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Lochhead JJ, Ronaldson PT, Davis TP. The role of oxidative stress in blood-brain barrier disruption during ischemic stroke: Antioxidants in clinical trials. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116186. [PMID: 38561092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability. Occlusion and reperfusion of cerebral blood vessels (i.e., ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contribute to brain cell death and dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via oxidative stress. BBB disruption influences the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke by contributing to cerebral edema, hemorrhagic transformation, and extravasation of circulating neurotoxic proteins. An improved understanding of mechanisms for ROS-associated alterations in BBB function during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury can lead to improved treatment paradigms for ischemic stroke. Unfortunately, progress in developing ROS targeted therapeutics that are effective for stroke treatment has been slow. Here, we review how ROS are produced in response to I/R injury, their effects on BBB integrity (i.e., tight junction protein complexes, transporters), and the utilization of antioxidant treatments in ischemic stroke clinical trials. Overall, knowledge in this area provides a strong translational framework for discovery of novel drugs for stroke and/or improved strategies to mitigate I/R injury in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Lochhead
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Patrick T Ronaldson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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2
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Xu Y, Xu L, Xu C, Zhao M, Xu T, Xia L, Wu Y, Cao Y, Han Z. PSD-95 inhibitor Tat-NR2B9c (NA-1) protects the integrity of the blood-brain barrier after transient middle artery occlusion in rats by downregulating matrix metalloprotease-9 and upregulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Brain Res Bull 2024; 206:110836. [PMID: 38042504 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protection against ischemic stroke may be most effective when multiple components of the neurovascular unit are protected, yet current treatments target mainly neurons. Here we explored whether the PSD-95 inhibitor Tat-NR2B9c (NA-1) can protect not only neurons but also the blood-brain barrier. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups, which were subjected to either sham surgery or transient cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, after which some animals were treated with Tat-NR2B9c. The therapeutic efficacy of Tat-NR2B9c was assessed in terms of the degree of neurological deficit and cerebral infarction, integrity of the blood-brain barrier, cerebral water content, as well as expression of PSD-95, nitric oxide synthase, and matrix metalloprotease-9. RESULTS Tat-NR2B9c (NA-1) ameliorated neurofunctional deficit, reduced cerebral infarction, mitigated blood-brain barrier injury and improved its integrity following ischemia-reperfusion, leading to less cerebral edema. These improvements were associated with upregulation of tight junction proteins in the blood-brain barrier. At the same time, Tat-NR2B9c (NA-1) downregulated neuronal nitric oxide synthase and matrix metalloprotease-9, while reversing the ischemia-induced downregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in brain. We report here the first evidence that PSD-95 is expressed in vascular endothelial cells in the brain. CONCLUSION Our experiments in a rat model of transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery suggest that Tat-NR2B9c (NA-1) can mitigate ischemic injury to the blood-brain barrier, and that it may do so by downregulating matrix metalloprotease-9 and upregulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunfei Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Meiqi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lingfan Xia
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yucong Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yungang Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhao Han
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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Xue K, Chen S, Chai J, Yan W, Zhu X, Ji D, Wu Y, Liu H, Wang W. Nitration of cAMP-Response Element Binding Protein Participates in Myocardial Infarction-Induced Myocardial Fibrosis via Accelerating Transcription of Col1a2 and Cxcl12. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:709-730. [PMID: 36324232 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Myocardial fibrosis after myocardial infarction (MI) leads to heart failure. Nitration of protein can alter its function. cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) is a key transcription factor involved in fibrosis. However, little is known about the role of nitrated CREB in MI-induced myocardial fibrosis. Meanwhile, downstream genes of transcription factor CREB in myocardial fibrosis have not been identified. This study aims to verify the hypothesis that nitrated CREB promotes MI-induced myocardial fibrosis via regulating the transcription of Col1a2 and Cxcl12. Results: Our study showed that (1) the level of nitrative stress was elevated and nitrated CREB was higher in the myocardium after MI. Tyr182, 307, and 336 were the nitration sites of CREB; (2) with the administration of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) scavengers, CREB phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and binding activity to TORC2 (transducers of regulated CREB-2) were attenuated; (3) the expressions of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins were upregulated and downregulated in accordance with the expression alteration of CREB both in vitro and in vivo; (4) CREB accelerated transcription of Col1a2 and Cxcl12 after MI directly. With the administration of ONOO- scavengers, ECM protein expressions were attenuated; meanwhile, the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of Col1a2 and Cxcl12 were alleviated as well. Innovation and Conclusion: Nitration of transcription factor CREB participates in MI-induced myocardial fibrosis through enhancing its phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and binding activity to TORCs, among which CREB transcripts Col1a2 and Cxcl12 directly. These data indicated that nitrated CREB might be a potential therapeutic target against MI-induced myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xue
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.,Department of Pathology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayin Chai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Dengyu Ji
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Huirong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
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4
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Chen H, Luo Y, Tsoi B, Gu B, Qi S, Shen J. Angong Niuhuang Wan reduces hemorrhagic transformation and mortality in ischemic stroke rats with delayed thrombolysis: involvement of peroxynitrite-mediated MMP-9 activation. Chin Med 2022; 17:51. [PMID: 35477576 PMCID: PMC9044615 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00595-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a common complication of delayed tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) treatment for ischemic stroke. Peroxynitrite plays an important role in the breakdown of blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the development of HT. We tested the hypothesis that Angong Niuhuang Wan (AGNHW), a traditional Chinese medicinal formula, could be used in conjunction with t-PA to protect the BBB, minimize HT, and improve neurological function by suppressing peroxynitrite-mediated matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activation. Methods We first performed quality control study and chemical identification of AGNHW by using UPLC. In animal experiments, male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to 5 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 19 h of reperfusion plus t-PA infusion (10 mg/kg) at 5 h of cerebral ischemia. AGNHW (257 mg/kg) was given orally at 2 h after MCAO. Hemorrhagic transformation was measured using hemorrhagic scores and hemoglobin levels in ischemic brains. Evans blue leakage was utilized to assess the severity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage. The modified neurologic severity score (mNSS) test was used to assess neurological functions. Peroxynitrite and superoxide was detected by using fluorescent probes. MMP-9 activity and expression were examined by gelatin zymography and immunostaining. The antioxidant effects were also studied by using brain microvascular endothelial b.End3 cells exposed to 5 h of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) plus 5 h of reoxygenation with t-PA treatment (20 µg/ml). Results AGNHW significantly reduced the BBB damage, brain edema, reduced hemorrhagic transformation, enhanced neurological function, and reduced mortality rate in the ischemic stroke rats with t-PA treatment. AGNHW reduced peroxynitrite and superoxide in vivo and in vitro and six active chemical compounds were identified from AGNHW with peroxynitrite scavenging activity. Furthermore, AGNHW inhibited MMP-9 activity, and preserved tight junction protein claudin-5 and collagen IV in the ischemic brains. Conclusion AGNHW could be a potential adjuvant therapy with t-PA to protect the BBB integrity, reduce HT, and improve therapeutic outcome in ischemic stroke treatment via inhibiting peroxynitrite-mediated MMP-9 activation. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-022-00595-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Luo
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Bun Tsoi
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Gu
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Suhua Qi
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
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Chen H, Guan B, Chen S, Yang D, Shen J. Peroxynitrite activates NLRP3 inflammasome and contributes to hemorrhagic transformation and poor outcome in ischemic stroke with hyperglycemia. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:171-183. [PMID: 33515754 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to test the hypothesis that peroxynitrite-mediated inflammasome activation could be a crucial player in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and poor outcome in ischemic stroke with hyperglycemia. We used an experimental rat stroke model subjected to 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion plus 24 h or 7 days of reperfusion with or without acute hyperglycemia. We detected the production of peroxynitrite, the expression of NADPH oxidase, iNOS, MMPs and NLRP3 inflammasome in the ischemic brains, and evaluated infarct volume, brain edema, HT, neurological deficit score and survival rates. Our results show that: (1) Hyperglycemia increased the expression of NADPH oxidase subunits p47phox and p67phox, and iNOS, and the production of peroxynitrite. (2) Hyperglycemia increased infarct volume, aggravated the BBB hyperpermeability, induced brain edema and HT, and worsened neurological outcomes. These brain damages and poor outcome were reversed by the treatments of FeTmPyP (a representative peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst, PDC), peroxynitrite scavenger uric acid, and iNOS inhibitor 1400W. Furthermore, the activations of MMPs and NLRP3 inflammasome including pro/active-caspase-1 and IL-1β were inhibited both PDC and 1400W, indicating the roles of peroxynitrite in the inductions of MMPs and NLRP3 inflammasome in the ischemic brains under hyperglycemia. (3) NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor MCC950, caspase-1 inhibitor VX-765 and IL-1β inhibitor diacerein attenuated brain edema, minimized hemorrhagic transformation and improved neurological outcome, demonstrating the roles of NLRP3 inflammasome in the hyperglycemia-mediated HT and poor outcome in the ischemic stroke rats with acute hyperglycemia. In conclusion, peroxynitrite could mediate activations of MMPs and NLRP3 inflammasome, aggravate the BBB damage and HT, and induce poor outcome in ischemic stroke with hyperglycemia. Therefore, targeting peroxynitrite-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome could be a promising strategy for ischemic stroke with hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China
| | - Binghe Guan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China.
