions. Therefore, the net effect produced by S1P represents the cumulative contributions of S1P receptors acting additively, synergistically, or antagonistically on the neural, vascular, and immune cells of the brain. Ultimately, an optimized therapeutic strategy that targets S1P signaling will have to consider these complex interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ying Chua
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Leona T Y Ho
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Siong Chew
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brenda Wan Shing Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher P Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
- Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Mitchell K P Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore.
| | - Deron R Herr
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
- American University of Health Sciences, Long Beach, CA, USA.
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4
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Yoon Y, Kim HS, Hong CP, Li E, Jeon I, Park HJ, Lee N, Pei Z, Song J. Neural Transplants From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Rescue the Pathology and Behavioral Defects in a Rodent Model of Huntington's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:558204. [PMID: 33071737 PMCID: PMC7530284 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.558204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a devastating, autosomal-dominant inheritance disorder with the progressive loss of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and corticostriatal connections in the brain. Cell replacement therapy has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat HD. Among various types of stem cells, human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have received special attention to develop disease modeling and cell therapy for HD. In the present study, the therapeutic effects of neural precursor cells (NPCs) derived from a human iPSC line (1231A3-NPCs) were investigated in the quinolinic acid (QA)-lesioned rat model of HD. 1231A3-NPCs were transplanted into the ipsilateral striatum 1 week after QA lesioning, and the transplanted animals showed significant behavioral improvements for up to 12 weeks based on the staircase, rotarod, stepping, apomorphine-induced rotation, and cylinder tests. Transplanted 1231A3-NPCs also partially replaced the lost neurons, enhanced endogenous neurogenesis, reduced inflammatory responses, and reconstituted the damaged neuronal connections. Taken together, these results strongly indicate that NPCs derived from iPSCs can potentially be useful to treat HD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwoo Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Kim
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | | | - Endan Li
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Iksoo Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Nayeon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jihwan Song
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam-si, South Korea.,iPS Bio, Inc., Seongnam-si, South Korea
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5
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Bogorad MI, DeStefano JG, Linville RM, Wong AD, Searson PC. Cerebrovascular plasticity: Processes that lead to changes in the architecture of brain microvessels. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1413-1432. [PMID: 31208241 PMCID: PMC6681538 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19855875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic demands of the brain are met by oxygen and glucose, supplied by a complex hierarchical network of microvessels (arterioles, capillaries, and venules). Transient changes in neural activity are accommodated by local dilation of arterioles or capillaries to increase cerebral blood flow and hence nutrient availability. Transport and communication between the circulation and the brain is regulated by the brain microvascular endothelial cells that form the blood-brain barrier. Under homeostatic conditions, there is very little turnover in brain microvascular endothelial cells, and the cerebrovascular architecture is largely static. However, changes in the brain microenvironment, due to environmental factors, disease, or trauma, can result in additive or subtractive changes in cerebrovascular architecture. Additions occur by angiogenesis or vasculogenesis, whereas subtractions occur by vascular pruning, injury, or endothelial cell death. Here we review the various processes that lead to changes in the cerebrovascular architecture, including sustained changes in the brain microenvironment, development and aging, and injury, disease, and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max I Bogorad
- 1 Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jackson G DeStefano
- 1 Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Raleigh M Linville
- 1 Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew D Wong
- 1 Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter C Searson
- 1 Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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6
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Karimipour M, Rahbarghazi R, Tayefi H, Shimia M, Ghanadian M, Mahmoudi J, Bagheri HS. Quercetin promotes learning and memory performance concomitantly with neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult rat dentate gyrus. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 74:18-26. [PMID: 30822517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The decline in neurogenesis is a very critical problem in Alzheimer disease. Different biological activities have been reported for medicinal application of quercetin. Herein, we investigated the neurogenesis potential of quercetin in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease induced by amyloid-beta injection. Rats were randomly divided into Control, Alzheimer + Saline and Alzheimer + Quercetin groups. Following the administration of Amyloid-beta, rats in the Alzheimer + Quercetin group received 40 mg/kg/day quercetin orally for one month. Our data demonstrated amyloid-β injection could impair learning and memory processing in rats indicated by passive avoidance test evaluation. We noted that one-month quercetin treatment alleviated the detrimental effects of amyloid-β on spatial learning and memory parameters using Morris water maze analysis. Quercetin was found to increase the number of proliferating neural stem/progenitor cells. Notably, quercetin increased the number of DCX-expressing cells, indicating the active dynamic growth of neural progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. We further observed that the quercetin improved the number of BrdU/NeuN positive cells contributed to enhanced adult neurogenesis. Based on our results, quercetin had the potential to promote the expression of BDNF, NGF, CREB, and EGR-1 genes involved in regulating neurogenesis. These data suggest that quercetin can play a valuable role in alleviating Alzheimer's disease symptoms by enhancing adult neurogenesis mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Karimipour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Advanced Biomedical Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Tayefi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shimia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mustafa Ghanadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Advanced Biomedical Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hesam Saghaei Bagheri
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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7
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Abstract
Recent stroke research has shifted the focus to the microvasculature from neuron-centric views. It is increasingly recognized that a successful neuroprotection is not feasible without microvascular protection. On the other hand, recent studies on pericytes, long-neglected cells on microvessels have provided insight into the regulation of microcirculation. Pericytes play an essential role in matching the metabolic demand of nervous tissue with the blood flow in addition to regulating the development and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), leukocyte trafficking across the BBB and angiogenesis. Pericytes appears to be highly vulnerable to injury. Ischemic injury to pericytes on cerebral microvasculature unfavorably impacts the stroke-induced tissue damage and brain edema by disrupting microvascular blood flow and BBB integrity. Strongly supporting this, clinical imaging studies show that tissue reperfusion is not always obtained after recanalization. Therefore, prevention of pericyte dysfunction may improve the outcome of recanalization therapies by promoting microcirculatory reperfusion and preventing hemorrhage and edema. In the peri-infarct tissue, pericytes are detached from microvessels and promote angiogenesis and neurogenesis, and hence positively effect stroke outcome. Expectedly, we will learn more about the place of pericytes in CNS pathologies including stroke and devise approaches to treat them in the next decades.
