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Hu B, Wang R, Zhang H, Wang X, Zhou S, Ma B, Luan Y, Wang X, Chen X, Zhang Z, Kang Q. Postnatal development of rat retina: a continuous observation and comparison between the organotypic retinal explant model and in vivo development. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:900-912. [PMID: 38886961 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202503000-00033/figure1/v/2024-06-17T092413Z/r/image-tiff The organotypic retinal explant culture has been established for more than a decade and offers a range of unique advantages compared with in vivo experiments and cell cultures. However, the lack of systematic and continuous comparison between in vivo retinal development and the organotypic retinal explant culture makes this model controversial in postnatal retinal development studies. Thus, we aimed to verify the feasibility of using this model for postnatal retinal development studies by comparing it with the in vivo retina. In this study, we showed that postnatal retinal explants undergo normal development, and exhibit a consistent structure and timeline with retinas in vivo. Initially, we used SOX2 and PAX6 immunostaining to identify retinal progenitor cells. We then examined cell proliferation and migration by immunostaining with Ki-67 and doublecortin, respectively. Ki-67- and doublecortin-positive cells decreased in both in vivo and explants during postnatal retinogenesis, and exhibited a high degree of similarity in abundance and distribution between groups. Additionally, we used Ceh-10 homeodomain-containing homolog, glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase), neuronal nuclei, and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 immunostaining to examine the emergence of bipolar cells, Müller glia, mature neurons, and microglia, respectively. The timing and spatial patterns of the emergence of these cell types were remarkably consistent between in vivo and explant retinas. Our study showed that the organotypic retinal explant culture model had a high degree of consistency with the progression of in vivo early postnatal retina development. The findings confirm the accuracy and credibility of this model and support its use for long-term, systematic, and continuous observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqi Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hanyue Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiou Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Sijia Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bo Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yan Luan
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qianyan Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Yang YC, Chien Y, Yarmishyn AA, Lim LY, Tsai HY, Kuo WC, Tsai PH, Yang SH, Hong SI, Chen SJ, Hwang DK, Yang YP, Chiou SH. Inhibition of oxidative stress-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in retinal pigment epithelial cells of age-related macular degeneration model by suppressing ERK activation. J Adv Res 2024; 60:141-157. [PMID: 37328058 PMCID: PMC11156608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is related to the pathogenesis of various retinopathies including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Oxidative stress is the major factor that induces degeneration of RPE cells associated with the etiology of AMD. OBJECTIVES Sodium iodate (NaIO3) generates intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is widely used to establish a model of AMD due to the selective induction of retinal degeneration. This study was performed to clarify the effects of multiple NaIO3-stimulated signaling pathways on EMT in RPE cells. METHODS The EMT characteristics in NaIO3-treated human ARPE-19 cells and RPE cells of the mouse eyes were analyzed. Multiple oxidative stress-induced modulators were investigated and the effects of pre-treatment with Ca2+ chelator, extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) inhibitor, or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor on NaIO3-induced EMT were determined. The efficacy of post-treatment with ERK inhibitor on the regulation of NaIO3-induced signaling pathways was dissected and its role in retinal thickness and morphology was evaluated by using histological cross-sections and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. RESULTS We found that NaIO3 induced EMT in ARPE-19 cells and in RPE cells of the mouse eyes. The intracellular ROS, Ca2+, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker, phospho-ERK, and phospho-EGFR were increased in NaIO3-stimulated cells. Our results showed that pre-treatment with Ca2+ chelator, ERK inhibitor, or EGFR inhibitor decreased NaIO3-induced EMT, interestingly, the inhibition of ERK displayed the most prominent effect. Furthermore, post-treatment with FR180204, a specific ERK inhibitor, reduced intracellular ROS and Ca2+ levels, downregulated phospho-EGFR and ER stress marker, attenuated EMT of RPE cells, and prevented structural disorder of the retina induced by NaIO3. CONCLUSIONS ERK is a crucial regulator of multiple NaIO3-induced signaling pathways that coordinate EMT program in RPE cells. Inhibition of ERK may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chi Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Yueh Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Aliaksandr A Yarmishyn
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Yieng Lim
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yu Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Kuo
- Institute of Biophotonics, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hsing Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsien Yang
- Institute of Biophotonics, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Shao-I Hong
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Chen
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
| | - De-Kuang Hwang
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115024, Taiwan.