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6
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Chen X, Xiang X, Xie T, Chen Z, Mou Y, Gao Z, Xie X, Song M, Huang H, Gao Z, Chen M. Memantine protects blood-brain barrier integrity and attenuates neurological deficits through inhibiting nitric oxide synthase ser1412 phosphorylation in intracerebral hemorrhage rats: involvement of peroxynitrite-related matrix metalloproteinase-9/NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Neuroreport 2021; 32:228-237. [PMID: 33470757 PMCID: PMC7870044 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Memantine has demonstrated beneficial effects on several types of brain insults via therapeutic mechanisms mainly related to its activity as a receptor antagonist of N-methyl-d-aspartate. However, the influences of memantine on intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remain obscure. This research probed into the neurovascular protective mechanisms of memantine after ICH and its impacts on neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) ser1412 phosphorylation. ICH model was established by employing intrastriatal collagenase injection in rats. After modeling, rats were then allocated randomly into sham-operated (sham), vehicle-treated (ICH+V), and memantine-administrated (ICH+M) groups. Memantine (20 mg/kg/day) was intraperitoneally administered 30 min after ICH and thenceforth once daily. Rats were dedicated at 0.25, 6, 12, 24 h, 3 and 7 d post-ICH for measurement of corresponding indexes. Behavioral changes, brain edema, levels of nNOS ser1412 phosphorylation, peroxynitrite, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, NLRP3, IL-1β and numbers of dying neurons, as well as the cellular localization of gelatinolytic activity, were detected among the groups. Memantine improved the neurologic deficits and mitigated brain water content, levels of MMP-9, NLRP3, IL-1β and dying neurons. Additionally, treatment with memantine also reduced nNOS ser1412 phosphorylation and peroxynitrite formation compared with the ICH+V group at 24 h after ICH. In situ zymography simultaneously revealed that gelatinase activity was primarily colocalized with vessel walls and neurons. We concluded that memantine ameliorated blood-brain barrier disruption and neurologic dysfunction in an ICH rat model. The underlying mechanism might involve repression of nNOS ser1412 phosphorylation, as well as peroxynitrite-related MMP-9 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First People’s Hospital of Jingmen City
| | - Xu Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingmen Clinical Medical School, Hubei Minzu University, Hubei Province
| | - Teng Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First People’s Hospital of Jingmen City
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First People’s Hospital of Jingmen City
| | - Yu Mou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingmen Clinical Medical School, Hubei Minzu University, Hubei Province
| | - Zixu Gao
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University
| | - Xun Xie
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University
| | - Min Song
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ziyun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Min Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University
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Zhang Y, He Y, Wu M, Chen H, Zhang L, Yang D, Wang Q, Shen J. Rehmapicroside ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via attenuating peroxynitrite-mediated mitophagy activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:526-539. [PMID: 32784031 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-)-mediated mitophagy activation represents a vital pathogenic mechanism in ischemic stroke. Our previous study suggests that ONOO- mediates Drp1 recruitment to the damaged mitochondria for excessive mitophagy, aggravating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and the ONOO--mediated mitophagy activation could be a crucial therapeutic target for improving outcome of ischemic stroke. In the present study, we tested the neuroprotective effects of rehmapicroside, a natural compound from a medicinal plant, on inhibiting ONOO--mediated mitophagy activation, attenuating infarct size and improving neurological functions by using the in vitro cultured PC12 cells exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation with reoxygenation (OGD/RO) condition and the in vivo rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h of transient cerebral ischemia plus 22 h of reperfusion. The major discoveries include following aspects: (1) Rehmapicroside reacted with ONOO- directly to scavenge ONOO-; (2) Rehmapicroside decreased O2- and ONOO-, up-regulated Bcl-2 but down-regulated Bax, Caspase-3 and cleaved Caspase-3, and down-regulated PINK1, Parkin, p62 and the ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I in the OGD/RO-treated PC12 cells; (3) Rehmapicroside suppressed 3-nitrotyrosine formation, Drp1 nitration as well as NADPH oxidases and iNOS expression in the ischemia-reperfused rat brains; (4) Rehmapicroside prevented the translocations of PINK1, Parkin and Drp1 into the mitochondria for mitophagy activation in the ischemia-reperfused rat brains; (5) Rehmapicroside ameliorated infarct sizes and improved neurological deficit scores in the rats with transient MCAO cerebral ischemia. Taken together, rehmapicroside could be a potential drug candidate against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and its neuroprotective mechanisms could be attributed to inhibiting the ONOO--mediated mitophagy activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yacong He
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Meiling Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Jiangang Shen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Chen H, Chen X, Luo Y, Shen J. Potential molecular targets of peroxynitrite in mediating blood–brain barrier damage and haemorrhagic transformation in acute ischaemic stroke with delayed tissue plasminogen activator treatment. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:1220-1239. [PMID: 30468092 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1521519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Core Facility, the People’s Hospital of Bao-an Shenzhen, Shenzhen, PR China
- The 8th People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, the Affiliated Bao-an Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yunhao Luo
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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Chamorro Á. Neuroprotectants in the Era of Reperfusion Therapy. J Stroke 2018; 20:197-207. [PMID: 29886725 PMCID: PMC6007301 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2017.02901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, numerous pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies have been evaluated without success to limit the consequences of the ischemic cascade, but more rarely the therapies were explored as add on remedies on individuals also receiving reperfusion therapies. It is plausible that these putative neuroprotectants never reached the ischemic brain in adequate concentrations. Currently, the concept of neuroprotection incorporates cerebral perfusion as an obligatory substrate upon which ischemic brain survival depends, and it is plausible that some of the compounds tested in previous neuroprotection trials might have resulted in more favorable results if reperfusion therapies had been co-administered. Nonetheless, pharmacological or mechanical thrombectomy are frequently powerless to fully reperfuse the ischemic brain despite achieving a high rate of recanalization. This review covers in some detail the importance of the microcirculation, and the barriers that may hamper flow reperfusion at the microcirculatory level. It describes the main mechanisms leading to microcirculatory thrombosis including oxidative/nitrosative stress and refers to recent efforts to ameliorate brain perfusion in combination with the co-administration of neuroprotectants mainly aimed at harnessing oxidative/nitrosative brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Chamorro
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic and August Pi I Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Chen HS, Chen X, Li WT, Shen JG. Targeting RNS/caveolin-1/MMP signaling cascades to protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injuries: potential application for drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:669-682. [PMID: 29595191 PMCID: PMC5943912 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play important roles in mediating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. RNS activate multiple signaling pathways and participate in different cellular events in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Recent studies have indicated that caveolin-1 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) are important signaling molecules in the pathological process of ischemic brain injury. During cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, the production of nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO−), two representative RNS, down-regulates the expression of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and, in turn, further activates nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to promote RNS generation. The increased RNS further induce MMP activation and mediate disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), aggravating the brain damage in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, the feedback interaction among RNS/Cav-1/MMPs provides an amplified mechanism for aggravating ischemic brain damage during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Targeting the RNS/Cav-1/MMP pathway could be a promising therapeutic strategy for protecting against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this mini-review article, we highlight the important role of the RNS/Cav-1/MMP signaling cascades in ischemic stroke injury and review the current progress of studies seeking therapeutic compounds targeting the RNS/Cav-1/MMP signaling cascades to attenuate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Several representative natural compounds, including calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, baicalin, Momordica charantia polysaccharide (MCP), chlorogenic acid, lutein and lycopene, have shown potential for targeting the RNS/Cav-1/MMP signaling pathway to protect the brain in ischemic stroke. Therefore, the RNS/Cav-1/MMP pathway is an important therapeutic target in ischemic stroke treatment.