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8
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Zheng C, Chen D, Zhang Y, Bai Y, Huang S, Zheng D, Liang W, She S, Peng X, Wang P, Mo X, Song Q, Lv P, Huang J, Ye RD, Wang Y. FAM19A1 is a new ligand for GPR1 that modulates neural stem-cell proliferation and differentiation. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800020RRR. [PMID: 29799787 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800020rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
FAM19A1 is a member of the family with sequence similarity 19 with unknown function. FAM19A1 mRNA expression is restricted to the CNS. Here, we report that FAM19A1 is a classic secretory protein, and expression levels correlate with brain development, increasing from embryonic d 12.5, peaking between postnatal d (P)1 and P7 and decreasing at wk 8. The adult hippocampus is a region of FAM19A1 high expression. Recombinant FAM19A1 suppressed the proliferation and self-renewal of neural stem cells (NSCs) and altered the lineage progression of NSCs with promoted neuron differentiation and suppressed astrocyte differentiation. Although GPCR 1 (GPR1) has been reported to be expressed in the CNS, its functions in the brain remain unclear. We identified GPR1 to be a functional receptor for FAM19A1. FAM19A1 interacted with GPR1 via the N-terminal domain (GPR1-ND), and its NSC modulatory functions required the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) /ERK1/2 and ROCK/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathways. GPR1-ND that selectively bound to FAM19A1 neutralized the effects of FAM19A1 on NSC functions. Taken together, our results show, for the first time to our knowledge, that FAM19A1 is a novel regulatory factor of the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs, and identified a novel mechanism by which GPCR mediates the effects of FAM19A1 on NSC functions that may be important for brain development and neurogenesis. Additional exploration of the functions of FAM19A1 and GPR1 in the CNS may broaden the range of therapeutic options available for major brain disorders.-Zheng, C., Chen, D., Zhang, Y., Bai, Y., Huang, S., Zheng, D., Liang, W., She, S., Peng, X., Wang, P., Mo, X., Song, Q., Lv, P., Huang, J., Ye, R. D., Wang, Y. FAM19A1 is a new ligand for GPR1 that modulates neural stem-cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Dixin Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyang Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Danfeng Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Liang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoping She
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjian Peng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Pingzhang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoning Mo
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Quansheng Song
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Lv
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Richard D Ye
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
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9
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Lapuente-Chala C, Céspedes-Rubio A. Biochemical events related to glial response in spinal cord injury. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2018. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v66n2.61701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introducción. La lesión de la médula espinal (LME) es un evento devastador con implicaciones físicas, psicológicas y socioeconómicas. En el tejido cercano a la lesión se instauran cambios morfofisiológicos que determinan la recuperación funcional del segmento medular y de los órganos efectores dependientes de los tractos axonales lesionados.Objetivo. Describir los eventos bioquímicos secuenciales más relevantes de la respuesta de las células gliales posterior a la LME.Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de publicaciones científicas de los últimos 18 años en las bases de datos PubMed y ScienceDirect, bajo los términos en inglés spinal cord injury (SCI), SCI pathophysiology, SCI inflammation, microglia in SCI, glial scar y chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG).Resultados. Los procesos fisiopatológicos que se producen después de la LME determinan la recuperación neurológica de los pacientes. La activación de las células gliales juega un papel importante, ya que promueve la producción de moléculas bioactivas y la formación de barreras físicas que inhiben la regeneración neural.Conclusión. El conocimiento de los cambios neurobiológicos ocurridos tras la LME permite una mayor comprensión de la fisiopatología y favorece la búsqueda de nuevas alternativas terapéuticas que limiten la progresión de la lesión primaria y que minimicen el daño secundario responsable de la disfunción neurológica.
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Chalichem NSS, Sai Kiran PSS, Basavan D. Possible role of DPP4 inhibitors to promote hippocampal neurogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease. J Drug Target 2018; 26:670-675. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1433682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nehru Sai Suresh Chalichem
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, JSS College of Pharmacy (Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), Ooty, India
| | - Pindiprolu S. S. Sai Kiran
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy (Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), Ooty, India
| | - Duraiswamy Basavan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, JSS College of Pharmacy (Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), Ooty, India
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11
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Induction of Endogenous Neural Stem Cells By Extracorporeal Shock Waves After Spinal Cord Injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2018; 43:E200-E207. [PMID: 28658046 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Animal experimental study OBJECTIVES.: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of extracorporeal shock waves (ESWs) on endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferation after spinal cord injury (SCI). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Exogenous stem cell transplantation for SCI still has many limitations to be addressed such as ideal cell sources, timing of transplantation, and fate of the transplanted cells. Moreover, the efficacy is another issue owing to a peculiar pathologic condition in the chronic phase of SCI. METHODS Contusive SCI was made using 24 Sprague-Dawley rats, and ESWs were applied at post-injury 4 weeks in rats. Proliferation and differentiation of endogenous NSCs (DCX, Sox-2) and axonal sprouting (GAP-43 and MAP-2) were observed at 6 weeks after application of ESWs. Differentiation of the activated neural stem cells was also investigated by coexpression of neuronal/glial cell markers (GFAP, Neu N, and CC-1). Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were performed for quantitative analysis, and these results were compared with those in the control group. For clinical assessment, the BBB locomotor rating scale was performed. RESULTS More proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells was noted in the experimental groups, and these activated cells were mainly founded in the ependymal layer of the central canal and the injured posterior horn. Differentiation into neuronal and glial cells was also noted in a limited number of cells. With respect to axonal regeneration, GAP-43 and MAP-2 expressions in the experimental groups were also significantly higher than those in the control group. During 6 weeks' clinical observation following ESWs application, functional improvement of the hindlimb was observed without clinical deterioration by trials. CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings indicate that ESWs on the chronic phase of SCI induce activation of endogenous NSCs and consequent functional improvement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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12
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Chalichem NSS, Gonugunta C, Krishnamurthy PT, Duraiswamy B. DPP4 Inhibitors Can Be a Drug of Choice for Type 3 Diabetes: A Mini Review. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2017; 32:444-451. [PMID: 28747063 PMCID: PMC10852729 DOI: 10.1177/1533317517722005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As well known to the scientific community, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease that ends up with impairment of memory and cognition due to neuronal and synapse loss. Patient's quality of life can be enhanced by targeting neurogenesis as a therapeutic paradigm. Moreover, several research evidences support the concept that AD is a type of metabolic disorder mediated by impairment in brain insulin responsiveness and energy metabolism. Growing evidence suggests that endogenous peptides such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and stromal-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) provide neuroprotection across a range of experimental models of AD. So, preserving functional activity of SDF-1α and GLP-1 by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition will enhance the homing/recruitment of brain resident and nonresident circulating stem cells/progenitor cells, a noninvasive approach for promoting neurogenesis. So, herewith we provide this in support of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors as a new target of attention for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehru Sai Suresh Chalichem
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, JSS College of Pharmacy, (Constituent College of Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru), Ooty, India
| | - Chaitanya Gonugunta
- Department of Pharmacology, Guntur Medical College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, (Constituent College of Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru), Ooty, India
| | - Basavan Duraiswamy
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, JSS College of Pharmacy, (Constituent College of Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru), Ooty, India
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Pei D, Liu N, Li D, Yan H, Wang QB, Fang Y, Xie L, Li HP. Inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor receptor β reduces reactive glia and scar formation after traumatic brain injury in mice. Brain Res Bull 2017; 134:121-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Human Dental Pulp Cells Differentiate toward Neuronal Cells and Promote Neuroregeneration in Adult Organotypic Hippocampal Slices In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081745. [PMID: 28800076 PMCID: PMC5578135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian central nerve system has fundamental difficulties regarding effective neuroregeneration. The aim of this study is to investigate whether human dental pulp cells (DPCs) can promote neuroregeneration by (i) being differentiated toward neuronal cells and/or (ii) stimulating local neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Using immunostaining, we demonstrated that adult human dental pulp contains multipotent DPCs, including STRO-1, CD146 and P75-positive stem cells. DPC-formed spheroids were able to differentiate into neuronal, vascular, osteogenic and cartilaginous lineages under osteogenic induction. However, under neuronal inductive conditions, cells in the DPC-formed spheroids differentiated toward neuronal rather than other lineages. Electrophysiological study showed that these cells consistently exhibit the capacity to produce action potentials, suggesting that they have a functional feature in neuronal cells. We further co-cultivated DPCs with adult mouse hippocampal slices on matrigel in vitro. Immunostaining and presto blue assay showed that DPCs were able to stimulate the growth of neuronal cells (especially neurons) in both the CA1 zone and the edges of the hippocampal slices. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), was expressed in co-cultivated DPCs. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that DPCs are well-suited to differentiate into the neuronal lineage. They are able to stimulate neurogenesis in the adult mouse hippocampus through neurotrophic support in vitro.