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Völkner M, Wagner F, Kurth T, Sykes AM, Del Toro Runzer C, Ebner LJA, Kavak C, Alexaki VI, Cimalla P, Mehner M, Koch E, Karl MO. Modeling inducible neuropathologies of the retina with differential phenotypes in organoids. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1106287. [PMID: 37213216 PMCID: PMC10196395 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1106287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases remain incompletely understood and therapies are needed. Stem cell-derived organoid models facilitate fundamental and translational medicine research. However, to which extent differential neuronal and glial pathologic processes can be reproduced in current systems is still unclear. Here, we tested 16 different chemical, physical, and cell functional manipulations in mouse retina organoids to further explore this. Some of the treatments induce differential phenotypes, indicating that organoids are competent to reproduce distinct pathologic processes. Notably, mouse retina organoids even reproduce a complex pathology phenotype with combined photoreceptor neurodegeneration and glial pathologies upon combined (not single) application of HBEGF and TNF, two factors previously associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacological inhibitors for MAPK signaling completely prevent photoreceptor and glial pathologies, while inhibitors for Rho/ROCK, NFkB, and CDK4 differentially affect them. In conclusion, mouse retina organoids facilitate reproduction of distinct and complex pathologies, mechanistic access, insights for further organoid optimization, and modeling of differential phenotypes for future applications in fundamental and translational medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Völkner
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Wagner
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurth
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technology Platform Core Facility Electron Microscopy and Histology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alex M. Sykes
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Lynn J. A. Ebner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany
| | - Cagri Kavak
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany
| | - Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Cimalla
- Technische Universität Dresden, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirko Mehner
- Technische Universität Dresden, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Dresden, Germany
| | - Edmund Koch
- Technische Universität Dresden, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mike O. Karl
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mike O. Karl, ,
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Zhuang X, Ma J, Xu S, Zhang M, Xu G, Sun Z. All-Trans Retinoic Acid Attenuates Blue Light-Induced Apoptosis of Retinal Photoreceptors by Upregulating MKP-1 Expression. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4157-4168. [PMID: 33950345 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the antiapoptotic effects of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) on retinal degeneration caused by exposure to blue light. Sprague-Dawley rats received intraperitoneal injections of RA and, if necessary, the mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphotase-1(MKP-1) inhibitor, (E)-2-benzylidene-3-(cyclohexylamino)-2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one (BCI), or the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) antagonist, AGN 193109. Retinal damage was induced by 24 h of continuous exposure to blue light. Haematoxylin and eosin staining and electroretinography were performed to measure retinal thickness and retinal function before and at 3 days and 7 days after light exposure. The retinal protein expression levels of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB, MKP-1, Bim, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 were also measured. Terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining and immunofluorescent staining of cleaved caspase-3 were also performed to evaluate photoreceptor apoptosis. The administration of RA significantly mitigated retinal dysfunction and the decrease in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness at 3 days and 7 days after light exposure. RA also reduced the percentage of TUNEL-positive nuclei in the ONL and cleaved caspase-3 immunofluorescence intensity at 3 days after light exposure. Light exposure increased the retinal expression of proapoptotic proteins (Bim, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3), which was attenuated by RA. Moreover, RA