1
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Mikloska KV, Zrini ZA, Bernier NJ. Severe hypoxia exposure inhibits larval brain development but does not affect the capacity to mount a cortisol stress response in zebrafish. J Exp Biol 2021; 225:274120. [PMID: 34931659 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fish nursery habitats are increasingly hypoxic and the brain is recognized as highly hypoxia-sensitive, yet there is a lack of information on the effects of hypoxia on the development and function of the larval fish brain. Here, we tested the hypothesis that by inhibiting brain development, larval exposure to severe hypoxia has persistent functional effects on the cortisol stress response in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Exposing 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) larvae to 10% dissolved O2 (DO) for 16 h only marginally reduced survival, but it decreased forebrain neural proliferation by 55%, and reduced the expression of neurod1, gfap, and mbpa, markers of determined neurons, glia, and oligodendrocytes, respectively. The 5 dpf hypoxic exposure also elicited transient increases in whole body cortisol and in crf, uts1, and hsd20b2 expression, key regulators of the endocrine stress response. Hypoxia exposure at 5 dpf also inhibited the cortisol stress response to hypoxia in 10 dpf larvae and increased hypoxia tolerance. However, 10% DO exposure at 5 dpf for 16h did not affect the cortisol stress response to a novel stressor in 10 dpf larvae or the cortisol stress response to hypoxia in adult fish. Therefore, while larval exposure to severe hypoxia can inhibit brain development, it also increases hypoxia tolerance. These effects may transiently reduce the impact of hypoxia on the cortisol stress response but not its functional capacity to respond to novel stressors. We conclude that the larval cortisol stress response in zebrafish has a high capacity to cope with severe hypoxia-induced neurogenic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina V Mikloska
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Zoe A Zrini
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Bernier
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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2
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Rey F, Balsari A, Giallongo T, Ottolenghi S, Di Giulio AM, Samaja M, Carelli S. Erythropoietin as a Neuroprotective Molecule: An Overview of Its Therapeutic Potential in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ASN Neuro 2020; 11:1759091419871420. [PMID: 31450955 PMCID: PMC6712762 DOI: 10.1177/1759091419871420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a cytokine mainly induced in hypoxia conditions. Its major production site is the kidney. EPO primarily acts on the erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. More and more studies are highlighting its secondary functions, with a crucial focus on its role in the central nervous system. Here, EPO may interact with up to four distinct isoforms of its receptor (erythropoietin receptor [EPOR]), activating different signaling cascades with roles in neuroprotection and neurogenesis. Indeed, the EPO/EPOR axis has been widely studied in the neurodegenerative diseases field. Its potential therapeutic effects have been evaluated in multiple disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal cord injury, as well as brain ischemia, hypoxia, and hyperoxia. EPO is showing great promise by counteracting secondary neuroinflammatory processes, reactive oxygen species imbalance, and cell death in these diseases. Multiple studies have been performed both in vitro and in vivo, characterizing the mechanisms through which EPO exerts its neurotrophic action. In some cases, clinical trials involving EPO have been performed, highlighting its therapeutic potential. Together, all these works indicate the potential beneficial effects of EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rey
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Balsari
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Toniella Giallongo
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Ottolenghi
- 2 Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Anna M Di Giulio
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.,3 Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Samaja
- 2 Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Stephana Carelli
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.,3 Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Italy
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3
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Ma Q, Zhang L, Pearce WJ. MicroRNAs in brain development and cerebrovascular pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C3-C19. [PMID: 30840494 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00022.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of highly conserved non-coding RNAs with 21-25 nucleotides in length and play an important role in regulating gene expression at the posttranscriptional level via base-paring with complementary sequences of the 3'-untranslated region of the target gene mRNA, leading to either transcript degradation or translation inhibition. Brain-enriched miRNAs act as versatile regulators of brain development and function, including neural lineage and subtype determination, neurogenesis, synapse formation and plasticity, neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation, and responses to insults. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of miRNAs in brain development and cerebrovascular pathophysiology. We review recent progress of the miRNA-based mechanisms in neuronal and cerebrovascular development as well as their role in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. These findings hold great promise, not just for deeper understanding of basic brain biology but also for building new therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment of pathologies such as cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Ma
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda, California
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda, California
| | - William J Pearce
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda, California
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4