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11
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Chen X, Zhou B, Yan T, Wu H, Feng J, Chen H, Gao C, Peng T, Yang D, Shen J. Peroxynitrite enhances self-renewal, proliferation and neuronal differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells through activating HIF-1α and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 117:158-167. [PMID: 29427793 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic/ischemic stimulation could mediate growth and differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) into mature neurons but its underlying mechanisms are largely unclear. Peroxynitrite formation is considered as a crucial pathological process contributing to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that peroxynitrite at low concentration could function as redox signaling to promote the growth of NSCs under hypoxic/ischemic conditions. Increased NSCs proliferation was accompanied by peroxynitrite production in the rat brains with 1 h of ischemia plus 7 days of reperfusion in vivo. Cell sorting experiments revealed that endogenous peroxynitrite level affected the capacity of proliferation and self-renewal in NSCs in vitro. Hypoxia stimulated peroxynitrite production and promoted NSCs self-renewal, proliferation and neuronal differentiation whereas treatments of peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts (PDCs, FeTMPyP and FeTPPS) blocked the changes in NSCs self-renewal, proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Exogenous peroxynitrite treatment revealed similar effects to promote NSCs proliferation, self-renewal and neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, the neurogenesis-promoting effects of peroxynitrite were partly through activating HIF-1α correlated with enhanced Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In conclusion, peroxynitrite could be a cellular redox signaling for promoting NSCs proliferation, self-renewal and neuronal differentiation and peroxynitrite production could contribute to neurogenesis in ischemic/hypoxic NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmiao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong kong, China; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China
| | - Binghua Zhou
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong kong, China; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China
| | - Tingting Yan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong kong, China; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong kong, China; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China
| | - Jinghan Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong kong, China; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China
| | - Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong kong, China; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China
| | - Chong Gao
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong kong, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong kong, China; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China.
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12
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Chen H, Guan B, Chen X, Chen X, Li C, Qiu J, Yang D, Liu KJ, Qi S, Shen J. Baicalin Attenuates Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Hemorrhagic Transformation and Improves Neurological Outcome in Ischemic Stroke Rats with Delayed t-PA Treatment: Involvement of ONOO --MMP-9 Pathway. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 9:515-529. [PMID: 29275501 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) has a restrictive therapeutic window within 4.5 h after ischemic stroke with the risk of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and neurotoxicity when it is used beyond the time window. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that baicalin, an active compound of medicinal plant, could attenuate HT in cerebral ischemia stroke with delayed t-PA treatment. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 4.5 h and then continuously received t-PA infusion (10 mg/kg) for 0.5 h and followed by 19-h reperfusion. Baicalin (50, 100, 150 mg/kg) was administrated via femoral vein at 4.5 h after MCAO cerebral ischemia. Delayed t-PA infusion significantly increased the mortality rate, induced HT, blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, and apoptotic cell death in the ischemic brains and exacerbated neurological outcomes in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats at 24 h after MCAO cerebral ischemia. Co-treatment of baicalin significantly reduced the mortality rates, ameliorated the t-PA-mediated BBB disruption and HT. Furthermore, baicalin showed to directly scavenge peroxynitrite and inhibit MMP-9 expression and activity in the ischemic brains with the delayed t-PA treatment. Baicalin had no effect on the t-PA fibrinolytic function indicated by t-PA activity assay. Taken together, baicalin could attenuate t-PA-mediated HT and improve the outcomes of ischemic stroke treatment possibly via inhibiting peroxynitrite-mediated MMP-9 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Binghe Guan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Core Facility, The People's Hospital of Bao-an Shenzhen, Shenzhen Shi, China.,The 8th People's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Affiliated Bao-an Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xingmiao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Caiming Li
- Department of Neurology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinhua Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Suhua Qi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China. .,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Hong Kong SAR, China.
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13
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Wang H, Sun Q, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Luo C, Xu J, Dong Y, Wu Y, Liu H, Wang W. Nitration-mediated deficiency of cystathionine β-synthase activity accelerates the progression of hyperhomocysteinemia. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:519-529. [PMID: 29102635 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) activity is the most common cause of increased homocysteine (Hcy). However, until now the underlying mechanisms why CBS activity decreased still remain unresolved. The goal of this study was to explore the contribution of nitrative stress to deficiency of CBS activity, and further identify the possible nitration sites of CBS protein. Results showed that in elderly people, there was an increased nitrative stress level, which was relative to elevated Hcy level. In natural aging rats and diet-induced hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) rats, the levels of Hcy and nitrative stress were both elevated, and interestingly, pretreatment with peroxynitrite (ONOO-) scavenger FeTMPyP ameliorated the elevation of Hcy as well as nitrative stress. Further experiments showed the reduction of CBS bioactivity and elevation of CBS nitration in two rats models were both reversed by FeTMPyP pretreatment. In vitro, replacement of tyrosine (Tyr, Y) residue (Tyr163, Tyr223, Tyr381, Tyr518) in CBS with alanine (Ala, A) abolished the Hcy-mediated CBS inactivation. These results highlighted that deficiency of CBS activity was correlated with the nitration of CBS at Tyr163, Tyr223, Tyr381 and Tyr518, which may play a mutual role in the progression of HHcy. This discovery may shed a novel light on the pathogenesis of HHcy and provide a possible gene therapy target to HHcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyuan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chenghua Luo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yu Dong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Huirong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100069, China.