enhanced the expression of MKP-1 and inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK, which were attenuated by the inhibition of RAR. The inhibitory effects of RA on blue light-induced photoreceptor apoptosis were abrogated by the MKP-1inhibitor. Our results indicate that RA alleviates photoreceptor loss following blue light exposure, at least partly, by the MKP-1/JNK pathway, which may serve as a therapeutic target for relieving retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sisi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gezhi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongcui Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Öhman T, Gawriyski L, Miettinen S, Varjosalo M, Loukovaara S. Molecular pathogenesis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:966. [PMID: 33441730 PMCID: PMC7806834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80005-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is an ophthalmic emergency, which usually requires prompt surgery to prevent further detachment and restore sensory function. Although several individual factors have been suggested, a systems level understanding of molecular pathomechanisms underlying this severe eye disorder is lacking. To address this gap in knowledge we performed the molecular level systems pathology analysis of the vitreous from 127 patients with RRD using state-of-the art quantitative mass spectrometry to identify the individual key proteins, as well as the biochemical pathways contributing to the development of the disease. RRD patients have specific vitreous proteome profiles compared to other diseases such as macular hole, pucker, or proliferative diabetic retinopathy eyes. Our data indicate that various mechanisms, including glycolysis, photoreceptor death, and Wnt and MAPK signaling, are activated during or after the RRD to promote retinal cell survival. In addition, platelet-mediated wound healing processes, cell adhesion molecules reorganization and apoptotic processes were detected during RRD progression or proliferative vitreoretinopathy formation. These findings improve the understanding of RRD pathogenesis, identify novel targets for treatment of this ophthalmic disease, and possibly affect the prognosis of eyes treated or operated upon due to RRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Öhman
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lisa Gawriyski
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sini Miettinen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sirpa Loukovaara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Unit of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4 C, 00290, Helsinki, Finland. .,Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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A Novel Botanical Combination Attenuates Light-Induced Retinal Damage through Antioxidant and Prosurvival Mechanisms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7676818. [PMID: 32256961 PMCID: PMC7097764 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7676818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of light-induced eye fatigue is increasing globally. Efficient regimen for mitigating light-induced retinal damage is becoming a compelling need for modern society. We investigated the effects of a novel combination of lutein ester, zeaxanthin, chrysanthemum, goji berry, and black currant extracts against retinal damage. In the current work, both in vitro and in vivo light-induced retinal damage models were employed. Animal study showed that under strong light exposure (15000 lx for 2 hours), the a-wave and b-wave from electroretinogram were significantly decreased. Treatment with the combination significantly restored the decrease for b-wave under high- and low-stimulus intensity. Histological analysis reported a substantial decrease in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness in the model group, while the supplementation with the combination significantly improved the ONL thickness. To further explore the underlying mechanism of the protective effects, we utilized ARPE-19 retinal pigment epithelial cell line and found that strong light stimulation (2900 lx for 30 minutes) significantly increased phosphorylation of p38 and JNK and decreased HIF expression. Intriguingly, chrysanthemum, black currant extracts, lutein ester, and zeaxanthin significantly decreased the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK, while chrysanthemum, goji berry, black currant extracts, and lutein ester restored HIF expression. The botanical combination can alleviate light-induced retina damage, potentially through antioxidant and prosurvival mechanisms.
