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Li J, Jiang Y, Xue W, Liu L, Yu H, Zhang X, Ye X, Miao J, Liu J, Chen Y, Lan X, Liu X, Yao W, Sun J, Zheng J, Xiao J. Effects of transplantation of umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells into the scrotum on sexual function in elderly mice. Regen Med 2023; 18:695-706. [PMID: 37554102 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2022-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study investigated the effect of allografting umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (UCBMCs) into the scrotum on sexual function in male elderly mice. Methods: UCBMCs were injected once into the scrotal sheath cavity of elderly mice. Results: The transplanted UCBMCs survived in the scrotal sheath cavity for 1 month. The mice had significantly increased blood testosterone concentrations, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels and total nitric oxide synthase (T-NOS) activity in the corpus cavernosum and an increase in the number of mouse matings within 30 min (all p = 0.000). Conclusion: Scrotum-implanted UCBMCs improve the sexual function of male elderly mice through testosterone production and the NOS/cGMP pathway, which may provide an innovative transplantation approach for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Medical School, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352100, China
- Medical School, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Yinghong Jiang
- Medical School, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Medical School, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Lejiang Liu
- Medical School, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Medical School, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Medical School, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Xiao Ye
- Medical School, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352100, China
| | - Jianrong Miao
- Medical School, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352100, China
| | - Jianling Liu
- Medical School, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352100, China
| | - Yueen Chen
- Medical School, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352100, China
| | - Xingbin Lan
- Medical School, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352100, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Medical School, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352100, China
| | - Wensong Yao
- Medical School, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352100, China
| | - Jianchuan Sun
- Medical School, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352100, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Medical School, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352100, China
| | - Jianzhong Xiao
- Medical School, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352100, China
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Sanie-Jahromi F, Mahmoudi A, Khalili MR, Nowroozzadeh MH. A Review on the Application of Stem Cell Secretome in the Protection and Regeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells; a Clinical Prospect in the Treatment of Optic Neuropathies. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:1463-1471. [PMID: 35876610 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2103153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are one the most specialized neural tissues in the body. They transmit (and further process) chemoelectrical information originating in outer retinal layers to the central nervous system. In fact, the optic nerve is composed of RGC axons. Like other neural cells, RGCs will not completely heal after the injury, leading to irreversible vision loss from disorders such as glaucoma that primarily affect these cells. Several methods have been developed to protect or regenerate RGCs during or after the insult has occurred. This study aims to review the most recent clinical, animal and laboratory experiments designed for the regeneration of RGC that apply the stem cell-derived secretome. METHODS We extracted the studies from Web of Science (ISI), Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Embase, and Google scholar from the first record to the last report registered in 2022, using the following keywords; "secretome" OR "conditioned medium" OR "exosome" OR "extracellular vesicle" AND "stem cell" AND "RGC" OR "optic neuropathy". Any registered clinical trials related to the subject were also extracted from clinicaltrial.gov. All published original studies that express the effect of stem cell secretome on RGC cells in optic neuropathy, whether in vitro, in animal studies, or in clinical trials were included in this survey. RESULTS In this review, we provided an update on the existing reports, and a brief description of the details applied in the procedure. Compared to cell transplant, applying stem cell-derived secretome has the advantage of minimized immunogenicity yet preserving efficacy via its rich content of growth factors. CONCLUSIONS Different sources of stem cell secretomes have distinct implications in the management of RGC injury, which is the main subject of the present article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sanie-Jahromi
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mahmoudi
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khalili
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Hossein Nowroozzadeh
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Chen X, Yin XY, Zhao YY, Wang CC, Du P, Lu YC, Jin HB, Yang CC, Ying JL. Human Muse cells-derived neural precursor cells as the novel seed cells for the repair of spinal cord injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 568:103-109. [PMID: 34214874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
At present, stem cell transplantation has a significant therapeutic effect on spinal cord injury (SCI), however, it is still challenging for the seed cells selection. In this study, in order to explore cells with wide neural repair potentials, we selected the pluripotent stem cells multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells, inducing the in vitro differentiation of human Muse cells into neural precursor cells (Muse-NPCs) by applying neural induction medium. Here, we found induced Muse-NPCs expressed neural stem cell markers Nestin and NCAM, capable of differentiating into three types of neural cells (neuron, astrocyte and oligodendrocyte), and have certain biological functions. When Muse-NPCs were transplanted into rats suffering from T10 SCI, motor function was improved. These results provide an insight for application of Muse-NPCs in cell therapy or tissue engineering for the repair of SCI in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xin-Yao Yin
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Yu Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chen-Chun Wang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pan Du
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Chi Lu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong-Bo Jin
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Yang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Lu Ying
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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4
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Kim HJ, Kim OH, Hong HE, Lee SC, Kim SJ. Harnessing adipose‑derived stem cells to release specialized secretome for the treatment of hepatitis B. Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:15. [PMID: 33448314 PMCID: PMC7834954 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the function of repairing damaged tissue, which is known to be mediated by the secretome, the collection of secretory materials shed from MSCs. Adjusting the culture conditions of MSCs can lead to a significant difference in the composition of the secretome. It was hypothesized that pre‑sensitization of MSCs with specific disease‑causing agents could harness MSCs to release the therapeutic materials specialized for the disease. To validate this hypothesis, the present study aimed to generate a 'disease‑specific secretome' for hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus using hepatitis BX antigen (HBx) as a disease‑causing material. Secretary materials (HBx‑IS) were collected following the stimulation of adipose‑derived stem cells (ASCs) with 100‑fold diluted culture media of AML12 hepatocytes that had been transfected with pcDNA‑HBx for 24 h. An animal model of hepatitis B was generated by injecting HBx into mice, and the mice were subsequently intravenously administered a control secretome (CS) or HBx‑IS. Compared with the CS injection, the HBx‑IS injection significantly reduced the serum levels of interleukin‑6 and tumor necrosis factor‑α (pro‑inflammatory cytokines). Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry of the liver specimens revealed that the HBx‑IS injection led to a higher expression of liver regeneration‑related markers, including hepatocyte growth factor and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, a lower expression of pro‑apoptotic markers, such as cleaved caspase 3 and Bim in mouse livers, and a lower expression of pro‑inflammatory markers (F4/80 and CD68) compared to the CS injection. HBx‑IS exhibited higher liver regenerative, anti‑inflammatory and anti‑apoptotic properties, particularly in the mouse model of hepatitis B compared to CS. This suggests that the secretome obtained by stimulating ASCs with disease‑causing agents may have a more prominent therapeutic effect on the specific disease than the naïve secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Ju Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591
| | - Ok-Hee Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Ha-Eun Hong
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
- Department of Surgery, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon 34943, Republic of Korea
| | - Say-June Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
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5
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Pham PV, Vu NB. Off-the-shelf mesenchymal stem cells from human umbilical cord tissue can significantly improve symptoms in COVID-19 patients: An analysis of evidential relations. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:721-730. [PMID: 32952854 PMCID: PMC7477657 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i8.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has affected more than 200 countries worldwide. This disease has hugely affected healthcare systems as well as the economy to an extent never seen before. To date, COVID-19 infection has led to about 165000 deaths in 150 countries. At present, there is no specific drug or efficient treatment for this disease. In this analysis based on evidential relationships of the biological characteristics of MSCs, especially umbilical cord (UC)-derived MSCs as well as the first clinical trial using MSCs for COVID-19 treatment, we discuss the use of UC-MSCs to improve the symptoms of COVID-19 in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc Van Pham
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh 08000, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh 08000, Viet Nam
| | - Ngoc Bich Vu
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh 08000, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh 08000, Viet Nam
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Biocompatibility of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Rat Inner Ear following Trans-Tympanic Administration. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061711. [PMID: 32498432 PMCID: PMC7355977 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in stem cell therapy have led to an increased interest within the auditory community in exploring the potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of inner ear disorders. However, the biocompatibility of MSCs with the inner ear, especially when delivered non-surgically and in the immunocompetent cochlea, is not completely understood. In this study, we determined the effect of intratympanic administration of rodent bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) on the inner ear in an immunocompetent rat model. The administration of MSCs did not lead to the generation of any oxidative stress in the rat inner ear. There was no significant production of proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-12, due to BM-MSCs administration into the rat cochlea. BM-MSCs do not activate caspase 3 pathway, which plays a central role in sensory cell damage. Additionally, transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining determined that there was no significant cell death associated with the administration of BM-MSCs. The results of the present study suggest that trans-tympanic administration of BM-MSCs does not result in oxidative stress or inflammatory response in the immunocompetent rat cochlea.