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14
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Cipolla MJ, Sweet JG, Chan SL. Effect of hypertension and peroxynitrite decomposition with FeTMPyP on CBF and stroke outcome. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:1276-1285. [PMID: 27317653 PMCID: PMC5453450 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16654158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst FeTMPyP treatment on perfusion deficit, vascular function and stroke outcome in Wistar ( n = 26) and spontaneously hypertensive rats stroke-prone (SHRSP; n = 26) that underwent tMCAO for 2 h or Sham operation. Peri-infarct CBF was measured by hydrogen clearance in the absence or presence of FeTMPyP (10 mg/kg, i.v.) or vehicle 10 min before reperfusion. Myogenic tone of parenchymal arterioles (PAs) was measured as an indication of small vessel resistance (SVR). Baseline CBF was similar between Wistar and SHRSP (114 ± 12 vs. 132 ± 9 mL/100 g/min); however, MCAO caused greater perfusion deficit in SHRSP (24 ± 6 vs. 7 ± 1 mL/100 g/min; p < 0.05) and increased infarct volume by TTC (12 ± 6 vs. 32 ± 2%; p < 0.05). Reperfusion CBF was decreased from baseline in both SHRSP and Wistar (54 ± 16 and 46 ± 19 mL/100 g/min; p < 0.05), suggesting increased infarction in SHRSP was related to greater perfusion deficit. PAs from SHRSP had increased tone vs. Wistar that was enhanced after tMCAO. FeTMPyP treatment did not affect CBF during ischemia or reperfusion, or tone of PAs, but decreased the incidence of hemorrhage in SHRSP by 50%. Thus, increased tone in PAs from SHRSP could increase perfusion deficit during MCAO that was not alleviated by FeTMPyP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn J Cipolla
- Departments of Neurological Sciences, Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, and Pharmacology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Julie G Sweet
- Departments of Neurological Sciences, Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, and Pharmacology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Siu-Lung Chan
- Departments of Neurological Sciences, Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, and Pharmacology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
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15
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Mahmood Q, Wang GF, Wu G, Wang H, Zhou CX, Yang HY, Liu ZR, Han F, Zhao K. Salvianolic acid A inhibits calpain activation and eNOS uncoupling during focal cerebral ischemia in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 25:8-14. [PMID: 28190474 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salvianolic acid A (SAA) is obtained from Chinese herb Salviae Miltiorrhizae Bunge (Labiatae), has been reported to have the protective effects against cardiovascular and neurovascular diseases. HYPOTHESIS The aim of present study was to investigate the relationship between the effectiveness of SAA against neurovascular injury and its effects on calpain activation and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling. STUDY DESIGN SAA or vehicle was given to C57BL/6 male mice for seven days before the occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCAO) for 60min. METHODS High-resolution positron emission tomography scanner (micro-PET) was used for small animal imaging to examine glucose metabolism. Rota-rod time and neurological deficit scores were calculated after 24h of reperfusion. The volume of infarction was determined by Nissl-staining. The calpain proteolytic activity and eNOS uncoupling were determined by western blot analysis. RESULTS SAA administration increased glucose metabolism and ameliorated neuronal damage after brain ischemia, paralleled with decreased neurological deficit and volume of infarction. In addition, SAA pretreatment inhibited eNOS uncoupling and calpain proteolytic activity. Furthermore, SAA inhibited peroxynitrite (ONOO-) generation and upregulates AKT, FKHR and ERK phosphorylation. CONCLUSION These findings strongly suggest that SAA elicits a neurovascular protective role through the inhibition of eNOS uncoupling and ONOO- formation. Moreover, SAA attenuates spectrin and calcineurin breakdown and therefore protects the brain against ischemic/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qaisar Mahmood
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Guang-Fa Wang
- Department of PET/CT Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Gang Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Huan Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Chang-Xin Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hong-Yu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Feng Han
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Kui Zhao
- Department of PET/CT Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Zhejiang 310003, China.
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16
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Ding R, Lin C, Wei S, Zhang N, Tang L, Lin Y, Chen Z, Xie T, Chen X, Feng Y, Wu L. Therapeutic Benefits of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in a Rat Model of Hemoglobin-Induced Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Mol Cells 2017; 40:133-142. [PMID: 28190323 PMCID: PMC5339504 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transplantation significantly improves the recovery of neurological function in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Potential repair mechanisms involve anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis and angiogenesis. However, few studies have focused on the effects of MSCs on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and subsequent peroxynitrite formation after hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH). In this study, MSCs were transplanted intracerebrally into rats 6 hours after HICH. The modified neurological severity score and the modified limb placing test were used to measure behavioral outcomes. Blood-brain barrier disruption and neuronal loss were measured by zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and neuronal nucleus (NeuN) expression, respectively. Concomitant edema formation was evaluated by H&E staining and brain water content. The effect of MSCs treatment on neuroinflammation was analyzed by immunohistochemical analysis or polymerase chain reaction of CD68, Iba1, iNOS expression and subsequent peroxynitrite formation, and by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β and TNF-α). The MSCs-treated HICH group showed better performance on behavioral scores and lower brain water content compared to controls. Moreover, the MSC injection increased NeuN and ZO-1 expression measured by immunochemistry/immunofluorescence. Furthermore, MSCs reduced not only levels of CD68, Iba1 and pro-inflammatory factors, but it also inhibited iNOS expression and peroxynitrite formation in perihematomal regions. The results suggest that intracerebral administration of MSCs accelerates neurological function recovery in HICH rats. This may result from the ability of MSCs to suppress inflammation, at least in part, by inhibiting iNOS expression and subsequent peroxynitrite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingmen No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jingmen 448000, Hubei,
China
| | - Chunnan Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming 525000, Guangdong,
China
| | - ShanShan Wei
- Department of Hematology, Jingmen No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jingmen 448000, Hubei,
China
| | - Naichong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming 525000, Guangdong,
China
| | - Liangang Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming 525000, Guangdong,
China
| | - Yumao Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming 525000, Guangdong,
China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingmen No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jingmen 448000, Hubei,
China
| | - Teng Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingmen No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jingmen 448000, Hubei,
China
| | - XiaoWei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingmen No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jingmen 448000, Hubei,
China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingmen No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jingmen 448000, Hubei,
China
| | - LiHua Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingmen No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jingmen 448000, Hubei,
China
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17
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Fujisawa A, Yamamoto Y. Edaravone, a potent free radical scavenger, reacts with peroxynitrite to produce predominantly 4-NO-edaravone. Redox Rep 2016. [PMID: 26196041 DOI: 10.1179/1351000215y.0000000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (edaravone) is used in clinical treatment of acute brain infarction to rescue the penumbra, based on its ability to prevent lipid peroxidation by scavenging lipid peroxyl radicals. Here, we show that edaravone also reacts with peroxynitrite to yield 4-NO-edaravone as the major product and 4-NO2-edaravone as a minor product. RESULTS We observed little formation of 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-4,5-dione (4-oxoedaravone) and its hydrate, 2-oxo-3-(phenylhydrazono)butanoic acid, which are the major free radical-induced oxidation products of edaravone, suggesting that free radicals are not involved in the reaction with peroxynitrite. The reaction of peroxynitrite with edaravone is approximately 30-fold greater than with uric acid, a physiological peroxynitrite scavenger (reaction rate k = 1.5 × 10 (4) M(-1) s(-1) vs. 480 M(-1) s(-1)). DISCUSSION These results suggest that edaravone functions therapeutically as a scavenger of peroxynitrite as well as lipid peroxyl radicals, which is consistent with a report that edaravone treatment reduced levels of 3-nitrotyrosine in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Fujisawa
- a School of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Tokyo University of Technology , 1404-1 Katakura-cho, Hachioji 192-0982 , Japan
| | - Yorihiro Yamamoto
- a School of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Tokyo University of Technology , 1404-1 Katakura-cho, Hachioji 192-0982 , Japan
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18
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Chen H, Guan B, Shen J. Targeting ONOO -/HMGB1/MMP-9 Signaling Cascades: Potential for Drug Development from Chinese Medicine to Attenuate Ischemic Brain Injury and Hemorrhagic Transformation Induced by Thrombolytic Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1159/000442468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Oxidative Stress in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Sources, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Targets. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:3215391. [PMID: 26843907 PMCID: PMC4710930 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3215391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with the highest mortality and morbidity despite only constituting approximately 10–15% of all strokes. Complex underlying mechanisms consisting of cytotoxic, excitotoxic, and inflammatory effects of intraparenchymal blood are responsible for its highly damaging effects. Oxidative stress (OS) also plays an important role in brain injury after ICH but attracts less attention than other factors. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that the metabolite axis of hemoglobin-heme-iron is the key contributor to oxidative brain damage after ICH, although other factors, such as neuroinflammation and prooxidases, are involved. This review will discuss the sources, possible molecular mechanisms, and potential therapeutic targets of OS in ICH.