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Lee KH, Kim UJ, Park SW, Park YG, Lee BH. Optical Imaging of the Motor Cortex Following Antidromic Activation of the Corticospinal Tract after Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:166. [PMID: 28405184 PMCID: PMC5370382 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts neuronal networks of ascending and descending tracts at the site of injury, leading to a loss of motor function. Restoration and new circuit formation are important components of the recovery process, which involves collateral sprouting of injured and uninjured fibers. The present study was conducted to determine cortical responses to antidromic stimulation of the corticospinal tracts, to compare changes in the reorganization of neural pathways within normal and spinal cord-injured rats, and to elucidate differences in spatiotemporal activity patterns of the natural progression and reorganization of neural pathways in normal and SCI animals using optical imaging. Optical signals were recorded from the motor cortex in response to electrical stimulation of the ventral horn of the L1 spinal cord. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were evaluated to demonstrate endogenous recovery of physiological functions after SCI. A significantly shorter N1 peak latency and broader activation in the MEP optical recordings were observed at 4 weeks after SCI, compared to 1 week after SCI. Spatiotemporal patterns in the cerebral cortex differed depending on functional recovery. In the present study, optical imaging was found to be useful in revealing functional changes and may reflect conditions of reorganization and/or changes in surviving neurons after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung H Lee
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Dental Hygiene, Dongseo University Busan, South Korea
| | - Un J Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se W Park
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University New Brunswick, NY, USA
| | - Yong G Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bae H Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea; Brain Korea PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
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Neuronal regeneration after acute spinal cord injury in adult rats. Spine J 2016; 16:1459-1467. [PMID: 27349629 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT The most common causes of spinal cord injury (SCI) are traumatic traffic accidents, falls, and violence. Spinal cord injury greatly affects a patient's mental and physical conditions and causes substantial economic impact to society. There are many methods, such as high doses of corticosteroids, surgical stabilization, decompression, and stem cell transplantation, for functional recovery after SCI, but the effect is still not satisfactory. PURPOSE This study investigated the role of neuronal regeneration and the location of the neuronal regeneration after SCI in rats. STUDY DESIGN This is an experimental animal study of acute spinal cord injury investigating the neuronal regeneration after SCI. Double immunofluorescence staining of NF-200 and BrdU was performed to detect the location of the neuronal regeneration. METHODS Forty-five adult Wistar rats were tested. Allen hit model (10 g) induced acute SCI sites targeted at the T10 segments. Nestin expression was detected via immunohistochemistry. Double immunofluorescence staining of neurofilament 200 (NF-200) and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was performed 10 mm away from the spinal cord center. Neural functional recovery was determined using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) score and electro-physiological examination. The study was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, 81272172). The funder of this study had no capacity to influence the scholarly conduct of the research, interpretation of results, or dissemination of study outcomes. RESULTS BrdU- and NF-200-positive cells were rarely detected and absent at 3 weeks and 4 weeks, respectively. We also detected the BrdU and NF-200 co-expressed cells are at 3 to 5 mm away from the injured site, and no co-expressed cells were detected at the injured site in this SCI model. The BBB score and electro-physiological examination of the nervous system were significantly different at 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that neurons are regenerated 3 to 5 mm away from the injured site, and no neurons are regenerated at the injured site in this SCI model, which suggests a novel train of thought on SCI treatment.