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Romano M, Patruno S, Pomilio A, Recchiuti A. Proresolving Lipid Mediators and Receptors in Stem Cell Biology: Concise Review. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:992-998. [PMID: 31187940 PMCID: PMC6766599 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that stem cells (SCs) possess immunomodulatory, anti‐inflammatory, and prohealing properties. The mechanisms underlying these functions are being investigated with the final goal to set a solid background for the clinical use of SCs and/or their derivatives. Specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) are small lipids formed by the enzymatic metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. They represent a leading class of molecules that actively and timely regulate the resolution of inflammation and promote tissue/organ repair. SC formation of these mediators as well as expression of their receptors has been recently reported, suggesting that SPMs may be involved in the immunomodulatory, proresolving functions of SCs. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge on SPMs in SCs, focusing on biosynthetic pathways, receptors, and bioactions, with the intent to provide an integrated view of SPM impact on SC biology. stem cells translational medicine2019;8:992–998
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Romano
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,StemTech Group, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Center on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara Patruno
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,StemTech Group, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Center on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonella Pomilio
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,StemTech Group, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Center on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Recchiuti
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Center on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Cai YT, Xiong CL, Shen SL, Rao JP, Liu TS, Qiu F. Mesenchymal stem cell-secreted factors delayed spermatogenesis injuries induced by busulfan involving intercellular adhesion molecule regulation. Andrologia 2019; 51:e13285. [PMID: 31006889 DOI: 10.1111/and.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effect of bone marrow MSC-derived factors on gonadotropic toxicity induced by busulfan in vivo. The conditioned media (CM) was obtained from MSCs in serum-free incubation for 48 hr and concentrated ~25-fold by ultrafiltration. The CM of HEK 293 cells was treated as control (293-CM). MSC-CM was injected into busulfan mice via caudal veins after 1 day of busulfan treatment for 2 weeks (200 μl per dose/twice weekly). Compared to the 293-CM group, testicular injury was delayed in MSC-CM group, including reduced vacuolations of cells in the basal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium and detachment of cells from basement membrane. Apoptotic spermatogenic cells were significantly decreased in MSC-CM group (p < 0.05). Interesting N-cadherin,ICAM-1 and P-cadherin expressions significantly increased in MSC-CM group, while occludin, ZO-1 and connexin 43 expressions showed no difference among MSC-CM, 293-CM and busulfan groups. Present results suggest MSC-secreted factors protect spermatogenesis impairment after busulfan treatment by reducing the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells and enhancing intercellular adhesion molecule expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Cai
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Liang Xiong
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi-Liang Shen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin-Peng Rao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Shu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Eggerschwiler B, Canepa DD, Pape HC, Casanova EA, Cinelli P. Automated digital image quantification of histological staining for the analysis of the trilineage differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:69. [PMID: 30808403 PMCID: PMC6390603 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential to repair and regenerate damaged tissues and are considered as attractive candidates for the development of cell-based regenerative therapies. Currently, there are more than 200 clinical trials involving the use of MSCs for a wide variety of indications. However, variations in their isolation, expansion, and particularly characterization have made the interpretation of study outcomes or the rigorous assessment of therapeutic efficacy difficult. An unbiased characterization of MSCs is of major importance and essential to guaranty that only the most suitable cells will be used. The development of standardized and reproducible assays to predict MSC potency is therefore mandatory. The currently used quantification methodologies for the determination of the trilineage potential of MSCs are usually based on absorbance measurements which are imprecise and prone to errors. We therefore aimed at developing a methodology first offering a standardized way to objectively quantify the trilineage potential of MSC preparations and second allowing to discriminate functional differences between clonally expanded cell populations. METHOD MSCs originating from several patients were differentiated into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondroblasts for 14, 17, and 21 days. Differentiated cells were then stained with the classical dyes: Alizarin Red S for osteoblasts, Oil Red O for adipocytes, and Alcian Blue 8GX for chondroblasts. Quantification of differentiation was then performed with our newly developed digital image analysis (DIA) tool followed by the classical absorbance measurement. The results from the two techniques were then compared. RESULT Quantification based on DIA allowed highly standardized and objective dye quantification with superior sensitivity compared to absorbance measurements. Furthermore, small differences between MSC lines in the differentiation potential were highlighted using DIA whereas no difference was detected using absorbance quantification. CONCLUSION Our approach represents a novel method that simplifies the laboratory procedures not only for the quantification of histological dyes and the degree of differentiation of MSCs, but also due to its color independence, it can be easily adapted for the quantification of a wide range of staining procedures in histology. The method is easily applicable since it is based on open source software and standard light microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Eggerschwiler
- Department of Trauma, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daisy D. Canepa
- Department of Trauma, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Christoph Pape
- Department of Trauma, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisa A. Casanova
- Department of Trauma, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Cinelli
- Department of Trauma, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Naji A, Favier B, Deschaseaux F, Rouas-Freiss N, Eitoku M, Suganuma N. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell function in modulating cell death. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:56. [PMID: 30760307 PMCID: PMC6374902 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) delivered as cell therapy to individuals with degenerative and/or inflammatory disorders can help improve organ features and resolve inflammation, as demonstrated in preclinical studies and to some extent in clinical studies. MSCs have trophic, homing/migration, and immunosuppression functions, with many benefits in therapeutics. MSC functions are thought to depend on the paracrine action of soluble factors and/or the expression of membrane-bound molecules, mostly belonging to the molecular class of adhesion molecules, chemokines, enzymes, growth factors, and interleukins. Cutting-edge studies underline bioactive exchanges, including that of ions, nucleic acids, proteins, and organelles transferred from MSCs to stressed cells, thereby improving the cells' survival and function. From this aspect, MSC death modulation function appears as a decisive biological function that could carry a significant part of the therapeutic effects of MSCs. Identifying the function and modes of actions of MSCs in modulating cell death may be exploited to enhance consistency and efficiency of cell therapy that is based on MSCs as medical treatment for degenerative and/or inflammatory diseases. Here, we review the essentials of MSC functions in modulating cell death in unfit cells, and its modes of actions based on current advances and outline the clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Naji
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Cooperative Medicine Unit, Research and Education Faculty, Medicine Science Cluster, Kochi Medical School (KMS), Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-Cho, Nankoku City, Kochi Prefecture, 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Benoit Favier
- CEA-Université Paris Sud INSERM U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Frédéric Deschaseaux
- STROMALab, UMR 5273 CNRS, INSERM U1031, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) Occitanie, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Rouas-Freiss
- CEA, DRF-Institut Francois Jacob, Division de recherche en hématologie et immunologie (SRHI), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Masamitsu Eitoku
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Cooperative Medicine Unit, Research and Education Faculty, Medicine Science Cluster, Kochi Medical School (KMS), Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-Cho, Nankoku City, Kochi Prefecture, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Narufumi Suganuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Cooperative Medicine Unit, Research and Education Faculty, Medicine Science Cluster, Kochi Medical School (KMS), Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-Cho, Nankoku City, Kochi Prefecture, 783-8505, Japan.