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Quezada S, Castillo-Melendez M, Walker DW, Tolcos M. Development of the cerebral cortex and the effect of the intrauterine environment. J Physiol 2018; 596:5665-5674. [PMID: 30325048 DOI: 10.1113/jp277151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain is one of the most complex structures currently under study. Its external shape is highly convoluted, with folds and valleys over the entire surface of the cortex. Disruption of the normal pattern of folding is associated with a number of abnormal neurological outcomes, some serious for the individual. Most of our knowledge of the normal development and folding of the cerebral cortex (gyrification) focuses on the internal, biological (i.e. genetically driven) mechanisms of the brain that drive gyrification. However, the impact of an adverse intrauterine and maternal physiological environment on cortical folding during fetal development has been understudied. Accumulating evidence suggests that the state of the intrauterine and maternal environment can have a significant impact on gyrification of the fetal cerebral cortex. This review summarises our current knowledge of how development in a suboptimal intrauterine and maternal environment can affect the normal development of the folded cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Quezada
- Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia, 3168.,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia, 3168
| | - Margie Castillo-Melendez
- Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia, 3168.,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia, 3168
| | - David W Walker
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Plenty Rd., Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia, 3083
| | - Mary Tolcos
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Plenty Rd., Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia, 3083
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5
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Carelli S, Giallongo T, Gombalova Z, Merli D, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A. EPO-releasing neural precursor cells promote axonal regeneration and recovery of function in spinal cord traumatic injury. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 35:583-599. [PMID: 29172009 PMCID: PMC5701768 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-170750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition characterized by a complex of neurological dysfunctions ranging from loss of sensation to partial or complete limb paralysis. Recently, we reported that intravenous administration of neural precursors physiologically releasing erythropoietin (namely Er-NPCs) enhances functional recovery in animals following contusive spinal cord injury through the counteraction of secondary degeneration. Er-NPCs reached and accumulated at the lesion edges, where they survived throughout the prolonged period of observation and differentiated mostly into cholinergic neuron-like cells. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential reparative and regenerative properties of Er-NPCs in a mouse experimental model of traumatic spinal cord injury. Methods and Results: We report that Er-NPCs favoured the preservation of axonal myelin and strongly promoted the regrowth across the lesion site of monoaminergic and chatecolaminergic fibers that reached the distal portions of the injured cord. The use of an anterograde tracer transported by the regenerating axons allowed us to assess the extent of such a process. We show that axonal fluoro-ruby labelling was practically absent in saline-treated mice, while it resulted very significant in Er-NPCs transplanted animals. Conclusion: Our study shows that Er-NPCs promoted recovery of function after spinal cord injury, and that this is accompanied by preservation of myelination and strong re-innervation of the distal cord. Thus, regenerated axons may have contributed to the enhanced recovery of function after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carelli
- Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Milan, via A di Rudinì, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - T Giallongo
- Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Milan, via A di Rudinì, Milan, Italy
| | - Z Gombalova
- Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Milan, via A di Rudinì, Milan, Italy.,Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Moyzesova, Kosice, Slovakia (SVK)
| | - D Merli
- Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Milan, via A di Rudinì, Milan, Italy
| | - A M Di Giulio
- Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Milan, via A di Rudinì, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A Gorio
- Department of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Milan, via A di Rudinì, Milan, Italy
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6
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Neural stem cell therapies and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 173:1-17. [PMID: 29758244 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the adult as well as in the neonate. Extensive pre-clinical studies have shown promising therapeutic effects of neural stem cell-based treatments for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. There are two major strategies of neural stem cell-based therapies: transplanting exogenous neural stem cells and boosting self-repair of endogenous neural stem cells. Neural stem cell transplantation has been proved to improve functional recovery after brain injury through multiple by-stander mechanisms (e.g., neuroprotection, immunomodulation), rather than simple cell-replacement. Endogenous neural stem cells reside in certain neurogenic niches of the brain and response to brain injury. Many molecules (e.g., neurotrophic factors) can stimulate or enhance proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells after injury. In this review, we first present an overview of neural stem cells during normal brain development and the effect of hypoxic-ischemic injury on the activation and function of endogenous neural stem cells in the brain. We then summarize and discuss the current knowledge of strategies and mechanisms for neural stem cell-based therapies on brain hypoxic-ischemic injury, including neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and adult ischemic stroke.