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Marcos ABW, Forner S, Martini AC, Patrício ES, Clarke JR, Costa R, Felix-Alves J, Vieira VJ, de Andrade EL, Mazzuco TL, Calixto JB, Figueiredo CP. Temporal and Regional Expression of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide and Its Receptor in Spinal Cord Injured Rats. J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:261-8. [PMID: 26421658 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in loss of movement, sensibility, and autonomic control at the level of the lesion and at lower parts of the body. Several experimental strategies have been used in attempts to increase endogenous mechanisms of neuroprotection, neuroplasticity, and repair, but with limited success. It is known that glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and its receptor (GIPR) can enhance synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and axonal outgrowth. However, their role in the injury has never been studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in expression levels of both GIP and GIPR in acute and chronic phases of SCI in rats. Following SCI (2 to 24 h after damage), the rat spinal cord showed a lesion in which the epicenter had a cavity with hemorrhage and necrosis. Furthermore, the lesion cavity also showed ballooned cells 14 and 28 days after injury. We found that SCI induced increases in GIPR expression in areas neighboring the site of injury at 6 h and 28 days after the injury. Moreover, higher GIP expression was observed in these regions on day 28. Neuronal projections from the injury epicenter showed an increase in GIP immunoreactivity 24 h and 14 and 28 days after SCI. Interestingly, GIP was also found in progenitor cells at the spinal cord canal 24 h after injury, whereas both GIP and GIPR were present in progenitor cells at the injury epicenter 14 days after in SCI animals. These results suggest that GIP and its receptor might be implicated with neurogenesis and the repair process after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz W Marcos
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Stefania Forner
- 2 Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Alessandra C Martini
- 2 Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Eliziane S Patrício
- 2 Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Julia R Clarke
- 3 Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robson Costa
- 3 Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Felix-Alves
- 2 Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Vilberto José Vieira
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Edinéia Lemos de Andrade
- 2 Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Tânia Longo Mazzuco
- 4 Departamento de Clínica Médica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina , PR, Brazil
| | - João Batista Calixto
- 2 Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Claudia Pinto Figueiredo
- 3 Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Kamel Ismail ZM, Morcos MA, Eldin Mohammad MD, Gamal Aboulkhair A. Enhancement of Neural Stem Cells after Induction of Depression in Male Albino Rats (A histological & Immunohistochemical Study). Int J Stem Cells 2014; 7:70-8. [PMID: 25473444 PMCID: PMC4249906 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2014.7.2.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Depression is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders. Endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) could replace damaged Hippocampal neurons in depression. This work was planned to evaluate Rhodiola rosea (Rr) extract possible role in stimulation of NSCs proliferation and in depression improvement. Methods and Results: Thirty adult male albino rats were divided into three groups; control, untreated depressed model and Rr model. After depression induction by chronic mild stress, rats received Rr extract 1.5 g/kg/day for three weeks. The sucrose preference test (SP) was done before, after depression induction and 3 weeks after supplementation of Rr. The brain was removed and processed for H&E and immunohistochemical staining for caspase 3, glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Rr group revealed improved sucrose preference, increased undamaged neurons and decreased dark neurons. Moreover, Caspase 3 +ve cells were not detected, GFAP +ve cells increased and PCNA +ve cells were detected only in Rr group. Conclusions: This work points to the role of Rr in depression improvement and in stimulation of NSCs proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Attia Morcos
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Golpich M, Rahmani B, Mohamed Ibrahim N, Dargahi L, Mohamed Z, Raymond AA, Ahmadiani A. Preconditioning as a potential strategy for the prevention of Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:313-30. [PMID: 24696268 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by the progressive and massive loss of dopaminergic neurons by neuronal apoptosis in the substantia nigra pars compacta and depletion of dopamine in the striatum, which lead to pathological and clinical abnormalities. A numerous of cellular processes including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates are considered to contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. A further understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of PD is crucial for developing effective diagnostic, preventative, and therapeutic strategies to cure this devastating disorder. Preconditioning (PC) is assumed as a natural adaptive process whereby a subthreshold stimulus can promote protection against a subsequent lethal stimulus in the brain as well as in other tissues that affords robust brain tolerance facing neurodegenerative insults. Multiple lines of evidence have demonstrated that preconditioning as a possible neuroprotective technique may reduce the neural deficits associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as PD. Throughout the last few decades, a lot of efforts have been made to discover the molecular determinants involved in preconditioning-induced protective responses; although, the accurate mechanisms underlying this "tolerance" phenomenon are not fully understood in PD. In this review, we will summarize pathophysiology and current therapeutic approaches in PD and discuss about preconditioning in PD as a potential neuroprotective strategy. Also the role of gene reprogramming and mitochondrial biogenesis involved in the preconditioning-mediated neuroprotective events will be highlighted. Preconditioning may represent a promising therapeutic weapon to combat neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Golpich
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Lu HX, Yang ZQ, Jiao Q, Wang YY, Wang L, Yang PB, Chen XL, Zhang PB, Wang P, Chen MX, Lu XY, Liu Y. Low concentration of serum helps to maintain the characteristics of NSCs/NPCs on alkali-treated PHBHHx filmin vitro. Neurol Res 2014; 36:207-14. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132813y.0000000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Recombinant human thioredoxin-1 promotes neurogenesis and facilitates cognitive recovery following cerebral ischemia in mice. Neuropharmacology 2014; 77:453-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Beneficial effects of melatonin combined with exercise on endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells proliferation after spinal cord injury. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:2207-22. [PMID: 24487506 PMCID: PMC3958846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15022207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (eNSPCs) proliferate and differentiate into neurons and glial cells after spinal cord injury (SCI). We have previously shown that melatonin (MT) plus exercise (Ex) had a synergistic effect on functional recovery after SCI. Thus, we hypothesized that combined therapy including melatonin and exercise might exert a beneficial effect on eNSPCs after SCI. Melatonin was administered twice a day and exercise was performed on a treadmill for 15 min, six days per week for 3 weeks after SCI. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR analysis were used to determine cell population for late response, in conjunction with histological examination and motor function test. There was marked improvement in hindlimb function in SCI+MT+Ex group at day 14 and 21 after injury, as documented by the reduced size of the spinal lesion and a higher density of dendritic spines and axons; such functional improvements were associated with increased numbers of BrdU-positive cells. Furthermore, MAP2 was increased in the injured thoracic segment, while GFAP was increased in the cervical segment, along with elevated numbers of BrdU-positive nestin-expressing eNSPCs in the SCI+MT+Ex group. The dendritic spine density was augmented markedly in SCI+MT and SCI+MT+Ex groups. These results suggest a synergistic effect of SCI+MT+Ex might create a microenvironment to facilitate proliferation of eNSPCs to effectively replace injured cells and to improve regeneration in SCI.