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12
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Reza-Zaldivar EE, Hernández-Sapiéns MA, Minjarez B, Gutiérrez-Mercado YK, Márquez-Aguirre AL, Canales-Aguirre AA. Potential Effects of MSC-Derived Exosomes in Neuroplasticity in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:317. [PMID: 30319358 PMCID: PMC6165870 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia affecting regions of the central nervous system that exhibit synaptic plasticity and are involved in higher brain functions such as learning and memory. AD is characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction, memory loss and behavioral disturbances of synaptic plasticity and energy metabolism. Cell therapy has emerged as an alternative treatment of AD. The use of adult stem cells, such as neural stem cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) from bone marrow and adipose tissue, have the potential to decrease cognitive deficits, possibly by reducing neuronal loss through blocking apoptosis, increasing neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and angiogenesis. These processes are mediated primarily by the secretion of many growth factors, anti-inflammatory proteins, membrane receptors, microRNAs (miRNA) and exosomes. Exosomes encapsulate and transfer several functional molecules like proteins, lipids and regulatory RNA which can modify cell metabolism. In the proteomic characterization of the content of MSC-derived exosomes, more than 730 proteins have been identified, some of which are specific cell type markers and others are involved in the regulation of binding and fusion of exosomes with adjacent cells. Furthermore, some factors were found that promote the recruitment, proliferation and differentiation of other cells like neural stem cells. Moreover, within exosomal cargo, a wide range of miRNAs were found, which can control functions related to neural remodeling as well as angiogenic and neurogenic processes. Taking this into consideration, the use of exosomes could be part of a strategy to promote neuroplasticity, improve cognitive impairment and neural replacement in AD. In this review, we describe how exosomes are involved in AD pathology and discuss the therapeutic potential of MSC-derived exosomes mediated by miRNA and protein cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin E Reza-Zaldivar
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Mercedes A Hernández-Sapiéns
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Benito Minjarez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Yanet K Gutiérrez-Mercado
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ana L Márquez-Aguirre
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Alejandro A Canales-Aguirre
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico.,Profesor del programa de Maestría en Ciencias de la Salud Ambiental, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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13
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Chiu CC, Lu CS, Weng YH, Chen YL, Huang YZ, Chen RS, Cheng YC, Huang YC, Liu YC, Lai SC, Lin KJ, Lin YW, Chen YJ, Chen CL, Yeh TH, Wang HL. PARK14 (D331Y) PLA2G6 Causes Early-Onset Degeneration of Substantia Nigra Dopaminergic Neurons by Inducing Mitochondrial Dysfunction, ER Stress, Mitophagy Impairment and Transcriptional Dysregulation in a Knockin Mouse Model. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3835-3853. [PMID: 30088174 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PARK14 patients with homozygous (D331Y) PLA2G6 mutation display motor deficits of pure early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study is to investigate the pathogenic mechanism of mutant (D331Y) PLA2G6-induced PD. We generated knockin (KI) mouse model of PARK14 harboring homozygous (D331Y) PLA2G6 mutation. Then, we investigated neuropathological and neurological phenotypes of PLA2G6D331Y/D331Y KI mice and molecular pathogenic mechanisms of (D331Y) PLA2G6-induced degeneration of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic neurons. Six-or nine-month-old PLA2G6D331Y/D331Y KI mice displayed early-onset cell death of SNpc dopaminergic neurons. Lewy body pathology was found in the SN of PLA2G6D331Y/D331Y mice. Six-or nine-month-old PLA2G6D331Y/D331Y KI mice exhibited early-onset parkinsonism phenotypes. Disrupted cristae of mitochondria were found in SNpc dopaminergic neurons of PLA2G6D331Y/D331Y mice. PLA2G6D331Y/D331Y mice displayed mitochondrial dysfunction and upregulated ROS production, which may lead to activation of apoptotic cascade. Upregulated protein levels of Grp78, IRE1, PERK, and CHOP, which are involved in activation of ER stress, were found in the SN of PLA2G6D331Y/D331Y mice. Protein expression of mitophagic proteins, including parkin and BNIP3, was downregulated in the SN of PLA2G6D331Y/D331Y mice, suggesting that (D331Y) PLA2G6 mutation causes mitophagy dysfunction. In the SN of PLA2G6D331Y/D331Y mice, mRNA levels of eight genes that are involved in neuroprotection/neurogenesis were decreased, while mRNA levels of two genes that promote apoptotic death were increased. Our results suggest that PARK14 (D331Y) PLA2G6 mutation causes degeneration of SNpc dopaminergic neurons by causing mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated ER stress, mitophagy impairment, and transcriptional abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chi Chiu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Song Lu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Weng
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ling Chen
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Zu Huang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rou-Shayn Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chuan Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Cheng Huang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Liu
- Division of Sports Medicine, Taiwan Landseed Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chia Lai
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Jun Lin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Molecular Imaging Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Wei Lin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jie Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lang Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tu-Hsueh Yeh
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, No. 252, Wuxing St, Xinyi District, Taipei City, 110, Taiwan. .,School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Li Wang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 259, Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
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14
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Hejčl A, Růžička J, Proks V, Macková H, Kubinová Š, Tukmachev D, Cihlář J, Horák D, Jendelová P. Dynamics of tissue ingrowth in SIKVAV-modified highly superporous PHEMA scaffolds with oriented pores after bridging a spinal cord transection. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 29:89. [PMID: 29938301 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While many types of biomaterials have been evaluated in experimental spinal cord injury (SCI) research, little is known about the time-related dynamics of the tissue infiltration of these scaffolds. We analyzed the ingrowth of connective tissue, axons and blood vessels inside the superporous poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogel with oriented pores. The hydrogels, either plain or seeded with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), were implanted in spinal cord transection at the level of Th8. The animals were sacrificed at days 2, 7, 14, 28, 49 and 6 months after SCI and histologically evaluated. We found that within the first week, the hydrogels were already infiltrated with connective tissue and blood vessels, which remained stable for the next 6 weeks. Axons slowly and gradually infiltrated the hydrogel within the first month, after which the numbers became stable. Six months after SCI we observed rare axons crossing the hydrogel bridge and infiltrating the caudal stump. There was no difference in the tissue infiltration between the plain hydrogels and those seeded with MSCs. We conclude that while connective tissue and blood vessels quickly infiltrate the scaffold within the first week, axons show a rather gradual infiltration over the first month, and this is not facilitated by the presence of MSCs inside the hydrogel pores. Further research which is focused on the permissive micro-environment of the hydrogel scaffold is needed, to promote continuous and long-lasting tissue regeneration across the spinal cord lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Hejčl
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Neurosurgery, J. E. Purkinje University, Masaryk Hospital, Sociální péče 12A, 401 13, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Růžička
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Neuroscience, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Úvalu 84, 150 06, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Proks
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského nám.2, 162 06, Praha 6, Břevnov, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Macková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského nám.2, 162 06, Praha 6, Břevnov, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Kubinová
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitry Tukmachev
- Department of Neurosurgery, Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu 84, Prague 5, 150 06, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Cihlář
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkyně University, České mládeže 8, 400 96, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského nám.2, 162 06, Praha 6, Břevnov, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Jendelová
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Neuroscience, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Úvalu 84, 150 06, Prague 5, Czech Republic
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15