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Matteucci A, Ricceri L, Fabbri A, Fortuna A, Travaglione S, Guidotti M, Martinelli A, Villa M, Pricci F, Maroccia Z, Campana G, Malchiodi-Albedi F, Fiorentini C, Loizzo S. Eye Drop Instillation of the Rac1 Modulator CNF1 Attenuates Retinal Gliosis and Ameliorates Visual Performance in a Rat Model of Hypertensive Retinopathy. Neuroscience 2019; 411:119-129. [PMID: 31128161 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In hypertensive retinopathy, the retinal damage due to high blood pressure is accompanied by increased expression of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), which indicates a role of neuroinflammatory processes in such a retinopathy. Proteins belonging to the Rho GTPase family, particularly Rac1, are involved in the activation of Müller glia and in the progression of photoreceptor degeneration, and may thus represent a novel candidate for therapeutic intervention following central nervous system inflammation. In this paper, we have observed that topical administration as eye drops of Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor 1 (CNF1), a Rho GTPase modulator, surprisingly improves electrophysiological and behavioral visual performances in aged spontaneously hypertensive rats. Furthermore, such functional improvement is accompanied by a reduction of Rac1 activity and retinal GFAP expression. Our results suggest that Rac1 inhibition through CNF1 topical administration may represent a new strategy to target retinal gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Matteucci
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Ricceri
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Fabbri
- Italian Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fortuna
- Italian Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Travaglione
- Italian Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Guidotti
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Martinelli
- National Centre for Animal Research and Welfare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marika Villa
- Department of Cardiovascular, Dysmetabolic and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Ageing, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Pricci
- Department of Cardiovascular, Dysmetabolic and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Ageing, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Zaira Maroccia
- Italian Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Campana
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni, 33, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fiorella Malchiodi-Albedi
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Fiorentini
- Italian Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy; Association for Research on Integrative Oncology Therapies (ARTOI), Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Loizzo
- Italian Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Pérez de Lara MJ, Avilés-Trigueros M, Guzmán-Aránguez A, Valiente-Soriano FJ, de la Villa P, Vidal-Sanz M, Pintor J. Potential role of P2X7 receptor in neurodegenerative processes in a murine model of glaucoma. Brain Res Bull 2019; 150:61-74. [PMID: 31102752 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common cause of visual impairment and blindness, characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. The mechanisms that trigger the development of glaucoma remain unknown and have gained significant relevance in the study of this neurodegenerative disease. P2X7 purinergic receptors (P2X7R) could be involved in the regulation of the synaptic transmission and neuronal death in the retina through different pathways. The aim of this study was to characterize the molecular signals underlying glaucomatous retinal injury. The time-course of functional, morphological, and molecular changes in the glaucomatous retina of the DBA/2J mice were investigated. The expression and localization of P2X7R was analysed in relation with retinal markers. Caspase-3, JNK, and p38 were evaluated in control and glaucomatous mice by immunohistochemical and western-blot analysis. Furthermore, electroretinogram recordings (ERG) were performed to assess inner retina dysfunction. Glaucomatous mice exhibited changes in P2X7R expression as long as the pathology progressed. There was P2X7R overexpression in RGCs, the primary injured neurons, which correlated with the loss of function through ERG measurements. All analyzed MAPK and caspase-3 proteins were upregulated in the DBA/2J retinas suggesting a pro-apoptotic cell death. The increase in P2X7Rs presence may contribute, together with other factors, to the changes in retinal functionality and the concomitant death of RGCs. These findings provide evidence of possible intracellular pathways responsible for apoptosis regulation during glaucomatous degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Pérez de Lara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, c/Arcos de Jalón 118, E-28037, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelino Avilés-Trigueros
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Dept. of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia and Murcia Institute of Bio-Health Research (IMIB), E-30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Guzmán-Aránguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, c/Arcos de Jalón 118, E-28037, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Javier Valiente-Soriano
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Dept. of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia and Murcia Institute of Bio-Health Research (IMIB), E-30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro de la Villa
- Systems Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Dept. of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia and Murcia Institute of Bio-Health Research (IMIB), E-30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Jesús Pintor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, c/Arcos de Jalón 118, E-28037, Madrid, Spain
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Mkk4 and Mkk7 are important for retinal development and axonal injury-induced retinal ganglion cell death. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1095. [PMID: 30367030 PMCID: PMC6203745 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has been shown to be involved in both neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), a MAPK important in retinal development and after optic nerve crush injury, is regulated by two upstream kinases: MKK4 and MKK7. The specific requirements of MKK4 and MKK7 in retinal development and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death after axonal injury, however, are currently undefined. Optic nerve injury is an important insult in many neurologic conditions including traumatic, ischemic, inflammatory, and glaucomatous optic neuropathies. Mice deficient in Mkk4, Mkk7, and both Mkk4 and Mkk7 were generated. Immunohistochemistry was used to study the distribution and structure of retinal cell types and to assess RGC survival after optic nerve injury (mechanical controlled optic nerve crush (CONC)). Adult Mkk4- and Mkk7-deficient retinas had all retinal cell types, and with the exception of small areas of disrupted photoreceptor lamination in Mkk4-deficient mice, the retinas of both mutants were grossly normal. Deficiency of Mkk4 or Mkk7 reduced JNK signaling in RGCs after axonal injury and resulted in a significantly greater percentage of surviving RGCs 35 days after CONC as compared to wild-type controls (Mkk4: 51.5%, Mkk7: 29.1%, WT: 15.2%; p < 0.001). Combined deficiency of Mkk4 and Mkk7 caused failure of optic nerve formation, irregular retinal axonal trajectories, disruption of retinal lamination, clumping of RGC bodies, and dendritic fasciculation of dopaminergic amacrine cells. These results suggest that MKK4 and MKK7 may serve redundant and unique roles in molecular signaling important for retinal development and injury response following axonal insult.