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Shah Z, Raghavan A. Repair and regeneration properties of Ginkgo biloba after ischemic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1104-1107. [PMID: 25132842 PMCID: PMC4133771 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.135308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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McDonough A, Hoang AN, Monterrubio A, Greenhalgh S, Martínez-Cerdeño V. Compression injury in the mouse spinal cord elicits a specific proliferative response and distinct cell fate acquisition along rostro-caudal and dorso-ventral axes. Neuroscience 2013; 254:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Brugeaud A, Tong M, Luo L, Edge ASB. Inhibition of repulsive guidance molecule, RGMa, increases afferent synapse formation with auditory hair cells. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 74:457-66. [PMID: 24123853 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral fibers that extend from auditory neurons to hair cells are sensitive to damage, and replacement of the fibers and their afferent synapse with hair cells would be of therapeutic interest. Here, we show that RGMa, a repulsive guidance molecule previously shown to play a role in the development of the chick visual system, is expressed in the developing, newborn, and mature mouse inner ear. The effect of RGMa on synaptogenesis between afferent neurons and hair cells, from which afferent connections had been removed, was assessed. Contact of neural processes with hair cells and elaboration of postsynaptic densities at sites of the ribbon synapse were increased by treatment with a blocking antibody to RGMa, and pruning of auditory fibers to achieve the mature branching pattern of afferent neurons was accelerated. Inhibition by RGMa could thus explain why auditory neurons have a low capacity to regenerate peripheral processes: postnatal spiral ganglion neurons retain the capacity to send out processes that respond to signals for synapse formation, but expression of RGMa postnatally appears to be detrimental to regeneration of afferent hair cell innervation and antagonizes synaptogenesis. Increased synaptogenesis after inhibition of RGMa suggests that manipulation of guidance or inhibitory factors may provide a route to increase formation of new synapses at deafferented hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Brugeaud
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115; Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
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Simulated microgravity facilitates cell migration and neuroprotection after bone marrow stromal cell transplantation in spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:35. [PMID: 23548163 PMCID: PMC3706926 DOI: 10.1186/scrt184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recently, cell-based therapy has gained significant attention for the treatment of central nervous system diseases. Although bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are considered to have good engraftment potential, challenges due to in vitro culturing, such as a decline in their functional potency, have been reported. Here, we investigated the efficacy of rat BMSCs (rBMSCs) cultured under simulated microgravity conditions, for transplantation into a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods rBMSCs were cultured under two different conditions: standard gravity (1G) and simulated microgravity attained by using the 3D-clinostat. After 7 days of culture, the rBMSCs were analyzed morphologically, with RT-PCR and immunostaining, and were used for grafting. Adult rats were used for constructing SCI models by using a weight-dropping method and were grouped into three experimental groups for comparison. rBMSCs cultured under 1 g and simulated microgravity were transplanted intravenously immediately after SCI. We evaluated the hindlimb functional improvement for 3 weeks. Tissue repair after SCI was examined by calculating the cavity area ratio and immunohistochemistry. Results rBMSCs cultured under simulated microgravity expressed Oct-4 and CXCR4, in contrast to those cultured under 1 g conditions. Therefore, rBMSCs cultured under simulated microgravity were considered to be in an undifferentiated state and thus to possess high migration ability. After transplantation, grafted rBMSCs cultured under microgravity exhibited greater survival at the periphery of the lesion, and the motor functions of the rats that received these grafts improved significantly compared with the rats that received rBMSCs cultured in 1 g. In addition, rBMSCs cultured under microgravity were thought to have greater trophic effects on reestablishment and survival of host spinal neural tissues because cavity formations were reduced, and apoptosis-inhibiting factor expression was high at the periphery of the SCI lesion. Conclusions Here we show that transplantation of rBMSCs cultured under simulated microgravity facilitates functional recovery from SCI rather than those cultured under 1 g conditions.
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Regenerated synapses between postnatal hair cells and auditory neurons. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2013; 14:321-9. [PMID: 23423560 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-013-0374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of synaptic connections between hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons would be required to restore hearing after neural loss. Here we demonstrate by immunohistochemistry the appearance of afferent-like cochlear synapses in vitro after co-culture of de-afferented organ of Corti with spiral ganglion neurons from newborn mice. The glutamatergic synaptic complexes at the ribbon synapse of the inner hair cell contain markers for presynaptic ribbons and postsynaptic densities. We found postsynaptic density protein PSD-95 at the contacts between hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons in newly formed synapses in vitro. The postsynaptic proteins were directly facing the CtBP2-positive presynaptic ribbons of the hair cells. BDNF and NT-3 promoted afferent synaptogenesis in vitro. Direct juxtaposition of the postsynaptic densities with the components of the preexisting ribbon synapse indicated that growing fibers recognized components of the presynaptic sites. Initiation of cochlear synaptogenesis appeared to be influenced by glutamate release from the hair cell ribbons at the presynaptic site since the synaptic regeneration was impaired in glutamate vesicular transporter 3 mutant mice. These insights into cochlear synaptogenesis could be relevant to regenerative approaches for neural loss in the cochlea.
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Abstract
Utilizing a classic stroke model in rodents, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), we describe a novel neuroregenerative approach using the repeated intranasal administration of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide starting from day 3 poststroke for enhancing the functional recovery of injured brain. Adult rats were separated into two groups with similar infarction sizes, measured by magnetic resonance imaging on day 2 after MCAo, and were treated with CART or vehicle. The CART treatment increased CART level in the brain, improved behavioral recovery, and reduced neurological scores. In the subventricular zone (SVZ), CART enhanced immunolabeling of bromodeoxyuridine, a neural progenitor cell marker Musashi-1, and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen, as well as upregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA. AAV-GFP was locally applied to the SVZ to examine migration of SVZ cells. The CART enhanced migration of GFP(+) cells from SVZ toward the ischemic cortex. In SVZ culture, CART increased the size of neurospheres. The CART-mediated cell migration from SVZ explants was reduced by anti-BDNF blocking antibody. Using (1)H-MRS (proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy), increases in N-acetylaspartate levels were found in the lesioned cortex after CART treatment in stroke brain. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript increased the expression of GAP43 and fluoro-ruby fluorescence in the lesioned cortex. In conclusion, our data suggest that intranasal CART treatment facilitates neuroregeneration in stroke brain.
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Arai Y, Huttner WB, Calegari F. Neural Stem Cells. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Sakaguchi M, Okano H. Neural stem cells, adult neurogenesis, and galectin-1: from bench to bedside. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:1059-67. [PMID: 22488739 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult brain have been a consistent focus of biomedical research largely because of their potential clinical application. To fully exploit this potential, the molecular mechanisms that regulate NSCs must be clarified. Several lines of evidence show that a multifunctional protein, Galectin-1, is expressed and has a functional role in a subset of adult NSCs. Researchers, including our group, have explored the physiological role of Galectin-1 in NSCs and its application in the treatment of animal models of neurological disorders such as brain ischemia and spinal cord injury. Here, we summarize what is currently known regarding the role of Galectin-1 in adult NSCs. Furthermore, we discuss current issues in researching the role of Galectin-1 in adult NSCs under both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Sakaguchi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Growth factors released from gelatin hydrogel microspheres increase new neurons in the adult mouse brain. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:915160. [PMID: 23093979 PMCID: PMC3474987 DOI: 10.1155/2012/915160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that new neurons are continuously generated by endogenous neural stem cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mammalian brain. Some of these new neurons migrate to injured brain tissues and differentiate into mature neurons, suggesting that such new neurons may be able to replace neurons lost to degenerative disease or injury and improve or repair neurological deficits. Here, we tested whether delivering growth factors via gelatin hydrogel microspheres would support neurogenesis in the SVZ. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)-containing microspheres increased the number of new neurons in the SVZ. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-containing microspheres increased the number of new neurons migrating from the SVZ towards the injured striatum in a stroke model in mouse. These results suggest that the strategy of using gelatin hydrogel microspheres to achieve the sustained release of growth factors holds promise for the clinical regeneration of damaged brain tissues from endogenous neural stem cells in the adult SVZ.