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Kawecki F, Clafshenkel WP, Fortin M, Auger FA, Fradette J. Biomimetic Tissue-Engineered Bone Substitutes for Maxillofacial and Craniofacial Repair: The Potential of Cell Sheet Technologies. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1700919. [PMID: 29280323 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Maxillofacial defects are complex lesions stemming from various etiologies: accidental, congenital, pathological, or surgical. A bone graft may be required when the normal regenerative capacity of the bone is exceeded or insufficient. Surgeons have many options available for bone grafting including the "gold standard" autologous bone graft. However, this approach is not without drawbacks such as the morbidity associated with harvesting bone from a donor site, pain, infection, or a poor quantity and quality of bone in some patient populations. This review discusses the various bone graft substitutes used for maxillofacial and craniofacial repair: allografts, xenografts, synthetic biomaterials, and tissue-engineered substitutes. A brief overview of bone tissue engineering evolution including the use of mesenchymal stem cells is exposed, highlighting the first clinical applications of adipose-derived stem/stromal cells in craniofacial reconstruction. The importance of prevascularization strategies for bone tissue engineering is also discussed, with an emphasis on recent work describing substitutes produced using cell sheet-based technologies, including the use of thermo-responsive plates and the self-assembly approach of tissue engineering. Indeed, considering their entirely cell-based design, these natural bone-like substitutes have the potential to closely mimic the osteogenicity, osteoconductivity, osteoinduction, and osseointegration properties of autogenous bone for maxillofacial and craniofacial reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Kawecki
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX Division of Regenerative Medicine CHU de Québec Research Center‐Université Laval Québec QC G1J 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine Université Laval Québec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - William P. Clafshenkel
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX Division of Regenerative Medicine CHU de Québec Research Center‐Université Laval Québec QC G1J 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine Université Laval Québec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Michel Fortin
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX Division of Regenerative Medicine CHU de Québec Research Center‐Université Laval Québec QC G1J 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Faculty of Dentistry Université Laval Québec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - François A. Auger
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX Division of Regenerative Medicine CHU de Québec Research Center‐Université Laval Québec QC G1J 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine Université Laval Québec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Julie Fradette
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX Division of Regenerative Medicine CHU de Québec Research Center‐Université Laval Québec QC G1J 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine Université Laval Québec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
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16
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Gao HL, Li C, Nabeka H, Shimokawa T, Wang ZY, Cao YM, Matsuda S. An 18-mer Peptide Derived from Prosaposin Ameliorates the Effects of Aβ1-42 Neurotoxicity on Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Memory Deficit in Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:1173-92. [PMID: 27372641 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, neurofibrillary tangle formation, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal loss. The present study was performed to investigate the protective effects and mechanism of action of a prosaposin-derived 18-mer peptide (PS18: LSELIINNATEELLIKGL) on mice hippocampal progenitor cell proliferation, neurogenesis, and memory tasks after intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ1-42 peptide. Seven days after Aβ1-42 injection, significant proliferation of hippocampal progenitor cells and memory impairment were evident. Two weeks after Aβ1-42 peptide injection, elevated numbers of surviving 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine cells and newly formed neurons were detected. Treatment with PS18 attenuated these effects evoked by Aβ1-42. Our data indicate that treatment with PS18 partially attenuated the increase in hippocampal neurogenesis caused by Aβ1-42-induced neuroinflammation and prevented memory deficits associated with increased numbers of activated glial cells. We observed an increase in ADAM10 and decreases in BACE1, PS1/2, and AβPP protein levels, suggesting that PS18 enhances the nonamyloidogenic AβPP cleavage pathway. Importantly, our results further showed that PS18 activated the PI3K/Akt pathway, phosphorylated GSK-3α/β, and, as a consequence, exerted a neuroprotective effect. In addition, PS18 showed a protective effect against Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity via suppression of the caspase pathway; upregulation of Bcl-2; downregulation of BAX, attenuating mitochondrial damage; and inhibition of caspase-3. These findings suggest that PS18 may provide a valuable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of progressive neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ling Gao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hiroaki Nabeka
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shimokawa
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ya-Ming Cao
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Seiji Matsuda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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17
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Percutaneous Ultrasound-Guided Musculoskeletal Applications of Autologous Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate: Preliminary Experience From a Single Institution. Ultrasound Q 2018; 34:278-284. [PMID: 29369243 DOI: 10.1097/ruq.0000000000000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging musculoskeletal applications for local administration of autologous bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) include treatment of fractures, osteonecrosis, osteochondral injuries, osteoarthritis, ligament injury, tendon injury, and tendonopathies. Ultrasound-guided technique for various BMAC injection sites is detailed in this technical report and our preliminary clinical experience outlined.Five patients, 1 woman and 4 men, were treated with 6 peri/intratendinous (n = 4) or intraarticular (n = 2) BMAC injections between July 5, 2015 and December 31, 2016 for the clinical indications of common hamstrings origin tendinosis (n = 4), hip labral tear (n = 1), and osteochondral lesion of the talus (n = 1).All procedures were technically successful, with BMAC locally administered to the therapeutic target and no procedural complications observed. Clinical follow-up was available for 5 of 6 procedures. Four of 5 injections resulted in self-reported symptomatic improvement (clinical follow-up range, 2-12 months). One 72-year-old man with right common hamstrings origin tendinosis reported no improvement after BMAC injection.The technology is now available to support ultrasound-guided, autologous BMAC administration by the musculoskeletal interventionalist for common indications. Our initial clinical experience is consistent with early reports in the literature. This technique is well tolerated by symptomatic patients on an outpatient basis, and rates of self-reported symptomatic relief are high. Mechanism of action, long-term safety, and long-term clinical efficacy remain largely undefined.
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18
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Harrill JA. Human-Derived Neurons and Neural Progenitor Cells in High Content Imaging Applications. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1683:305-338. [PMID: 29082500 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7357-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to advances in the fields of stem cell biology and cellular engineering, a variety of commercially available human-derived neurons and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are now available for use in research applications, including small molecule efficacy or toxicity screening. The use of human-derived neural cells is anticipated to address some of the uncertainties associated with the use of nonhuman culture models or transformed cell lines derived from human tissues. Many of the human-derived neurons and NPCs currently available from commercial sources recapitulate critical process of nervous system development including NPC proliferation, neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and calcium signaling, each of which can be evaluated using high content image analysis (HCA). Human-derived neurons and NPCs are also amenable to culture in multiwell plate formats and thus may be adapted for use in HCA-based screening applications. This article reviews various types of HCA-based assays that have been used in conjunction with human-derived neurons and NPC cultures. This article also highlights instances where lower throughput analysis of neurodevelopmental processes has been performed and which demonstrate a potential for adaptation to higher-throughout imaging methods. Finally, a generic protocol for evaluating neurite outgrowth in human-derived neurons using a combination of immunocytochemistry and HCA is presented. The information provided in this article is intended to serve as a resource for cell model and assay selection for those interested in evaluating neurodevelopmental processes in human-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Harrill
- Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, LLC, 5120 Northshore Drive, Little Rock, AR, 72118, USA.