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7
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Xenon Combined with Therapeutic Hypothermia Is Not Neuroprotective after Severe Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156759. [PMID: 27253085 PMCID: PMC4890818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is standard treatment following perinatal asphyxia in newborn infants. Experimentally, TH is neuroprotective after moderate hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in seven-day-old (P7) rats. However, TH is not neuroprotective after severe HI. After a moderate HI insult in newborn brain injury models, the anesthetic gas xenon (Xe) doubles TH neuroprotection. The aim of this study was to examine whether combining Xe and TH is neuroprotective as applied in a P7 rat model of severe HI. Design/Methods 120 P7 rat pups underwent a severe HI insult; unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by hypoxia (8% O2 for 150min at experimental normothermia (NT-37: Trectal 37°C). Surviving pups were randomised to immediate NT-37 for 5h (n = 36), immediate TH-32: Trectal 32°C for 5h (n = 25) or immediate TH-32 plus 50% inhaled Xe for 5h (n = 24). Pups were sacrificed after one week of survival. Relative area loss of the ligated hemisphere was measured, and neurons in the subventricular zone of this injured hemisphere were counted, to quantify brain damage. Results Following the HI insult, median (interquartile range, IQR) hemispheric brain area loss was similar in all groups: 63.5% (55.5–75.0) for NT-37 group, 65.0% (57.0–65.0) for TH-32 group, and 66.5% (59.0–72.0) for TH-32+Xe50% group (not significant). Correspondingly, there was no difference in neuronal cell count (NeuN marker) in the subventricular zone across the three treatment groups. Conclusions Immediate therapeutic hypothermia with or without additional 50% inhaled Xe, does not provide neuroprotection one week after severe HI brain injury in the P7 neonatal rat. This model aims to mimic the clinical situation in severely asphyxiated neonates and treatment these newborns remains an ongoing challenge.
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8
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Chen H, Goodus MT, de Toledo SM, Azzam EI, Levison SW, Souayah N. Ionizing Radiation Perturbs Cell Cycle Progression of Neural Precursors in the Subventricular Zone Without Affecting Their Long-Term Self-Renewal. ASN Neuro 2015; 7:7/3/1759091415578026. [PMID: 26056396 PMCID: PMC4461572 DOI: 10.1177/1759091415578026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to normal human brain cells from exposure to ionizing radiation may occur during the course of radiotherapy or from accidental exposure. Delayed effects may complicate the immediate effects resulting in neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. We examined cellular and molecular changes associated with exposure of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPs) to 137Cs γ-ray doses in the range of 0 to 8 Gy. Subventricular zone NSPs isolated from newborn mouse pups were analyzed for proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation, shortly after irradiation. Strikingly, there was no apparent increase in the fraction of dying cells after irradiation, and the number of single cells that formed neurospheres showed no significant change from control. Upon differentiation, irradiated neural precursors did not differ in their ability to generate neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. By contrast, progression of NSPs through the cell cycle decreased dramatically after exposure to 8 Gy (p < .001). Mice at postnatal day 10 were exposed to 8 Gy of γ rays delivered to the whole body and NSPs of the subventricular zone were analyzed using a four-color flow cytometry panel combined with ethynyl deoxyuridine incorporation. Similar flow cytometric analyses were performed on NSPs cultured as neurospheres. These studies revealed that neither the percentage of neural stem cells nor their proliferation was affected. By contrast, γ-irradiation decreased the proliferation of two classes of multipotent cells and increased the proliferation of a specific glial-restricted precursor. Altogether, these results support the conclusion that primitive neural precursors are radioresistant, but their proliferation is slowed down as a consequence of γ-ray exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Chen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Matthew T Goodus
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Sonia M de Toledo
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Edouard I Azzam
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Steven W Levison
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Nizar Souayah
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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9