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Li X, Katsanevakis E, Liu X, Zhang N, Wen X. Engineering neural stem cell fates with hydrogel design for central nervous system regeneration. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Li X, Liu X, Zhao W, Wen X, Zhang N. Manipulating neural-stem-cell mobilization and migration in vitro. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:2087-95. [PMID: 22342829 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem-cell transplantation is a promising strategy for the treatment of neural diseases and injuries, since the central nervous system (CNS) has a very limited capacity to repopulate the lost cells. Transplantation strategies face many difficulties including low viability, lack of control of stem-cell fate, and low levels of cell engraftment after transplantation. An alternative strategy for CNS repair without transplantation is using endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) and precursor cells. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a pleiotropic cytokine of mesenchymal origin, exerts a strong chemoattractive effect on stem cells. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a key regulator for stem-cell proliferation, mobilization, and fate choices, is currently being characterized for endogenous NSC manipulation for brain regeneration. In this study, HGF and LIF have been loaded into hydrogels and degradable nanoparticles, respectively, for sustained, long-term, localized delivery. We examine the use of HGF-loaded hydrogels and LIF-loaded nanoparticles for manipulating migration and mobilization of human NSCs in vitro. The combination of LIF-loaded nanoparticles and HGF-loaded hydrogels significantly mobilized hNSCs and promoted their migration in vitro. Studies are in progress to evaluate endogenous NSC mobilization and migration in vivo with simultaneous, controlled delivery of LIF at the natural reservoir of endogenous NSCs and HGF at the injury or disease site for in situ tissue regeneration.
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Simvastatin mobilizes bone marrow stromal cells migrating to injured areas and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury in the rat. Neurosci Lett 2012; 521:136-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kamei N, Kwon SM, Ishikawa M, Ii M, Nakanishi K, Yamada K, Hozumi K, Kawamoto A, Ochi M, Asahara T. Endothelial Progenitor Cells Promote Astrogliosis following Spinal Cord Injury through Jagged1-Dependent Notch Signaling. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:1758-69. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naosuke Kamei
- Group of Vascular Regeneration, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sang-Mo Kwon
- Group of Vascular Regeneration, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Hyogo, Japan
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-Do, Korea
| | - Masakazu Ishikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ii
- Group of Vascular Regeneration, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Nakanishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Yamada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Katsuto Hozumi
- Department of Immunology and Research Center for Embryogenesis and Organogenesis, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Kawamoto
- Group of Vascular Regeneration, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Ochi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asahara
- Group of Vascular Regeneration, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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Ohta S, Misawa A, Fukaya R, Inoue S, Kanemura Y, Okano H, Kawakami Y, Toda M. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) promotes cell survival and proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:3210-20. [PMID: 22454509 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.102210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we showed that murine dendritic cells (DCs) can increase the number of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we identified macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as a novel factor that can support the proliferation and/or survival of NSPCs in vitro. MIF is secreted by DCs and NSPCs, and its function in the normal brain remains largely unknown. It was previously shown that in macrophages, MIF binds to a CD74-CD44 complex. In the present study, we observed the expression of MIF receptors in mouse ganglionic-eminence-derived neurospheres using flow cytometry in vitro. We also found CD74 expression in the ganglionic eminence of E14 mouse brains, suggesting that MIF plays a physiological role in vivo. MIF increased the number of primary and secondary neurospheres. By contrast, retrovirally expressed MIF shRNA and MIF inhibitor (ISO-1) suppressed primary and secondary neurosphere formation, as well as cell proliferation. In the neurospheres, MIF knockdown by shRNA increased caspase 3/7 activity, and MIF increased the phosphorylation of Akt, Erk, AMPK and Stat3 (Ser727), as well as expression of Hes3 and Egfr, the products of which are known to support cell survival, proliferation and/or maintenance of NSPCs. MIF also acted as a chemoattractant for NSPCs. These results show that MIF can induce NSPC proliferation and maintenance by multiple signaling pathways acting synergistically, and it may be a potential therapeutic factor, capable of activating NSPC, for the treatment of degenerative brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Ohta
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
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Soler R, Füllhase C, Hanson A, Campeau L, Santos C, Andersson KE. Stem cell therapy ameliorates bladder dysfunction in an animal model of Parkinson disease. J Urol 2012; 187:1491-7. [PMID: 22341818 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Different cell based therapies have been tested, focusing on motor function. We evaluated the effect of human amniotic fluid stem cells and bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (ALLCELLS, Emeryville, California) on bladder dysfunction in a rat model of Parkinson disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS A nigrostriatal lesion was induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in 96 athymic nude female rats divided into 3 treatment groups. After 2 weeks the groups were injected with human amniotic fluid stem cells, bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells and vehicle for sham treatment, respectively. At 3, 7, 14 and 28 days the bladder function of 8 rats per group was analyzed by conscious cystometry. Brains were extracted for immunostaining. RESULTS The nigrostriatal lesion caused bladder dysfunction, which was consistent in sham treated animals throughout the study. Several cystometric parameters improved 14 days after human amniotic fluid stem cell or bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell injection, concomitant with the presence of human stem cells in the brain. At 14 days only a few cells were observed in a more caudal and lateral position. At 28 days the functional improvement subsided and human stem cells were no longer seen. Human stem cell injection improved the survival of dopaminergic neurons until 14 days. Human stem cells expressed superoxide dismutase-2 and seemed to modulate the expression of interleukin-6 and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor by host cells. CONCLUSIONS Cell therapy with human amniotic fluid stem cells and bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells temporarily ameliorated bladder dysfunction in a Parkinson disease model. In contrast to integration, cells may act on the injured environment via cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Soler
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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Malone CD, Hasan SMM, Roome RB, Xiong J, Furlong M, Opferman JT, Vanderluit JL. Mcl-1 regulates the survival of adult neural precursor cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 49:439-47. [PMID: 22357134 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of neural precursor cells (NPCs) in the adult mammalian brain, there has been a lot of excitement surrounding the potential for regeneration in the adult brain. For instance, many studies have shown that a significant number of NPCs will migrate to a site of injury and differentiate into all of the neural lineages. However, one of the main challenges affecting endogenous neural regeneration is that many of the NPCs that migrate to the injury site ultimately undergo apoptosis. Therefore, we sought to determine whether myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1), an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein, would promote the survival of adult NPCs by impeding apoptosis. To do this, we first confirmed that Mcl-1 is endogenously expressed within the adult NPC population using BrdU labeling assays. Next, we conditionally deleted Mcl-1 in adult NPCs using cre/lox technology and expressed Cre from the NPC-specific promoter Nestin. In vitro, cells that had Mcl-1 conditionally deleted had a 2-fold increase in apoptosis when compared to controls. In vivo, we used electroporation to conditionally delete Mcl-1 in adult NPCs and assessed apoptosis at 72h. after electroporation. As in our in vitro results, there was a 2-fold increase in apoptosis when Mcl-1 was conditionally deleted. Finally, we found that Mcl-1 over-expression reduced the endogenous rate of adult NPC apoptosis 2-fold in vitro. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Mcl-1 is crucial for the survival of adult NPCs and may be a promising target for future neural regeneration therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig D Malone