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19
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Gnecchi M, Danieli P, Malpasso G, Ciuffreda MC. Paracrine Mechanisms of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Repair. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1416:123-46. [PMID: 27236669 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3584-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration from transplanted mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) either through transdifferentiation or cell fusion was originally proposed as the principal mechanism underlying their therapeutic action. However, several studies have now shown that both these mechanisms are very inefficient. The low MSC engraftment rate documented in injured areas also refutes the hypothesis that MSC repair tissue damage by replacing cell loss with newly differentiated cells. Indeed, despite evidence of preferential homing of MSC to the site of myocardial ischemia, exogenously administered MSC show poor survival and do not persist in the infarcted area. Therefore, it has been proposed that the functional benefits observed after MSC transplantation in experimental models of tissue injury might be related to the secretion of soluble factors acting in a paracrine fashion. This hypothesis is supported by pre-clinical studies demonstrating equal or even improved organ function upon infusion of MSC-derived conditioned medium (MSC-CM) compared with MSC transplantation. Identifying key MSC-secreted factors and their functional role seems a reasonable approach for a rational design of nextgeneration MSC-based therapeutics. Here, we summarize the major findings regarding both different MSC-mediated paracrine actions and the identification of paracrine mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Gnecchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. .,Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences - Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy. .,Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy. .,Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Patrizia Danieli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences - Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Malpasso
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences - Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Ciuffreda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences - Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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20
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Mo WM, Kwon YW, Jang IH, Choi EJ, Kwon SM, Kim JH. Role of TAZ in Lysophosphatidic Acid-Induced Migration and Proliferation of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:354-361. [PMID: 28554198 PMCID: PMC5499612 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional co-activator with a PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) is an important factor in lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced promotion of migration and proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The expression of TAZ significantly increased at 6 h after LPA treatment, and TAZ knockdown inhibited the LPA-induced migration and proliferation of MSCs. In addition, embryonic fibroblasts from TAZ knockout mice exhibited the reduction in LPA-induced migration and proliferation. The LPA1 receptor inhibitor Ki16425 blocked LPA responses in MSCs. Although TAZ knockdown or knockout did not reduce LPA-induced phosphorylation of ERK and AKT, the MEK inhibitor U0126 or the ROCK inhibitor Y27632 blocked LPA-induced TAZ expression along with the reduction in the proliferation and migration of MSCs. Our data suggest that TAZ is an important mediator of LPA signaling in MSCs in the downstream of MEK and ROCK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Min Mo
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Woo Kwon
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Ho Jang
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Choi
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Mo Kwon
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
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21
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Naji A, Suganuma N, Espagnolle N, Yagyu K, Baba N, Sensebé L, Deschaseaux F. Rationale for Determining the Functional Potency of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Preventing Regulated Cell Death for Therapeutic Use. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:713-719. [PMID: 28297565 PMCID: PMC5442793 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells (MSCs) are being investigated for treating degenerative and inflammatory disorders because of their reparative and immunomodulatory properties. Intricate mechanisms relate cell death processes with immune responses, which have implications for degenerative and inflammatory conditions. We review the therapeutic value of MSCs in terms of preventing regulated cell death (RCD). When cells identify an insult, specific intracellular pathways are elicited for execution of RCD processes, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. To some extent, exacerbated RCD can provoke an intense inflammatory response and vice versa. Emerging studies are focusing on the molecular mechanisms deployed by MSCs to ameliorate the survival, bioenergetics, and functions of unfit immune or nonimmune cells. Given these aspects, and in light of MSC actions in modulating cell death processes, we suggest the use of novel functional in vitro assays to ensure the potency of MSCs for preventing RCD. Such analyses should be associated with existing functional assays measuring the anti‐inflammatory capabilities of MSCs in vitro. MSCs selected on the basis of two in vitro functional criteria (i.e., prevention of inflammation and RCD) could possess optimal therapeutic efficacy in vivo. In addition, we underline the implications of these perspectives in clinical studies of MSC therapy, with particular focus on acute respiratory distress syndrome. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:713–719
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Naji
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Narufumi Suganuma
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Nicolas Espagnolle
- STROMALab, INSERM U1031, EFS Pyrénées‐Méditerranée, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Ken‐ichi Yagyu
- Science Research Center, Division of Biological Research, Life Sciences and Functional Materials, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Nobuyasu Baba
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Luc Sensebé
- STROMALab, INSERM U1031, EFS Pyrénées‐Méditerranée, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Deschaseaux
- STROMALab, INSERM U1031, EFS Pyrénées‐Méditerranée, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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22
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Therapeutic effect of spermatogonial stem cell on testicular damage caused by lead in rats. Gene 2016; 592:148-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Leong KH, Zhou LL, Lin QM, Wang P, Yao L, Huang ZT. Therapeutic effects of various methods of MSC transplantation on cerebral resuscitation following cardiac arrest in rats. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3043-51. [PMID: 26935023 PMCID: PMC4805067 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were transplanted into the brain of rats following cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by three different methods: Direct stereotaxic injection into the lateral cerebral ventricle (LV), intra-carotid administration (A), and femoral venous infusion (V). The three different methods were compared by observing the effects of MSCs on neurological function following global cerebral hypoxia-ischemia, in order to determine the optimum method for MSC transplantation. MSCs were transplanted in groups A, V and LV following the restoration of spontaneous circulation. Neurological deficit scale scores were higher in the transplantation groups, as compared with the control group. Neuronal damage, brain water content and serum levels of S100 calcium-binding protein B were reduced in the hippo-campus and temporal cortex of the transplantation groups, as compared with the control rats following resuscitation. MSCs were able to migrate inside the brain tissue following transplantation, and were predominantly distributed in the hippocampus and temporal cortex where the neurons were vulnerable during global cerebral ischemia. These results suggest that transplantation of MSCs may notably improve neurological function following CPR in a rat model. Of the three different methods of MSC transplantation tested in the present study, LV induced the highest concentration of MSCs in brain areas vulnerable to global cerebral ischemia, and therefore, produced the best neurological outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Hong Leong
- Emergency Department, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Zhou
- Emergency Department, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Ming Lin
- Emergency Department, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Emergency Department, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Lan Yao
- Emergency Department, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Tong Huang
- Emergency Department, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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Kim SB, Joo J, Hong YB, Choi BO. Ultrasonography-guided transplantation facilitates perineural delivery of stem cells. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2015.1053521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Castorina A, Szychlinska MA, Marzagalli R, Musumeci G. Mesenchymal stem cells-based therapy as a potential treatment in neurodegenerative disorders: is the escape from senescence an answer? Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:850-8. [PMID: 26199588 PMCID: PMC4498333 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.158352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is the most prominent risk factor contributing to the development of neurodegenerative disorders. In the United States, over 35 million of elderly people suffer from age-related diseases. Aging impairs the self-repair ability of neuronal cells, which undergo progressive deterioration. Once initiated, this process hampers the already limited regenerative power of the central nervous system, making the search for new therapeutic strategies particularly difficult in elderly affected patients. So far, mesenchymal stem cells have proven to be a viable option to ameliorate certain aspects of neurodegeneration, as they possess high proliferative rate and differentiate in vitro into multiple lineages. However, accumulating data have demonstrated that during long-term culture, mesenchymal stem cells undergo spontaneous transformation. Transformed mesenchymal stem cells show typical features of senescence, including the progressive shortening of telomers, which results in cell loss and, as a consequence, hampered regenerative potential. These evidences, in line with those observed in mesenchymal stem cells isolated from old donors, suggest that senescence may represent a limit to mesenchymal stem cells exploitation in therapy, prompting scholars to either find alternative sources of pluripotent cells or to arrest the age-related transformation. In the present review, we summarize findings from recent literature, and critically discuss some of the major hurdles encountered in the search of appropriate sources of mesenchymal stem cells, as well as benefits arising from their use in neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we provide some insights that may aid in the development of strategies to arrest or, at least, delay the aging of mesenchymal stem cells to improve their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Castorina