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Tolcos M, Markwick R, O'Dowd R, Martin V, Turnley A, Rees S. Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Effects on Neural Precursor Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis in the Foetal Subventricular Zone. Dev Neurosci 2015; 37:453-63. [PMID: 25720426 DOI: 10.1159/000371344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to adverse prenatal factors can result in abnormal brain development, contributing to the aetiology of several neurological disorders. Intrauterine insults could occur during neurogenesis and gliogenesis, disrupting these events. Here we investigate the effects of chronic placental insufficiency (CPI) on cell proliferation and the microenvironment in the subventricular zone (SVZ). At 30 days of gestation (DG; term ∼67 DG), CPI was induced in pregnant guinea pigs via unilateral uterine artery ligation to produce growth-restricted (GR) foetuses (n = 7); controls (n = 6) were from the unoperated horn. At 60 DG, foetal brains were stained immunohistochemically to identify proliferating cells (Ki67), immature neurons (polysialylated neuronal cell adhesion molecule), astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein), microglia (ionised calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1, Iba-1) and the microvasculature (von Willebrand factor) in the SVZ. There was no overall difference (p > 0.05) in the total number of Ki67-immunoreactive (IR) cells, the percentage of SVZ occupied by blood vessels or the density of Iba-1-IR microglia in control versus GR foetuses. However, regression analysis across both groups revealed that both the number of Ki67-IR cells and the percentage of SVZ occupied by blood vessels in the ventral SVZ were negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with brain weight. Furthermore, in the SVZ (dorsal and ventral) the density of blood vessels positively correlated (p < 0.05) with the number of Ki67-IR cells. Double-labelling immunofluorescence suggested that the majority of proliferating cells were likely to be neural precursor cells. Thus, we have demonstrated an association between angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the foetal neurogenic niche and have identified a window of opportunity for the administration of trophic support to enhance a neuroregenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Tolcos
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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10
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Carelli S, Giallongo T, Marfia G, Merli D, Ottobrini L, Degrassi A, Basso MD, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A. Exogenous adult postmortem neural precursors attenuate secondary degeneration and promote myelin sparing and functional recovery following experimental spinal cord injury. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:703-19. [PMID: 25299753 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x685140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating clinical condition, characterized by a complex of neurological dysfunctions. Neural stem cells from the subventricular zone of the forebrain have been considered a potential tool for cell replacement therapies. We recently isolated a subclass of neural progenitors from the cadaver of mouse donors. These cells, named postmortem neural precursor cells (PM-NPCs), express both erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor. Their EPO-dependent differentiation abilities produce a significantly higher percentage of neurons than regular NSCs. The cholinergic yield is also higher. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential repair properties of PM-NPCs in a mouse model of traumatic SCI. Labeled PM-NPCs were administered intravenously; then the functional recovery and the fate of transplanted cells were studied. Animals transplanted with PM-NPCs showed a remarkable improved recovery of hindlimb function that was evaluated up to 90 days after lesion. This was accompanied by reduced myelin loss, counteraction of the invasion of the lesion site by the inflammatory cells, and an attenuation of secondary degeneration. PM-NPCs migrate mostly at the injury site, where they survive at a significantly higher extent than classical NSCs. These cells accumulate at the edges of the lesion, where a reach neuropile is formed by MAP2- and β-tubulin III-positive transplanted cells that are also mostly labeled by anti-ChAT antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephana Carelli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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11