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20
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Chen HS, Chen XM, Feng JH, Liu KJ, Qi SH, Shen JG. Peroxynitrite Decomposition Catalyst Reduces Delayed Thrombolysis-induced Hemorrhagic Transformation in Ischemia-reperfused Rat Brains. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 21:585-90. [PMID: 25996167 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a major complication of delayed tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) treatment in ischemic stroke. We aimed to explore whether peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst (PDC) could prevent such complication. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with t-PA (10 mg/kg) or t-PA plus FeTMPyP (3 mg/kg, a representative PDC) at MCAO for 2 or 5 h and reperfusion for 22 or 19 h, respectively. HT was assessed with hemoglobin assay. Neurological deficit was evaluated with Modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS). Peroxynitrite formation was examined by detecting 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) formation. The expression and activity of MMP-9/MMP-2 were assessed by Western blotting and gelatin zymography. RESULTS t-PA treatment at 2 h of MCAO did not induce HT but attenuated neurological deficit, whereas treatment at 5 h significantly induced HT and worsened the neurological outcome. Such complications were prevented by FeTMPyP cotreatment. Early t-PA treatment inhibited 3-NT and MMP-9/MMP-2 expression, whereas delayed treatment induced 3-NT and MMP-9/MMP-2 expression and activity. FeTMPyP cotreatment downregulated 3-NT and inhibited MMP-9/MMP-2 in both time points. CONCLUSION Peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst could prevent hemorrhagic transformation and improve neurological outcome ischemic rat brains with delayed t-PA treatment via inhibiting peroxynitrite-mediated MMP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xing-Miao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing-Han Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke-Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Su-Hua Qi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jian-Gang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
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21
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Ding R, Feng L, He L, Chen Y, Wen P, Fu Z, Lin C, Yang S, Deng X, Zeng J, Sun G. Peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst prevents matrix metalloproteinase-9 activation and neurovascular injury after hemoglobin injection into the caudate nucleus of rats. Neuroscience 2015; 297:182-93. [PMID: 25849612 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) is a major constituent of blood and a potent mediator of oxidative or nitrative stress after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Our previous study demonstrated that Hb could induce abundant peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) formation in vivo, which may be involved in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, however, the drug intervention is absent and also the underlying mechanism. Using an experimental stroke model by injecting Hb into the caudate nucleus of male Sprague-Dawley rats, we assessed the role of ONOO(-) decomposition catalyst, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrinato iron(III) [FeTPPS] in the activation of MMP-9 and Hb-induced neurovascular injuries. 3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NT, as an index of ONOO(-) formation) and NF-κB expression was measured by western blot (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC)/immunofluorescence (IF). Activity of MMP was evaluated by in situ zymography. Neurovascular injury was assessed using zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) by WB and IF, fibronectin (FN) and neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN) IHC. Perihematomal cell death was determined by TUNEL assay. Behavioral outcome was measured by modified neurological severity score (mNSS) test. At the injured striata, profuse 3-NT was produced and mainly expressed in neutrophils and microglia/macrophages. 3-NT formation significantly colocalized with nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) expression. In situ zymography showed that gelatinase activity was mostly co-localized with neurons and blood vessel walls and partly with neutrophils and microglia/macrophages. Enhanced 3-NT production, NF-κB induction and MMP-9 activation were obviously reduced after FeTPPS treatment. Hb-induced injury to tight junction protein (ZO-1), basal lamina of FN-immunopositive microvasculature and neural cells was evidently ameliorated by FeTPPS. In addition, apoptotic cell numbers as well as behavioral deficits were also improved. The present study shows that the administration of the ONOO(-) decomposition catalyst FeTPPS protects against Hb-induced neurovascular injuries and improves neurological function, which possibly in part by suppressing MMP-9 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ding
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - L Feng
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - L He
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Y Chen
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China.
| | - P Wen
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Z Fu
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - C Lin
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - S Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gaoqing Campus of Central Hospital of Zibo, Gaoqing People's Hospital, Gaoqing, Zibo 256300, Shandong, China
| | - X Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, 999 Brain Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510510, China
| | - J Zeng
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - G Sun
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Chen M, Li X, Zhang X, He X, Lai L, Liu Y, Zhu G, Li W, Li H, Fang Q, Wang Z, Duan C. The inhibitory effect of mesenchymal stem cell on blood-brain barrier disruption following intracerebral hemorrhage in rats: contribution of TSG-6. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:61. [PMID: 25890011 PMCID: PMC4392640 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are well known having beneficial effects on intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in previous studies. The therapeutic mechanisms are mainly to investigate proliferation, differentiation, and immunomodulation. However, few studies have used MSCs to treat blood–brain barrier (BBB) leakage after ICH. The influence of MSCs on the BBB and its related mechanisms were investigated when MSCs were transplanted into rat ICH model in this study. Methods Adult male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group, PBS-treated (ICH + PBS) group, and MSC-treated (ICH + MSC) group. ICH was induced by injection of IV collagenase into the rats’ brains. MSCs were transplanted intravenously into the rats 2 h after ICH induction in MSC-treated group. The following factors were compared: inflammation, apoptosis, behavioral changes, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), peroxynitrite (ONOO−), endothelial integrity, brain edema content, BBB leakage, TNF-α stimulated gene/protein 6 (TSG-6), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Results In the ICH + MSC group, MSCs decreased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and apoptosis, downregulated the density of microglia/macrophages and neutrophil infiltration at the ICH site, reduced the levels of iNOS and MMP-9, attenuated ONOO− formation, and increased the levels of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-5. MSCs also improved the degree of brain edema and BBB leakage. The protective effect of MSCs on the BBB in ICH rats was possibly invoked by increased expression of TSG-6, which may have suppressed activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. The levels of iNOS and ONOO−, which played an important role in BBB disruption, decreased due to the inhibitory effects of TSG-6 on the NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that intravenous transplantation of MSCs decreased the levels of ONOO− and degree of BBB leakage and improved neurological recovery in a rat ICH model. This strategy may provide a new insight for future therapies that aim to prevent breakdown of the BBB in patients with ICH and eventually offer therapeutic options for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
| | - Xifeng Li
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
| | - Xuying He
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
| | - Lingfeng Lai
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
| | - Yanchao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan and Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat Sen University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, China.