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, Catania, Italy
| | - Marta Anna Szychlinska
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, Catania, Italy
| | - Rubina Marzagalli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, Catania, Italy
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Santhakumar R, Vidyasekar P, Verma RS. Cardiogel: a nano-matrix scaffold with potential application in cardiac regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114697. [PMID: 25521816 PMCID: PMC4270637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Dimensional conditions for the culture of Bone Marrow-derived Stromal/Stem Cells (BMSCs) can be generated with scaffolds of biological origin. Cardiogel, a cardiac fibroblast-derived Extracellular Matrix (ECM) has been previously shown to promote cardiomyogenic differentiation of BMSCs and provide protection against oxidative stress. To determine the matrix composition and identify significant proteins in cardiogel, we investigated the differences in the composition of this nanomatrix and a BMSC-derived ECM scaffold, termed as ‘mesogel’. An optimized protocol was developed that resulted in efficient decellularization while providing the maximum yield of ECM. The proteins were sequentially solubilized using acetic acid, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) and Dithiothreitol (DTT). These proteins were then analyzed using surfactant-assisted in-solution digestion followed by nano-liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS). The results of these analyses revealed significant differences in their respective compositions and 17 significant ECM/matricellular proteins were differentially identified between cardiogel and mesogel. We observed that cardiogel also promoted cell proliferation, adhesion and migration while enhancing cardiomyogenic differentiation and angiogenesis. In conclusion, we developed a reproducible method for efficient extraction and solubilization of in vitro cultured cell-derived extracellular matrix. We report several important proteins differentially identified between cardiogel and mesogel, which can explain the biological properties of cardiogel. We also demonstrated the cardiomyogenic differentiation and angiogenic potential of cardiogel even in the absence of any external growth factors. The transplantation of Bone Marrow derived Stromal/Stem Cells (BMSCs) cultured on such a nanomatrix has potential applications in regenerative therapy for Myocardial Infarction (MI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalakshmi Santhakumar
- Stem cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prasanna Vidyasekar
- Stem cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rama Shanker Verma
- Stem cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- * E-mail:
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Ahmad R, Wojciech S, Jockers R. Hunting for the function of orphan GPCRs - beyond the search for the endogenous ligand. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:3212-28. [PMID: 25231237 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven transmembrane-spanning proteins (7TM), also called GPCRs, are among the most versatile and evolutionary successful protein families. Out of the 400 non-odourant members identified in the human genome, approximately 100 remain orphans that have not been matched with an endogenous ligand. Apart from the classical deorphanization strategies, several alternative strategies provided recent new insights into the function of these proteins, which hold promise for high therapeutic potential. These alternative strategies consist of the phenotypical characterization of organisms silenced or overexpressing orphan 7TM proteins, the search for constitutive receptor activity and formation of protein complexes including 7TM proteins as well as the development of synthetic, surrogate ligands. Taken together, a variety of ligand-independent functions can be attributed to orphan 7TM proteins that range from constitutive activity to complex formation with other proteins and include 'true' orphans for which no ligand exist and 'conditional' orphans that behave like orphans in the absence of ligand and as non-orphans in the presence of ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raise Ahmad
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Stefanie Wojciech
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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Meyer RC, Giddens MM, Coleman BM, Hall RA. The protective role of prosaposin and its receptors in the nervous system. Brain Res 2014; 1585:1-12. [PMID: 25130661 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prosaposin (also known as SGP-1) is an intriguing multifunctional protein that plays roles both intracellularly, as a regulator of lysosomal enzyme function, and extracellularly, as a secreted factor with neuroprotective and glioprotective effects. Following secretion, prosaposin can undergo endocytosis via an interaction with the low-density lipoprotein-related receptor 1 (LRP1). The ability of secreted prosaposin to promote protective effects in the nervous system is known to involve activation of G proteins, and the orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR37 and GPR37L1 have recently been shown to mediate signaling induced by both prosaposin and a fragment of prosaposin known as prosaptide. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of prosaposin, its receptors and their importance in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Michelle M Giddens
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Brilee M Coleman
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Randy A Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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Paterson YZ, Rash N, Garvican ER, Paillot R, Guest DJ. Equine mesenchymal stromal cells and embryo-derived stem cells are immune privileged in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:90. [PMID: 25080326 PMCID: PMC4247727 DOI: 10.1186/scrt479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive concept in regenerative medicine, but their mechanism of action remains poorly defined. No immune response is reported after in vivo injection of allogeneic equine MSCs or embryo-derived stem cells (ESCs) into the equine tendon, which may be due to the cells’ immune-privileged properties. This study further investigates these properties to determine their potential for clinical application in other tissues. Methods Mitomycin C-treated MSCs, ESCs, or differentiated ESCs (dESCs) were cultured with allogeneic equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and their effect on PBMC proliferation, in the presence or absence of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) was determined. MSCs and super-antigen (sAg)-stimulated PBMCs were co-cultured directly or indirectly in transwells, and PBMC proliferation examined. Media from MSC culture were harvested and used for PBMC culture; subsequent PBMC proliferation and gene expression were evaluated and media assayed for IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 proteins with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Co-culture of PBMCs with ESCs or dESCs did not affect baseline proliferation, whereas co-culture with MSCs significantly suppressed baseline proliferation. Stimulation of PBMC proliferation by using super-antigens (sAgs) was also suppressed by co-culture with MSCs. Inhibition was greatest with direct contact, but significant inhibition was produced in transwell culture and by using MSC-conditioned media, suggesting that soluble factors play a role in MSC-mediated immune suppression. The MSCs constitutively secrete IL-6, even in the absence of co-culture with PBMCs. MSC-conditioned media also brought about a change in the cytokine-expression profile of sAg-stimulated PBMCs, significantly reducing PBMC expression of IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. Conclusions Equine MSCs and ESCs possess a degree of innate immune privilege, and MSCs secrete soluble factors that suppress PBMC proliferation and alter cytokine expression. These properties may make possible the future clinical use of allogeneic stem cells to help standardize and broaden the scope of treatment of tissue injuries.
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Saito S, Saito K, Nabeka H, Shimokawa T, Kobayashi N, Matsuda S. Differential expression of the alternatively spliced forms of prosaposin mRNAs in rat choroid plexus. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 356:231-42. [PMID: 24414178 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Prosaposin has two distinct profiles. One is a precursor form that is processed into saposins thus promoting lysosomal sphingolipid hydrolase function, whereas the other is an intact form that is not processed into saposins but is abundant in certain tissues and secretory fluids, including the cerebrospinal fluid. In rats, alternative splicing in the prosaposin gene generates mRNAs with and without a 9-base insertion (Pro+9 and Pro+0 mRNAs, respectively). Pro+9 mRNA is reported to be preferentially expressed in tissues in which the intact form of prosaposin dominates, whereas Pro+0 mRNA is preferentially expressed in tissues in which the precursor dominates. The expression patterns of Pro+9 and Pro+0 mRNAs in the rat choroid plexus are examined in the present study. The specificities of 36-mer oligonucleotide probes used to detect the 9-base insertion by in situ hybridization were demonstrated by dot-blot hybridization. Next, these probes were used for in situ hybridization, which showed predominant expression of Pro+0 mRNA and weak expression of Pro+9 mRNA in the choroid plexus. These expression patterns were confirmed by reverse transcription plus the polymerase chain reaction with AlwI restriction enzyme treatment. Expression of the intact form of prosaposin in the choroid plexus was assessed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Because the choroid plexus is responsible for the generation of cerebrospinal fluid containing the intact form of prosaposin, the present study raises the possibility that Pro+0 mRNA is related to the intact form in the choroid plexus and that the alternatively spliced forms of mRNAs do not simply correspond to the precursor and intact forms of prosaposin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouichiro Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1128, Japan,
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Mesenchymal stem cells: environmentally responsive therapeutics for regenerative medicine. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e54. [PMID: 24232253 PMCID: PMC3849579 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 826] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are partially defined by their ability to differentiate into tissues including bone, cartilage and adipose in vitro, but it is their trophic, paracrine and immunomodulatory functions that may have the greatest therapeutic impact in vivo. Unlike pharmaceutical treatments that deliver a single agent at a specific dose, MSCs are site regulated and secrete bioactive factors and signals at variable concentrations in response to local microenvironmental cues. Significant progress has been made in understanding the biochemical and metabolic mechanisms and feedback associated with MSC response. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capacity of MSC may be paramount in the restoration of localized or systemic conditions for normal healing and tissue regeneration. Allogeneic MSC treatments, categorized as a drug by regulatory agencies, have been widely pursued, but new studies demonstrate the efficacy of autologous MSC therapies, even for individuals affected by a disease state. Safety and regulatory concerns surrounding allogeneic cell preparations make autologous and minimally manipulated cell therapies an attractive option for many regenerative, anti-inflammatory and autoimmune applications.