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Simonishvili S, Jain M, Li H, Levison S, Wood T. Identification of Bax-interacting proteins in oligodendrocyte progenitors during glutamate excitotoxicity and perinatal hypoxia-ischemia. ASN Neuro 2013; 5:e00131. [PMID: 24195677 PMCID: PMC3891358 DOI: 10.1042/an20130027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OPC (oligodendrocyte progenitor cell) death contributes significantly to the pathology and functional deficits following hypoxic-ischemic injury in the immature brain and to deficits resulting from demyelinating diseases, trauma and degenerative disorders in the adult CNS. Glutamate toxicity is a major cause of oligodendroglial death in diverse CNS disorders, and previous studies have demonstrated that AMPA/kainate receptors require the pro-apoptotic protein Bax in OPCs undergoing apoptosis. The goal of the present study was to define the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic effectors that regulate Bax in healthy OPCs and after exposure to excess glutamate in vitro and following H-I (hypoxia-ischemia) in the immature rat brain. We show that Bax associates with a truncated form of Bid, a BH3-only domain protein, subsequent to glutamate treatment. Furthermore, glutamate exposure reduces Bax association with the anti-apoptotic Bcl family member, Bcl-xL. Cell fractionation studies demonstrated that both Bax and Bid translocate from the cytoplasm to mitochondria during the early stages of cell death consistent with a role for Bid as an activator, whereas Bcl-xL, which normally complexes with both Bax and Bid, disassociates from these complexes when OPCs are exposed to excess glutamate. Bax remained unactivated in the presence of insulin-like growth factor-1, and the Bcl-xL complexes were protected. Our data similarly demonstrate loss of Bcl-xL-Bax association in white matter following H-I and implicate active Bad in Bax-mediated OPC death. To identify other Bax-binding partners, we used proteomics and identified cofilin as a Bax-associated protein in OPCs. Cofilin and Bax associated in healthy OPCs, whereas the Bax-cofilin association was disrupted during glutamate-induced OPC apoptosis.
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Key Words
- apoptosis
- bcl-xl
- bid
- cofilin
- insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf-i)
- oligodendrocyte
- acn, acetonitrile
- adf, actin depolymerizing factor
- af488, alexa fluor 488
- af546, alexa fluor 546
- cca, common carotid artery
- cl, contralateral
- cns, central nervous system
- dmem, dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium
- fbs, fetal bovine serum
- fgf-2, fibroblast growth factor-2
- h–i, hypoxia–ischemia
- igf, insulin-like growth factor
- il, ipsilateral
- ip, immunoprecipitation
- mem, minimal essential media
- opc, oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
- pic, protease inhibitor cocktail
- tbid, truncated bid
- vdac, voltage-dependent anion channel
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Affiliation(s)
- Sopio Simonishvili
- *Department of Neurology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers Biomedical & Health Sciences, Newark, NJ 07101, U.S.A
| | - Mohit Raja Jain
- †Center for Advanced Proteomic Research and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers Biomedical & Health Sciences, Newark, NJ 07101, U.S.A
| | - Hong Li
- †Center for Advanced Proteomic Research and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers Biomedical & Health Sciences, Newark, NJ 07101, U.S.A
| | - Steven W. Levison
- *Department of Neurology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers Biomedical & Health Sciences, Newark, NJ 07101, U.S.A
| | - Teresa L. Wood
- *Department of Neurology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers Biomedical & Health Sciences, Newark, NJ 07101, U.S.A
- 1To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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12
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Brazel CY, Alaythan AA, Felling RJ, Calderon F, Levison SW. Molecular features of neural stem cells enable their enrichment using pharmacological inhibitors of survival-promoting kinases. J Neurochem 2013; 128:376-90. [PMID: 24032666 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isolating a pure population of neural stem cells (NSCs) has been difficult since no exclusive surface markers have been identified for panning or FACS purification. Moreover, additional refinements for maintaining NSCs in culture are required, since NSCs generate a variety of neural precursors (NPs) as they proliferate. Here, we demonstrate that post-natal rat NPs express low levels of pro-apoptotic molecules and resist phosphatidylinositol 3'OH kinase and extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 inhibition as compared to late oligodendrocyte progenitors. Furthermore, maintaining subventricular zone precursors in LY294002 and PD98059, inhibitors of PI3K and