| | - Guohui Zhu
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
| | - Wei Li
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
| | - Hui Li
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
| | - Qinrui Fang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
| | - Zequn Wang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
| | - Chuanzhi Duan
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
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Jin X, Wang F, Liu X, Liang B, Chen Z, He J, Zhang H, Zhang J. Negative Correlation of CD34+Cells with Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability following Traumatic Brain Injury in a Rat Model. Microcirculation 2014; 21:696-702. [PMID: 24894113 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelong Jin
- Department of Physiology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Physiology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Xingju Liu
- Department of Physiology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Bin Liang
- Department of Physiology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Zequn Chen
- Department of Physiology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Junfeng He
- Liuyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; the Affiliated Hospital to Hunan University of Chinese Medicine; Liuyang China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Radiology; Tianjin Chest Hospital; Tianjin China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery; Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin China
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Role of matrix metalloproteinase activity in the neurovascular protective effects of Angiotensin antagonism. Stroke Res Treat 2014; 2014:560491. [PMID: 25147751 PMCID: PMC4134816 DOI: 10.1155/2014/560491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose. Oxidative stress and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity have been identified as key mediators of early vascular damage after ischemic stroke. Somewhat surprisingly, the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) blocker, candesartan, has been shown to acutely increase MMP activity while providing neurovascular protection. We aimed to determine the contribution of MMP and nitrative stress to the effects of angiotensin blockade in experimental stroke. Methods. Wistar rats (n = 9–14/group; a total of 99) were treated in a factorial design with candesartan 1 mg/kg IV, alone or in combination with either a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst, FeTPPs, 30 mg/kg IP or GM6001 50 mg/kg IP (MMP inhibitor). Neurological deficit, infarct, size and hemorrhagic transformation (HT) were measured after 3 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 21 h of reperfusion. MMP activity and nitrotyrosine expression were also measured. Results. Candesartan reduced infarct size and HT when administered alone (P = 0.0011) and in combination with FeTPPs (P = 0.0016). GM6001 did not significantly affect HT when administered alone, but the combination with candesartan caused increased HT (P < 0.0001) and worsened neurologic score (P = 0.028). Conclusions. Acute administration of candesartan reduces injury after stroke despite increasing MMP activity, likely by an antioxidant mechanism.
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O'Sullivan S, Medina C, Ledwidge M, Radomski MW, Gilmer JF. Nitric oxide-matrix metaloproteinase-9 interactions: biological and pharmacological significance--NO and MMP-9 interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:603-17. [PMID: 24333402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) levels are found to increase in inflammation states and in cancer, and their levels may be reciprocally modulated. Understanding interactions between NO and MMP-9 is of biological and pharmacological relevance and may prove crucial in designing new therapeutics. The reciprocal interaction between NO and MMP-9 have been studied for nearly twenty years but to our knowledge, are yet to be the subject of a review. This review provides a summary of published data regarding the complex and sometimes contradictory effects of NO on MMP-9. We also analyse molecular mechanisms modulating and mediating NO-MMP-9 interactions. Finally, a potential therapeutic relevance of these interactions is presented.
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Sheng H, Chaparro RE, Sasaki T, Izutsu M, Pearlstein RD, Tovmasyan A, Warner DS. Metalloporphyrins as therapeutic catalytic oxidoreductants in central nervous system disorders. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2437-64. [PMID: 23706004 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Metalloporphyrins, characterized by a redox-active transitional metal (Mn or Fe) coordinated to a cyclic porphyrin core ligand, mitigate oxidative/nitrosative stress in biological systems. Side-chain substitutions tune redox properties of metalloporphyrins to act as potent superoxide dismutase mimics, peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts, and redox regulators of transcription factor function. With oxidative/nitrosative stress central to pathogenesis of CNS injury, metalloporphyrins offer unique pharmacologic activity to improve the course of disease. RECENT ADVANCES Metalloporphyrins are efficacious in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, neuropathic pain, opioid tolerance, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, and stroke and have proved to be useful tools in defining roles of superoxide, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite in disease progression. The most substantive recent advance has been the synthesis of lipophilic metalloporphyrins offering improved blood-brain barrier penetration to allow intravenous, subcutaneous, or oral treatment. CRITICAL ISSUES Insufficient preclinical data have accumulated to enable clinical development of metalloporphyrins for any single indication. An improved definition of mechanisms of action will facilitate preclinical modeling to define and validate optimal dosing strategies to enable appropriate clinical trial design. Due to previous failures of "antioxidants" in clinical trials, with most having markedly less biologic activity and bioavailability than current-generation metalloporphyrins, a stigma against antioxidants has discouraged the development of metalloporphyrins as CNS therapeutics, despite the consistent definition of efficacy in a wide array of CNS disorders. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further definition of the metalloporphyrin mechanism of action, side-by-side comparison with "failed" antioxidants, and intense effort to optimize therapeutic dosing strategies are required to inform and encourage clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Sheng
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center (DUMC) , Durham, North Carolina
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27
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Batinic-Haberle I, Tovmasyan A, Roberts ERH, Vujaskovic Z, Leong KW, Spasojevic I. SOD therapeutics: latest insights into their structure-activity relationships and impact on the cellular redox-based signaling pathways. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2372-415. [PMID: 23875805 PMCID: PMC4005498 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes are indispensable and ubiquitous antioxidant defenses maintaining the steady-state levels of O2·(-); no wonder, thus, that their mimics are remarkably efficacious in essentially any animal model of oxidative stress injuries thus far explored. RECENT ADVANCES Structure-activity relationship (half-wave reduction potential [E1/2] versus log kcat), originally reported for Mn porphyrins (MnPs), is valid for any other class of SOD mimics, as it is dominated by the superoxide reduction and oxidation potential. The biocompatible E1/2 of ∼+300 mV versus normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) allows powerful SOD mimics as mild oxidants and antioxidants (alike O2·(-)) to readily traffic electrons among reactive species and signaling proteins, serving as fine mediators of redox-based signaling pathways. Based on similar thermodynamics, both SOD enzymes and their mimics undergo similar reactions, however, due to vastly different sterics, with different rate constants. CRITICAL ISSUES Although log kcat(O2·(-)) is a good measure of therapeutic potential of SOD mimics, discussions of their in vivo mechanisms of actions remain mostly of speculative character. Most recently, the therapeutic and mechanistic relevance of oxidation of ascorbate and glutathionylation and oxidation of protein thiols by MnP-based SOD mimics and subsequent inactivation of nuclear factor κB has been substantiated in rescuing normal and killing cancer cells. Interaction of MnPs with thiols seems to be, at least in part, involved in up-regulation of endogenous antioxidative defenses, leading to the healing of diseased cells. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Mechanistic explorations of single and combined therapeutic strategies, along with studies of bioavailability and translational aspects, will comprise future work in optimizing redox-active drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Artak Tovmasyan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Emily R. H. Roberts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Zeljko Vujaskovic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Kingdom
| | - Ivan Spasojevic
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina
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Ding R, Chen Y, Yang S, Deng X, Fu Z, Feng L, Cai Y, Du M, Zhou Y, Tang Y. Blood-brain barrier disruption induced by hemoglobin in vivo: Involvement of up-regulation of nitric oxide synthase and peroxynitrite formation. Brain Res 2014; 1571:25-38. [PMID: 24814387 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that up-regulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and subsequent peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) formation exert a devastating effect on the damage of BBB in multiple diseases. However, considerably less attention has been focused on the role of NOS/ONOO(-) in BBB disruption after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Using an experimental stroke model by injecting hemoglobin (Hb) into the caudate nucleus of male Sprague Dawley rats, we explored the role of NOS/ONOO(-) in BBB disruption after ICH. Brain edema content, behavioral changes, alterations of TJ proteins (claudin-5 and ZO-1), expression of neuronal NOS (nNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS), formation of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), as well as NO production were investigated. Hb in the rat brain led to a significant brain edema production and neurological deficits. Overexpressed NOS was concomitant with large quantities of 3-NT formation. Moreover, sites of enhanced nNOS, iNOS, eNOS and 3-NT immunoreactivity were colocalized with diminished or discontinuous ZO-1 and/or claudin-5 staining as evidenced by Western blot and immunofluorescence, indicating the involvement of NOS and ONOO(-) in the BBB disruption. Meaningfully, levels of 3-NT in serum, which had a similar tendency with that of in brain tissues (r=0.934, P<0.001), had a marked correlation with brain edema content (r=0.782, P<0.001) and neurological deficits (r=0.851, P<0.001). We concluded that ONOO(-) formation by the upregulation of NOS may play a central role in promoting the BBB damage following ICH. Moreover, ONOO(-) may be a promising biomarker for the judgment or prediction of brain injury and clinical prognosis after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ding
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China.