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32
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Johnson TV, DeKorver NW, Levasseur VA, Osborne A, Tassoni A, Lorber B, Heller JP, Villasmil R, Bull ND, Martin KR, Tomarev SI. Identification of retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection conferred by platelet-derived growth factor through analysis of the mesenchymal stem cell secretome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 137:503-19. [PMID: 24176979 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of neuroprotective strategies to attenuate retinal ganglion cell death could lead to novel therapies for chronic optic neuropathies such as glaucoma. Intravitreal transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells slows retinal ganglion cell death in models of optic nerve injury, but the mechanism of action remains unclear. Here we characterized the neuroprotective effects of mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stem cell-derived factors in organotypic retinal explant culture and an in vivo model of ocular hypertensive glaucoma. Co-culture of rat and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells with retinal explants increased retinal ganglion cell survival, after 7 days ex vivo, by ∼2-fold and was associated with reduced apoptosis and increased nerve fibre layer and inner plexiform layer thicknesses. These effects were not demonstrated by co-culture with human or mouse fibroblasts. Conditioned media from mesenchymal stem cells conferred neuroprotection, suggesting that the neuroprotection is mediated, at least partly, by secreted factors. We compared the concentrations of 29 factors in human mesenchymal stem cell and fibroblast conditioned media, and identified 11 enriched in the mesenchymal stem cell secretome. Treatment of retinal explants with a cocktail of these factors conferred retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection, with factors from the platelet-derived growth factor family being the most potent. Blockade of platelet-derived growth factor signalling with neutralizing antibody or with small molecule inhibitors of platelet-derived growth factor receptor kinase or downstream phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase eliminated retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection conferred by mesenchymal stem cell co-culture. Intravitreal injection of platelet-derived growth factor -AA or -AB led to profound optic nerve neuroprotection in vivo following experimental induction of elevated intraocular pressure. These data demonstrate that mesenchymal stem cells secrete a number of neuroprotective proteins and suggest that platelet-derived growth factor secretion in particular may play an important role in mesenchymal stem cell-mediated retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection. Furthermore, platelet-derived growth factor may represent an independent target for achieving retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Johnson
- 1 Section of Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
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Ribeiro-Samy S, Silva NA, Correlo VM, Fraga JS, Pinto L, Teixeira-Castro A, Leite-Almeida H, Almeida A, Gimble JM, Sousa N, Salgado AJ, Reis RL. Development and Characterization of a PHB-HV-based 3D Scaffold for a Tissue Engineering and Cell-therapy Combinatorial Approach for Spinal Cord Injury Regeneration. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1576-92. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Ribeiro-Samy
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences; University of Minho-Campus de Gualtar; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-Associate Laboratory; PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Nuno A. Silva
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences; University of Minho-Campus de Gualtar; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-Associate Laboratory; PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Vitor M. Correlo
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-Associate Laboratory; PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Joana S. Fraga
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences; University of Minho-Campus de Gualtar; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-Associate Laboratory; PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences; University of Minho-Campus de Gualtar; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-Associate Laboratory; PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Andreia Teixeira-Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences; University of Minho-Campus de Gualtar; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-Associate Laboratory; PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Hugo Leite-Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences; University of Minho-Campus de Gualtar; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-Associate Laboratory; PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Armando Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences; University of Minho-Campus de Gualtar; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-Associate Laboratory; PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Jeffrey M. Gimble
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center; Louisiana State University System; Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences; University of Minho-Campus de Gualtar; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-Associate Laboratory; PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - António J. Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences; University of Minho-Campus de Gualtar; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-Associate Laboratory; PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-Associate Laboratory; PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
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Kupcova Skalnikova H. Proteomic techniques for characterisation of mesenchymal stem cell secretome. Biochimie 2013; 95:2196-211. [PMID: 23880644 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with a substantial potential in human regenerative medicine due to their ability to migrate to sites of injury, capability to suppress immune response and accessibility in large amount from patient's own bone marrow or fat tissue. It has been increasingly observed that the transplanted MSCs did not necessarily engraft and differentiate at the site of injury but might exert their therapeutic effects through secreted trophic signals. The MSCs secrete a variety of autocrine/paracrine factors, called secretome, that support regenerative processes in the damaged tissue, induce angiogenesis, protect cells from apoptotic cell death and modulate immune system. The cell culture medium conditioned by MSCs or osteogenic, chondrogenic as well as adipogenic precursors derived from MSCs has become a subject of intensive proteomic profiling in the search for and identification of released factors and microvesicles that might be applicable in regenerative medicine. Jointly with the methods for MSC isolation, expansion and differentiation, proteomic analysis of MSC secretome was enabled recently mainly due to the extensive development in protein separation techniques, mass spectrometry, immunological methods and bioinformatics. This review describes proteomic techniques currently applied or prospectively applicable in MSC secretomics, with a particular focus on preparation of the secretome sample, protein/peptide separation, mass spectrometry and protein quantification techniques, analysis of posttranslational modifications, immunological techniques, isolation and characterisation of secreted vesicles and exosomes, analysis of cytokine-encoding mRNAs and bioinformatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kupcova Skalnikova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic.
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35
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Drago D, Cossetti C, Iraci N, Gaude E, Musco G, Bachi A, Pluchino S. The stem cell secretome and its role in brain repair. Biochimie 2013; 95:2271-85. [PMID: 23827856 PMCID: PMC4061727 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Compelling evidence exists that non-haematopoietic stem cells, including mesenchymal (MSCs) and neural/progenitor stem cells (NPCs), exert a substantial beneficial and therapeutic effect after transplantation in experimental central nervous system (CNS) disease models through the secretion of immune modulatory or neurotrophic paracrine factors. This paracrine hypothesis has inspired an alternative outlook on the use of stem cells in regenerative neurology. In this paradigm, significant repair of the injured brain may be achieved by injecting the biologics secreted by stem cells (secretome), rather than implanting stem cells themselves for direct cell replacement. The stem cell secretome (SCS) includes cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, and has gained increasing attention in recent years because of its multiple implications for the repair, restoration or regeneration of injured tissues. Thanks to recent improvements in SCS profiling and manipulation, investigators are now inspired to harness the SCS as a novel alternative therapeutic option that might ensure more efficient outcomes than current stem cell-based therapies for CNS repair. This review discusses the most recent identification of MSC- and NPC-secreted factors, including those that are trafficked within extracellular membrane vesicles (EVs), and reflects on their potential effects on brain repair. It also examines some of the most convincing advances in molecular profiling that have enabled mapping of the SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Drago
- CNS Repair Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neurosciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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GPR37 and GPR37L1 are receptors for the neuroprotective and glioprotective factors prosaptide and prosaposin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:9529-34. [PMID: 23690594 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219004110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR37 (also known as Pael-R) and GPR37L1 are orphan G protein-coupled receptors that are almost exclusively expressed in the nervous system. We screened these receptors for potential activation by various orphan neuropeptides, and these screens yielded a single positive hit: prosaptide, which promoted the endocytosis of GPR37 and GPR37L1, bound to both receptors and activated signaling in a GPR37- and GPR37L1-dependent manner. Prosaptide stimulation of cells transfected with GPR37 or GPR37L1 induced the phosphorylation of ERK in a pertussis toxin-sensitive manner, stimulated (35)S-GTPγS binding, and promoted the inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP production. Because prosaptide is the active fragment of the secreted neuroprotective and glioprotective factor prosaposin (also known as sulfated glycoprotein-1), we purified full-length prosaposin and found that it also stimulated GPR37 and GPR37L1 signaling. Moreover, both prosaptide and prosaposin were found to protect primary astrocytes against oxidative stress, with these protective effects being attenuated by siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous astrocytic GPR37 or GPR37L1. These data reveal that GPR37 and GPR37L1 are receptors for the neuroprotective and glioprotective factors prosaptide and prosaposin.