ERK1/2 signaling, eliminated lineage-restricted precursors as revealed by enrichment for Nestin(+)/SOX-2(+) cells. The cells that survived formed neurospheres and 89% of these neurospheres were tripotential, generating neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Without this enrichment step, less than 50% of the NPs were Nestin(+)/SOX-2(+) and 42% of the neurospheres were tripotential. In addition, neurospheres enriched using this procedure produced 3-times more secondary neurospheres, supporting the conclusion that this procedure enriches for NSCs. A number of genes that enhance survival were more highly expressed in neurospheres compared to late oligodendrocyte progenitors. Altogether, these studies demonstrate that primitive neural precursors can be enriched using a relatively simple and inexpensive means that will facilitate cell replacement strategies using stem cells as well as other studies whose goal is to reveal the fundamental properties of primitive neural precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Y Brazel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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13
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Gill S, Bowers WJ, Nakai JS, Yagminas A, Mueller R, Pulido O. Effects of environmentally relevant mixtures of persistent organic pollutants on the developmental neurobiology in rats. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 41:38-47. [PMID: 22872703 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312451370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the developmental neuropathology for rat pups at postnatal day (PND) 37 and PND 77 and the molecular biomarkers for PND 35, 75, and 350 after perinatal exposure to a reconstituted mixture of persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) based on the blood profiles of people living in the Great Lake Basin. The developmental neuropathology included routine histopathology evaluation, quantification of cell proliferation and death in the subventricular zone, linear morphometric measurements, and transcriptional analysis. No histopathological, structural, or stereological changes were observed in animals treated with the POPs or Aroclor 1254, on PND 37 or PND 77. While no transcriptional changes were found in Arcolor-treated animals, significant transcriptional changes were observed on PND 350 in female offspring perinatally exposed to 0.13 mg/kg of the POP mixture. Markers of the cholinergic system including acetylcholinesterase and the muscarinic receptors (subtypes M1-M5) were downregulated 2- to 6-fold. In addition, structural genes including neurofilaments (NFLs) and microtubule-associated protein (MAP-2) were downregulated at least 2-fold or greater. Our results support that in utero and lactational exposure to the chemical mixture of POPs lead to developmental changes in adult rat brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santokh Gill
- Toxicology Research Division, Health Products and Foods Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Sun Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Blomgren K, Zhu C. Apoptosis-inducing factor downregulation increased neuronal progenitor, but not stem cell, survival in the neonatal hippocampus after cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. Mol Neurodegener 2012; 7:17. [PMID: 22534064 PMCID: PMC3464153 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-7-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A considerable proportion of all newly generated cells in the hippocampus will die before becoming fully differentiated, both under normal and pathological circumstances. The caspase-independent apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) has not been investigated previously in this context. RESULTS Postnatal day 8 (P8) harlequin (Hq) mutant mice, expressing lower levels of AIF, and wild type littermates were injected with BrdU once daily for two days to label newborn cells. On P10 mice were subjected to hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and their brains were analyzed 4 h, 24 h or 4 weeks later. Overall tissue loss was 63.5% lower in Hq mice 4 weeks after HI. Short-term survival (4 h and 24 h) of labeled cells in the subgranular zone was neither affected by AIF downregulation, nor by HI. Long-term (4 weeks) survival of undifferentiated, BLBP-positive stem cells was reduced by half after HI, but this was not changed by AIF downregulation. Neurogenesis, however, as judged by BrdU/NeuN double labeling, was reduced by half after HI in wild type mice but preserved in Hq mice, indicating that primarily neural progenitors and neurons were protected. A wave of cell death started early after HI in the innermost layers of the granule cell layer (GCL) and moved outward, such that 24 h after HI dying cells could be detected in the entire GCL. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that AIF downregulation provides not only long-term overall neuroprotection after HI, but also protects neural progenitor cells, thereby rescuing hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Sun