| | - Yizhao Chen
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China.
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery,Gaoqing Campus of Central Hospital of Zibo, Gaoqing People׳s Hospital, Gaoqing, Zibo 256300, Shandong, China
| | - Xinqing Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, 999 Brain Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510510, China
| | - Zhenghao Fu
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Liang Feng
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yingqian Cai
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Mouxuan Du
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yuxi Zhou
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yanping Tang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
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Jiang Z, Li C, Arrick DM, Yang S, Baluna AE, Sun H. Role of nitric oxide synthases in early blood-brain barrier disruption following transient focal cerebral ischemia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93134. [PMID: 24671193 PMCID: PMC3966853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) in early blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption was determined using a new mouse model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. Ischemia was induced by ligating the middle cerebral artery (MCA) at its M2 segment and reperfusion was induced by releasing the ligation. The diameter alteration of the MCA, arterial anastomoses and collateral arteries were imaged and measured in real time. BBB disruption was assessed by Evans Blue (EB) and sodium fluorescein (Na-F) extravasation at 3 hours of reperfusion. The reperfusion produced an extensive vasodilation and a sustained hyperemia. Although expression of NOSs was not altered at 3 hours of reperfusion, L-NAME (a non-specific NOS inhibitor) abolished reperfusion-induced vasodilation/hyperemia and significantly reduced EB and Na-F extravasation. L-NIO (an endothelial NOS (eNOS) inhibitor) significantly attenuated cerebral vasodilation but not BBB disruption, whereas L-NPA and 7-NI (neuronal NOS (nNOS) inhibitors) significantly reduced BBB disruption but not cerebral vasodilation. In contrast, aminoguanidine (AG) (an inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor) had less effect on either cerebral vasodilation or BBB disruption. On the other hand, papaverine (PV) not only increased the vasodilation/hyperemia but also significantly reduced BBB disruption. Combined treatment with L-NAME and PV preserved the vasodilation/hyperemia and significantly reduced BBB disruption. Our findings suggest that nNOS may play a major role in early BBB disruption following transient focal cerebral ischemia via a hyperemia-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jiang
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Denise M Arrick
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Alexandra E Baluna
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
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30
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Gu Y, Chen J, Shen J. Herbal medicines for ischemic stroke: combating inflammation as therapeutic targets. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:313-39. [PMID: 24562591 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a debilitating disease for which limited therapeutic approaches are available currently. Thus, there is an urgent need for developing novel therapies for stroke. Astrocytes, endothelial cells and pericytes constitute a neurovascular network for metabolic requirement of neurons. During ischemic stroke, these cells contribute to post-ischemic inflammation at multiple stages of ischemic cascades. Upon ischemia onset, activated resident microglia and astrocytes, and infiltrated immune cells release multiple inflammation factors including cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, free radicals and other small molecules, not only inducing brain damage but affecting brain repair. Recent progress indicates that anti-inflammation is an important therapeutic strategy for stroke. Given a long history with direct experience in the treatment of human subjects, Traditional Chinese Medicine and its related natural compounds are recognized as important sources for drug discovery. Last decade, a great progress has been made to identify active compounds from herbal medicines with the properties of modulating post-ischemic inflammation for neuroprotection. Herein, we discuss the inflammatory pathway in early stage and secondary response to injured tissues after stroke from initial artery occlusion to brain repair, and review the active ingredients from natural products with anti-inflammation and neuroprotection effects as therapeutic agents for ischemic stroke. Further studies on the post-ischemic inflammatory mechanisms and corresponding drug candidates from herbal medicine may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies in stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gu
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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31
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Jin X, Chen Z, Liu X, Liang B, Zhang H, Zhang Z. The expression of endothelial barrier antigen (EBA) and S100B in the rat parietal cortex following brain irradiation. Brain Res 2014; 1558:84-9. [PMID: 24569094 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To visualize the dynamic expression of endothelial barrier antigen (EBA) and S100B in the rat parietal cortex at the acute phase of radiation-induced brain injury using computed tomography (CT). METHODS A rat model of brain injury was established by CT scanning. The expression of EBA and S100B in the parietal cortex was analyzed at different time points by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blotting. RESULTS Significantly increased EBA expression was detected in the animals in the control group compared with the animals receiving CT radiation, which exhibited significantly reduced EBA levels within the vessel walls (F=33.29, p<0.05), particularly at day 3 after radiation. Both immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis indicated that the positive expression levels of S100B among radiation groups were increased compared with the control group (IHC, F=28.05, p<0.05; WB, F=175.3, p<0.05). The expression of S100B peaked at day 3 (IHC, 102718±8710; WB, 2320±0.129), and subsequently decreased. CONCLUSION CT radiation can induce altered EBA and S100B protein expression. Decreased EBA expression levels indicated that the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was affected by radiation. The destruction of the BBB and the expression of S100B might play important roles in the incidence and repair of the early radiation-induced brain injury, and radiation represents a cause of mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelong Jin
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Zequn Chen
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xingju Liu
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Bin Liang
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Pelz J, Härtig W, Weise C, Hobohm C, Schneider D, Krueger M, Kacza J, Michalski D. Endothelial barrier antigen-immunoreactivity is conversely associated with blood-brain barrier dysfunction after embolic stroke in rats. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e38. [PMID: 24441191 PMCID: PMC3896040 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While the concept of the Neurovascular Unit (NVU) is increasingly recognized for exploring mechanisms of tissue damage in ischemic stroke, immunohistochemical analyses are of interest to specifically visualize constituents like the endothelium. Changes in immunoreactivity have also been discussed to reflect functional aspects, e.g., the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This study aimed to characterize the endothelial barrier antigen (EBA) as addressed by the antibody SMI-71 in a rat model of embolic stroke, considering FITC-albumin as BBB leakage marker and serum levels of BBB-associated matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to explore its functional significance. Five and 25 h after ischemia onset, regions with decreased BBB integrity exhibited a reduction in number and area of EBA-immunopositive vessels, while the stained area per vessel was not affected. Surprisingly, EBA content of remaining vessels tended to be increased in areas of BBB dysfunction. Analyses addressing this interrelation resulted in a significant and inverse correlation between the vessels' EBA content and degree of BBB permeability. In conclusion, these data provide evidence for a functional relationship between EBA-immunoreactivity and BBB dysfunction in experimental ischemic stroke. Further studies are required to explore the underlying mechanisms of altered EBA-immunoreactivity, which might help to identify novel neuroprotective strategies.