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Dual effects of isoflurane on proliferation, differentiation, and survival in human neuroprogenitor cells. Anesthesiology 2013; 118:537-49. [PMID: 23314167 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e3182833fae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that isoflurane can provide both neuroprotection and neurotoxicity in various tissue culture models and in rodent developing brains. The cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating these dual effects are not clear, but the exposure level and duration of isoflurane appear to be determinant factors. METHODS Using the ReNcell CX (Millipore, Billerica, MA) human neural progenitor cell line, the authors investigated the impact of prolonged exposure to varying isoflurane concentrations on cell survival and neurogenesis. In addition, the authors assessed the impact of short isoflurane preconditioning on elevation of cytosolic Ca concentration and cytotoxic effects mediated by prolonged isoflurane exposures and the contribution of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate or ryanodine receptor activation to these processes. RESULTS Short exposures to low isoflurane concentrations promote proliferation and differentiation of ReNcell CX cells, with no cell damage. However, prolonged exposures to high isoflurane concentrations induced significant ReNcell CX cell damage and inhibited cell proliferation. These prolonged exposures suppressed neuronal cell fate and promoted glial cell fate. Preconditioning of ReNcell CX cultures with short exposures to low concentrations of isoflurane ameliorated the effects of prolonged exposures to isoflurane. Pretreatment of ReNcell cultures with inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate or ryanodine receptor antagonists mostly prevented isoflurane-mediated effects on survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Finally, isoflurane-preconditioned cultures showed significantly less isoflurane-evoked changes in calcium concentration. CONCLUSION The commonly used general anesthetic isoflurane exerts dual effects on neuronal stem cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation, which may be attributed to differential regulation of calcium release through activation of endoplasmic reticulum localized inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate and/or ryanodine receptors.
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Koochekpour S, Hu S, Vellasco-Gonzalez C, Bernardo R, Azabdaftari G, Zhu G, Zhau HE, Chung LWK, Vessella RL. Serum prosaposin levels are increased in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Prostate 2012; 72:253-69. [PMID: 21630292 PMCID: PMC3406735 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously cloned prosaposin (PSAP) from metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPCa) cells and demonstrated its genomic amplification and/or overexpression in metastatic PCa cell lines, xenografts, and lymph node metastases. The clinicohistopathological significance of serum PSAP levels and its tissue expression and association with predictive or prognostic variable in primary or advanced PCa are not known. METHODS We examined PSAP expression by immunohistochemical staining during early embryogenic development of the prostate and within a large tissue microarray which included 266 benign and malignant prostate tissues. In addition, serum PSAP levels in the age-adjusted normal male population and in 154 normal individuals and patients with primary or mCRPCa were measured by an ELISA assay. RESULTS Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed a significant and inverse association between PSAP expression and clinical stages II and III tumors, dominant Gleason patterns 3 and 4, and seminal vesicle invasion. In the normal male population, the lowest serum PSAP level was detected before puberty, peaked at the most reproductive age group (20- to 39-year old), and then, decreased to a range between the two groups for men above 40-year old. Regardless of age and when compared with normal individuals, serum PSAP levels significantly decreased in primary organ-confined PCa, but increased in those with mCRPCa. CONCLUSION Our results show that PSAP has the potential to differentiate between primary and advanced PCa. Additional large-scale studies are needed to define the usefulness of tissue expression or serum PSAP levels as a diagnostic or prognostic marker or as a therapeutic target in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Koochekpour
- Department of Urology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
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Williamson AJK, Whetton AD. The requirement for proteomics to unravel stem cell regulatory mechanisms. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2478-83. [PMID: 21792904 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are defined by their ability to self-renew and to differentiate, the processes whereby these events are achieved is the subject of much investigation. These studies include cancer stem cell populations, where eradication of this specific population is the ultimate goal of treatment. Whilst cellular signalling events and transcription factor complex-mediated changes in gene expression have been analysed in some detail within stem cells, full systematic understanding of the events promoting self-renewal or the commitment process leading to formation of a specific cell type require a systems biology approach. This in turn demands a need for proteomic analysis of post-translational regulation of protein levels, protein interactions, protein post-translational modification (e.g. ubiquitination, methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation) to identify networks for stem cell regulation. Furthermore, the phenomenon of induced pluripotency via cellular reprogramming also can be understood optimally using combined molecular biology and proteomics approaches; here we describe current research employing proteomics and mass spectrometry to dissect stem cell regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J K Williamson
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, School of Cancer and Enabling Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Christie's NHS Foundation Trust, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Withington, Manchester, UK.
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Role of mesenchymal stem cells in neurogenesis and nervous system repair. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:347-56. [PMID: 21718735 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are attractive candidates for use in regenerative medicine since they are easily accessible and can be readily expanded in vivo, and possess unique immunogenic properties. Moreover, these multipotent cells display intriguing environmental adaptability and secretory capacity. The ability of MSCs to migrate and engraft in a range of tissues has received significant attention. Evidence indicating that MSC transplantation results in functional improvement in animal models of neurological disorders has highlighted exciting potential for their use in neurological cell-based therapies. The manner in which MSCs elicit positive effects in the damaged nervous system remains unclear. Cell fusion and/or 'transdifferentiation' phenomena, by which MSCs have been proposed to adopt neural cell phenotypes, occur at very low frequency and are unlikely to fully account for observed neurological improvement. Alternatively, MSC-mediated neural recovery may result from the release of soluble molecules, with MSC-derived growth factors and extracellular matrix components influencing the activity of endogenous neural cells. This review discusses the potential of MSCs as candidates for use in therapies to treat neurological disorders and the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which they are understood to act.
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Skalnikova H, Motlik J, Gadher SJ, Kovarova H. Mapping of the secretome of primary isolates of mammalian cells, stem cells and derived cell lines. Proteomics 2011; 11:691-708. [PMID: 21241017 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Within a mammalian organism, the interaction among cells both at short and long distances is mediated by soluble factors released by cells into the extracellular environment. The secreted proteins may involve extracellular matrix proteins, proteinases, growth factors, protein hormones, immunoregulatory cytokines, chemokines or other bioactive molecules that have a direct impact on target cell phenotype. Stem cells of mesenchymal, adipose, neural and embryonic origin, fibroblast feeder cells as well as primary isolates of astrocytes, endothelial and muscle cells have recently become targets of intensive secretome profiling with the search for proteins regulating cell survival, proliferation, differentiation or inflammatory response. Recent advances and challenges of the stem cell and primary cell secretome analysis together with the most relevant results are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Skalnikova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Libechov, Czech Republic
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Proteomic identification of differentially expressed genes in neural stem cells and neurons differentiated from embryonic stem cells of cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) in vitro. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1814:265-76. [PMID: 21047566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding neurogenesis is valuable for the treatment of nervous system disorders. However, there is currently limited information about the molecular events associated with the transition from primate ES cells to neural cells. We therefore sought to identify the proteins involved in neurogenesis, from Macaca fascicularis ES cells (CMK6 cell line) to neural stem (NS) cells to neurons using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). During the differentiation of highly homogeneous ES cells to NS cells, we identified 17 proteins with increased expression, including fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7), collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2), and cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1 (CRABP1), and seven proteins with decreased expression. In the differentiation of NS cells to neurons, we identified three proteins with increased expression, including CRMP2, and 10 proteins with decreased expression. Of these proteins, FABP7 is a marker of NS cells, CRMP2 is involved in axon guidance, and CRABP1 is thought to regulate retinoic acid access to its nuclear receptors. Western blot analysis confirmed the upregulation of FABP7 and CRABP1 in NS cells, and the upregulation of CRMP2 in NS cells and neurons. RT-PCR results showed that CRMP2 and FABP7 mRNAs were also upregulated in NS cells, while CRABP1 mRNA was unchanged. These results provide insight into the molecular basis of monkey neural differentiation.
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