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada, A1B 3V6
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Abstract
Although platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and receptors (PDGFRs) are abundantly expressed in the central nervous system, their functions largely remain elusive. We investigated the role of PDGFR-β in tissue responses and functional recovery after photothrombolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). In the normal adult mouse brain, PDGFR-β was mainly localized in neurons and in pericyte/vascular smooth muscle cells (PC/vSMCs). From 3 to 28 days after MCAO, postnatally induced systemic PDGFR-β knockout mice (Esr-KO) exhibited the delayed recovery of body weight and behavior, and larger infarction volume than controls. In Esr-KO, PC/vSMC coverage was decreased and vascular leakage of infused fluorescent-labeled albumin was extensive within the ischemic lesion, but not in the uninjured cerebral cortex. Angiogenesis levels were comparable between Esr-KO and controls. In another PDGFR-β conditional KO mouse (Nestin-KO), PDGFR-β was deleted in neurons and astrocytes from embryonic day 10.5, but was preserved in PC/vSMCs. After MCAO, vascular leakage and infarction volume in Nestin-KO were worse than controls, but partly improved compared with Esr-KO. Astroglial scar formation in both Esr-KO and Nestin-KO was similarly reduced compared with controls after MCAO. These data suggested that PDGFR-β signaling is crucial for neuroprotection, endogenous tissue repair, and functional recovery after stroke by targeting neurons, PC/vSMCs, and astrocytes.
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Strategies for Endogenous Spinal Cord Repair: HPMA Hydrogel to Recruit Migrating Endogenous Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 760:25-52. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4090-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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The use of cellular magnetic resonance imaging to track the fate of iron-labeled multipotent stromal cells after direct transplantation in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. Mol Imaging Biol 2011; 13:702-11. [PMID: 20686855 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to track the fate of iron-labeled, multipotent stromal cells (MSC) after their direct transplantation into mice with spinal cord injuries using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). PROCEDURES Mice with spinal cord injuries received a direct transplant of (1) live MSC labeled with micron-sized iron oxide particles (MPIO); (2) dead, MPIO-labeled MSC; (3) unlabeled MSC; or (4) free MPIO and were imaged at 3 T for 6 weeks after transplantation. RESULTS Live, iron-labeled MSC appeared as a well-defined region of signal loss in the mouse spinal cord at the site of transplant. However, the MR appearance of dead, iron-labeled MSC and free iron particles was similar and persisted for the 6 weeks of the study. CONCLUSIONS Iron-labeled stem cells can be detected and monitored in vivo after direct transplantation into the injured spinal cord of mice. However, the fate of the iron label is not clear. Our investigation indicates that caution should be taken when interpreting MR images after direct transplantation of iron-labeled cells.
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Yamane J, Ishibashi S, Sakaguchi M, Kuroiwa T, Kanemura Y, Nakamura M, Miyoshi H, Sawamoto K, Toyama Y, Mizusawa H, Okano H. Transplantation of human neural stem/progenitor cells overexpressing galectin-1 improves functional recovery from focal brain ischemia in the Mongolian gerbil. Mol Brain 2011; 4:35. [PMID: 21951913 PMCID: PMC3215926 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-4-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of human neural stem/progenitor cells (hNSPCs) is a promising method to regenerate tissue from damage and recover function in various neurological diseases including brain ischemia. Galectin-1(Gal1) is a lectin that is expressed in damaged brain areas after ischemia. Here, we characterized the detailed Gal1 expression pattern in an animal model of brain ischemia. After brain ischemia, Gal1 was expressed in reactive astrocytes within and around the infarcted region, and its expression diminished over time. Previously, we showed that infusion of human Gal1 protein (hGal1) resulted in functional recovery after brain ischemia but failed to reduce the volume of the ischemic region. This prompted us to examine whether the combination of hNSPCs-transplantation and stable delivery of hGal1 around the ischemic region could reduce the ischemic volume and promote better functional recovery after brain ischemia. In this study, we transplanted hNSPCs that stably overexpressed hGal1 (hGal1-hNSPCs) in a model of unilateral focal brain ischemia using Mongolian gerbils. Indeed, we found that transplantation of hGal1-hNSPCs both reduced the ischemic volume and improved deficits in motor function after brain ischemia to a greater extent than the transplantation of hNSPCs alone. This study provides evidence for a potential application of hGal1 with hNSPCs-transplantation in the treatment of brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Yamane
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Kamouchi M, Ago T, Kuroda J, Kitazono T. The possible roles of brain pericytes in brain ischemia and stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 32:159-65. [PMID: 21830084 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain pericytes regulate a variety of functions, such as microcirculation, angiogenesis, and the blood brain barrier in the brain. Recent studies have also shown that they are pluripotent in a manner similar to mesenchymal stem cells. Since, brain pericytes actively control these functions, these cells probably play an important role not only during brain ischemia, but also in the post-stroke period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kamouchi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Bauchet L, Lonjon N, Perrin FE, Gilbert C, Privat A, Fattal C. Strategies for spinal cord repair after injury: a review of the literature and information. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2011; 52:330-51. [PMID: 19886026 DOI: 10.1016/j.annrmp.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thanks to the Internet, we can now have access to more information about spinal cord repair. Spinal cord injured (SCI) patients request more information and hospitals offer specific spinal cord repair medical consultations. OBJECTIVE Provide practical and relevant elements to physicians and other healthcare professionals involved in the care of SCI patients in order to provide adequate answers to their questions. METHOD Our literature review was based on English and French publications indexed in PubMed and the main Internet websites dedicated to spinal cord repair. RESULTS A wide array of research possibilities including notions of anatomy, physiology, biology, anatomopathology and spinal cord imaging is available for the global care of the SCI patient. Prevention and repair strategies (regeneration, transplant, stem cells, gene therapy, biomaterials, using sublesional uninjured spinal tissue, electrical stimulation, brain/computer interface, etc.) for the injured spinal cord are under development. It is necessary to detail the studies conducted and define the limits of these new strategies and benchmark them to the realistic medical and rehabilitation care available to these patients. CONCLUSION Research is quickly progressing and clinical trials will be developed in the near future. They will have to answer to strict methodological and ethical guidelines. They will first be designed for a small number of patients. The results will probably be fragmented and progress will be made through different successive steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bauchet
- Centre mutualiste neurologique Propara, 34195 Montpellier, France.