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Chen XM, Chen HS, Xu MJ, Shen JG. Targeting reactive nitrogen species: a promising therapeutic strategy for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:67-77. [PMID: 22842734 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke accounts for nearly 80% of stroke cases. Recanalization with thrombolysis is a currently crucial therapeutic strategy for re-building blood supply, but the thrombolytic therapy often companies with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, which are mediated by free radicals. As an important component of free radicals, reactive nitrogen species (RNS), including nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), play important roles in the process of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ischemia-reperfusion results in the production of nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) in ischemic brain, which trigger numerous molecular cascades and lead to disruption of the blood brain barrier and exacerbate brain damage. There are few therapeutic strategies available for saving ischemic brains and preventing the subsequent brain damage. Recent evidence suggests that RNS could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Herein, we reviewed the recent progress regarding the roles of RNS in the process of cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury and discussed the potentials of drug development that target NO and ONOO(-) to treat ischemic stroke. We conclude that modulation for RNS level could be an important therapeutic strategy for preventing cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Tovmasyan A, Sheng H, Weitner T, Arulpragasam A, Lu M, Warner DS, Vujaskovic Z, Spasojevic I, Batinic-Haberle I. Design, mechanism of action, bioavailability and therapeutic effects of mn porphyrin-based redox modulators. Med Princ Pract 2012; 22:103-30. [PMID: 23075911 PMCID: PMC3640855 DOI: 10.1159/000341715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on aqueous redox chemistry and simple in vivo models of oxidative stress, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the cationic Mn(III) N-substituted pyridylporphyrins (MnPs) have been identified as the most potent cellular redox modulators within the porphyrin class of drugs; their efficacy in animal models of diseases that have oxidative stress in common is based on their high ability to catalytically remove superoxide, peroxynitrite, carbonate anion radical, hypochlorite, nitric oxide, lipid peroxyl and alkoxyl radicals, thus suppressing the primary oxidative event. While doing so MnPs could couple with cellular reductants and redox-active proteins. Reactive species are widely accepted as regulators of cellular transcriptional activity: minute, nanomolar levels are essential for normal cell function, while submicromolar or micromolar levels impose oxidative stress, which is evidenced in increased inflammatory and immune responses. By removing reactive species, MnPs affect redox-based cellular transcriptional activity and consequently secondary oxidative stress, and in turn inflammatory processes. The equal ability to reduce and oxidize superoxide during the dismutation process and recently accumulated results suggest that pro-oxidative actions of MnPs may also contribute to their therapeutic effects. All our data identify the superoxide dismutase-like activity, estimated by log k(cat)O2-*), as a good measure for the therapeutic efficacy of MnPs. Their accumulation in mitochondria and their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier contribute to their remarkable efficacy. We summarize herein the therapeutic effects of MnPs in cancer, central nervous system injuries, diabetes, their radioprotective action and potential for imaging. Few of the most potent modulators of cellular redox-based pathways, MnTE2-PyP5+, MnTDE-2-ImP5+, MnTnHex-2-PyP5+ and MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+, are under preclinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artak Tovmasyan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, N.C., USA
| | - Huaxin Sheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center,
Durham, N.C., USA
- Department of Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories,
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., USA
| | - Tin Weitner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, N.C., USA
| | - Amanda Arulpragasam
- Department of Duke University Neuroscience Undergraduate
Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., USA
| | - Miaomiao Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center,
Durham, N.C., USA
- Department of Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories,
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., USA
- Department of Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated
Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - David S. Warner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center,
Durham, N.C., USA
- Department of Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories,
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., USA
| | - Zeljko Vujaskovic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, N.C., USA
| | - Ivan Spasojevic
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham,
N.C., USA
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, N.C., USA
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Palomares SM, Gardner-Morse I, Sweet JG, Cipolla MJ. Peroxynitrite decomposition with FeTMPyP improves plasma-induced vascular dysfunction and infarction during mild but not severe hyperglycemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:1035-45. [PMID: 22373645 PMCID: PMC3367219 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated mechanisms by which circulating factors during hyperglycemic (HG) stroke affect cerebrovascular function and the role of peroxynitrite in stroke outcome. Middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) were isolated from male Wistar rats and perfused with plasma from rats that were hyperglycemic for 5 to 6 days by streptozotocin and underwent either MCA occlusion (HG MCAO) or Sham surgery (HG Sham) compared with MCA perfused with physiologic saline (No plasma). Myogenic responses and endothelial function were compared in untreated MCA (n=8/group) or with inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (apocynin; n=8), peroxynitrite (FeTMPyP; n=8) or endothelin-1 (ET-1)(A) (BQ-123; n=8). Finally, animals were treated in vivo before reperfusion after mild (<68% cerebral blood flow (CBF) decrease) or severe (>68% CBF decrease) MCAO with FeTMPyP (n=12) or vehicle (n=12) and CBF and infarction measured. The HG MCAO plasma increased tone in MCA versus No plasma (P<0.05) that was reversed by FeTMPyP, but not by apocynin or BQ-123. The HG Sham plasma also increased tone in MCA (P<0.05) that was reversed by BQ-123 only. In vivo, FeTMPyP was neuroprotective during mild, but not severe ischemia. These results show that circulating factors in plasma can affect cerebrovascular function through peroxynitrite generation and ET-1. In addition, peroxynitrite decomposition improves stroke outcome acutely during mild, but not severe HG ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Morales Palomares
- Departments of Neurology, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, and Pharmacology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
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Suofu Y, Clark JF, Broderick JP, Kurosawa Y, Wagner KR, Lu A. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 or -9 deletions protect against hemorrhagic transformation during early stage of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Neuroscience 2012; 212:180-9. [PMID: 22521821 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
MMP-9 deficiency protected against photochemical thrombosis-induced brain hemorrhagic transformation (HT), but it did not protect against tissue plasminogen activator-induced brain hemorrhage. The roles of MMP-2 and/or MMP-9 knockout (KO) in mechanical reperfusion induced HT after ischemia have not been investigated. Here we assessed the effects of MMP-2 KO, MMP-9 KO and MMP-2/9 double KO (dKO) in protecting against mechanical reperfusion induced HT and other brain injuries after the early stages of cerebral ischemia in mice of the same genetic background. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed in mice. Reperfusion was started at 1 or 1.5h after onset of MCAO. All mice were sacrificed 8h after MCAO. We found that both pro- and active MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels were significantly elevated in the early ischemic brain. After the early stages of ischemia and reperfusion, the hemorrhagic incidence was reduced in the cortex of MMP-2 KO mice (p<0.05 vs. WT). The hemorrhagic volume was significantly decreased in the cortexes of MMP-2 and/or -9 knockout mice (MMP-9 KO vs. WT: p<0.01, MMP-2 KO and dKO vs. WT: p<0.001). In the basal ganglia, MMP-2 KO and MMP-2/9 dKO mice displayed a remarkable decrease in hemorrhagic volume (p<0.01 or 0.05 vs. WT), but MMP-9 KOs did not protect against hemorrhage. MMP-2 and/or -9 knockout mice displayed significantly decreased infarction volume in both the cortex and striatum, in addition to improved neurological function (p<0.001 vs. WT). The results suggested that MMP-2 deficiency and MMP-2 and MMP-9 double deficiency were more protective than MMP-9 deficiency against HT after the early stages of ischemia and reperfusion. These studies increase our understanding of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in HT development and will help to selectively target MMPs to protect the post-ischemic brain from injury and HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Suofu
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0532, USA
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