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, The Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Spadafora R, Gonzalez FF, Derugin N, Wendland M, Ferriero D, McQuillen P. Altered fate of subventricular zone progenitor cells and reduced neurogenesis following neonatal stroke. Dev Neurosci 2010; 32:101-13. [PMID: 20453463 DOI: 10.1159/000279654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of neonatal stroke on progenitor cells lining the lateral ventricles. METHODS Intraventricular injection of replication-incompetent green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing lentivirus was performed in postnatal day 1 (P1) rats to specifically label radial glia/type B neural stem cells and ependymal cells of the lateral ventricle. A subset of animals was exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) at P7, with mild or moderate injury confirmed by diffusion-weighted MRI and histology. Newborn cells were identified by GFP expression, location and expression of cell type-specific markers in the striatum, cortex and olfactory bulb using confocal microscopy and systematic random sampling. RESULTS Three weeks lentiviral GFP transduction of cells in the lateral ventricle, abundant GFP-expressing neurons and glia were identified in the rostral migratory stream, olfactory bulb and striatum as expected from labeling the subventricular zone (SVZ) type B neural stem cell lineage. Two weeks following mild or severe focal stroke at P7, no GFP-expressing neurons were detected in striatum or cortex although some single-labeled doublecortin+ immature neurons were detected in the penumbra. The densities of GFP+/ glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ astrocytes and GFP+/O4+ oligodendrocytes were reduced in the striatum following MCAO (4.8 +/- 1.02 vs. 2.5 +/- 0.4 cells/high-power field, HPF; p = 0.005; 2.8+/- 1 vs. 0.5 +/- 0.2 cells/HPF, p = 0.008). Furthermore, there was a reduction of GFP+ cells in the olfactory bulb following MCAO (58.8 +/- 14.9 vs. 19.6 +/- 5.4 cells/HPF, p = 0.025). Finally, there was an increased percentage of GFP+/GFAP+ cells (70 vs. 50%), with a decreased proportion of GFP+/O4+ cells (14 vs. 30%) in injured animals. CONCLUSION Neurogenesis originating from cells of the lateral ventricle, including SVZ type B cells, is significantly reduced following neonatal stroke. Furthermore, neonatal stroke disrupts gliogenesis in the striatum, decreasing overall numbers of new glia and shifting the population towards astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruggero Spadafora
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0663, USA
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bcl-2/Adenovirus E1B 19-kd interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) regulates hypoxia-induced neural precursor cell death. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:1326-38. [PMID: 19915483 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181c3b9be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia may result in long-term neurological deficits. In addition to producing neuron death, HI causes death of neural precursor cells (NPCs) in the developing brain. To characterize the molecular pathways that regulate hypoxia-induced death of NPCs, we treated a mouse neural stem cell line (C17.2 cells) and fibroblastic growth factor II-expanded primary NPCs derived from wild-type or gene-disrupted mice, with oxygen glucose deprivation or the hypoxia mimetics desferrioxamine or cobalt chloride. Neural precursor cells undergoing hypoxia exhibited time- and concentration-dependent caspase-3 activation and cell death, which was significantly reduced by treatment with a broad caspase inhibitor or protein synthesis inhibition. Bax/Bak-deficient NPCs were protected from desferrioxamine-induced death and exhibited minimal caspase-3 activation. Oxygen glucose deprivation or hypoxia-mimetic exposure also resulted in increased hypoxia-inducible factor alpha and bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kd interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) expression. BNIP3 shRNA treatment failed to affect hypoxia-induced caspase-3 activation but inhibited cell death and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor, indicating that BNIP3 is an important regulator of caspase-independent NPC death after hypoxia. These studies demonstrate that hypoxia activates both caspase-dependent and -independent NPC death pathways that are critically regulated by multiple Bcl-2 family members.
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