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Kawase S, Imai T, Miyauchi-Hara C, Yaguchi K, Nishimoto Y, Fukami SI, Matsuzaki Y, Miyawaki A, Itohara S, Okano H. Identification of a novel intronic enhancer responsible for the transcriptional regulation of musashi1 in neural stem/progenitor cells. Mol Brain 2011; 4:14. [PMID: 21486496 PMCID: PMC3108301 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-4-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The specific genetic regulation of neural primordial cell determination is of great interest in stem cell biology. The Musashi1 (Msi1) protein, which belongs to an evolutionarily conserved family of RNA-binding proteins, is a marker for neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) in the embryonic and post-natal central nervous system (CNS). Msi1 regulates the translation of its downstream targets, including m-Numb and p21 mRNAs. In vitro experiments using knockout mice have shown that Msi1 and its isoform Musashi2 (Msi2) keep NS/PCs in an undifferentiated and proliferative state. Msi1 is expressed not only in NS/PCs, but also in other somatic stem cells and in tumours. Based on previous findings, Msi1 is likely to be a key regulator for maintaining the characteristics of self-renewing stem cells. However, the mechanisms regulating Msi1 expression are not yet clear. Results To identify the DNA region affecting Msi1 transcription, we inserted the fusion gene ffLuc, comprised of the fluorescent Venus protein and firefly Luciferase, at the translation initiation site of the mouse Msi1 gene locus contained in a 184-kb bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). Fluorescence and Luciferase activity, reflecting the Msi1 transcriptional activity, were observed in a stable BAC-carrying embryonic stem cell line when it was induced toward neural lineage differentiation by retinoic acid treatment. When neuronal differentiation was induced in embryoid body (EB)-derived neurosphere cells, reporter signals were detected in Msi1-positive NSCs and GFAP-positive astrocytes, but not in MAP2-positive neurons. By introducing deletions into the BAC reporter gene and conducting further reporter experiments using a minimized enhancer region, we identified a region, "D5E2," that is responsible for Msi1 transcription in NS/PCs. Conclusions A regulatory element for Msi1 transcription in NS/PCs is located in the sixth intron of the Msi1 gene. The 595-bp D5E2 intronic enhancer can transactivate Msi1 gene expression with cell-type specificity markedly similar to the endogenous Msi1 expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kawase
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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Hou L, Jin D, Gu E, Pu Y, Li F, Guan W, Ma Y. Isolation and characterization of duck embryonic neural stem and progenitor cells. Poult Sci 2011; 90:609-17. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Neural Stem Cells. Regen Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9075-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Takahashi Y, Tsuji O, Kumagai G, Hara CM, Okano HJ, Miyawaki A, Toyama Y, Okano H, Nakamura M. Comparative study of methods for administering neural stem/progenitor cells to treat spinal cord injury in mice. Cell Transplant 2010; 20:727-39. [PMID: 21054930 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x536554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate potential cures for spinal cord injury (SCI), several researchers have transplanted neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) into the injured spinal cord by different procedures, including intralesional (IL), intrathecal (IT), and intravenous (IV) injection. However, there are no reports quantifying or comparing the number of cells successfully transplanted to the lesion site by each procedure in vivo. The purpose of the present study was to determine the optimal method of cell transplantation to the SCI site in terms of grafted cell survival and safety. For this purpose, we developed mouse NS/PCs that expressed a novel Venus-luciferase fusion protein that enabled us to detect a minimum of 1,000 grafted cells in vivo by bioluminescence imaging (BLI). After inducing contusive SCI at the T10 level in mice, NS/PCs were transplanted into the injured animals three different ways: by IL, IT, or IV injection. Six weeks after the transplantation, BLI analysis showed that in the IL group, the luminescence intensity of the grafted cells had decreased to about 10% of its initial level, and appeared at the site of injury. In the IT group, the luminescence of the grafted cells, which was distributed throughout the entire subarachnoid space immediately after transplantation, was detected at the injured site 1 week later, and by 6 weeks had gradually decreased to about 0.3% of its initial level. In the IV group, no grafted cells were detected at the site of injury, but all of these mice showed luminescence in the bilateral chest, suggesting pulmonary embolism. In addition, one third of these mice died immediately after the IV injection. In terms of grafted cell survival and safety, we conclude that the IL application of NS/PCs is the most effective and feasible method for transplanting NS/PCs into the SCI site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Knight JC, Scharf EL, Mao-Draayer Y. Fas activation increases neural progenitor cell survival. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:746-57. [PMID: 19830835 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although there is a sizable amount of research focusing on adult neural progenitor cells (NPCs) as a therapeutic approach for many neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis, little is known about the pathways that govern NPC survival and apoptosis. Fas, a member of the death receptor superfamily, plays a well-characterized role in the immune system, but its function in neural stem cells remains uncertain. Our study focuses on the effects of Fas on NPC survival in vitro. Activation of Fas by recombinant Fas ligand (FasL) did not induce apoptosis in murine NPCs in culture. In fact, both an increase in the amount of viable cells and a decrease in apoptotic and dying cells were observed with FasL treatment. Our data indicate that FasL-mediated adult NPC neuroprotection is characterized by a reduction in apoptosis, but not increased proliferation. Further investigation of this effect revealed that the antiapoptotic effects of FasL are mediated by the up-regulation of Birc3, an inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP). Conversely, the observed effect is not the result of altered caspase activation or FLIP (Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme inhibitory protein) up-regulation, which is known to inhibit caspase-8-mediated cell death in T cells. Our data indicate that murine adult NPCs are resistant to FasL-induced cell death. Activation of Fas increased cell survival by decreasing apoptosis through Birc3 up-regulation. These results describe a novel pathway involved in NPC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Knight
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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