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Loss of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium Leads to RPE65 Decrease and Retinal Degeneration. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00295-17. [PMID: 29038159 PMCID: PMC5705814 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00295-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work suggested that the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) is increased in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) patients and therefore could be an attractive therapeutic target. Notably, ERK1/2 pathway inhibitors are used in cancer therapy, with severe and noncharacterized ocular side effects. To decipher the role of ERK1/2 in RPE cells, we conditionally disrupted the Erk1 and Erk2 genes in mouse RPE. The loss of ERK1/2 activity resulted in a significant decrease in the level of RPE65 expression, a decrease in ocular retinoid levels concomitant with low visual function, and a rapid disorganization of RPE cells, ultimately leading to retinal degeneration. Our results identify the ERK1/2 pathway as a direct regulator of the visual cycle and a critical component of the viability of RPE and photoreceptor cells. Moreover, our results caution about the need for a very fine adjustment of kinase inhibition in cancer or ARMD treatment in order to avoid ocular side effects.
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Plössl K, Weber BHF, Friedrich U. The X-linked juvenile retinoschisis protein retinoschisin is a novel regulator of mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling and apoptosis in the retina. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:768-780. [PMID: 27995734 PMCID: PMC5345684 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XLRS) is a hereditary retinal dystrophy in young males, caused by mutations in the RS1 gene. The function of the encoded protein, termed retinoschisin, and the molecular mechanisms underlying XLRS pathogenesis are still unresolved, although a direct interaction partner of the secreted retinoschisin, the retinal Na/K-ATPase, was recently identified. Earlier gene expression studies in retinoschisin-deficient (Rs1h-/Y ) mice provided a first indication of pathological up-regulation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signalling in disease pathogenesis. To further investigate the role for retinoschisin in MAP kinase regulation, we exposed Y-79 cells and murine Rs1h-/Y retinae to recombinant retinoschisin and the XLRS-associated mutant RS1-C59S. Although normal retinoschisin stably bound to retinal cells, RS1-C59S exhibited a strongly reduced binding affinity. Simultaneously, exposure to normal retinoschisin significantly reduced phosphorylation of C-RAF and MAP kinases ERK1/2 in Y-79 cells and murine Rs1h-/Y retinae. Expression of MAP kinase target genes C-FOS and EGR1 was also down-regulated in both model systems. Finally, retinoschisin treatment decreased pro-apoptotic BAX-2 transcript levels in Y-79 cells and Rs1h-/Y retinae. Upon retinoschisin treatment, these cells showed increased resistance against apoptosis, reflected by decreased caspase-3 activity (in Y-79 cells) and increased photoreceptor survival (in Rs1h-/Y retinal explants). RS1-C59S did not influence C-RAF or ERK1/2 activation, C-FOS or EGR1 expression, or apoptosis. Our data imply that retinoschisin is a novel regulator of MAP kinase signalling and exerts an anti-apoptotic effect on retinal cells. We therefore discuss that disturbances of MAP kinase signalling by retinoschisin deficiency could be an initial step in XLRS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Plössl
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard H F Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Friedrich
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Yang X, Chen H, Zhu M, Zhu R, Qin B, Fang H, Dai M, Sang A, Liu X. Up-Regulation of PKM2 Relates to Retinal Ganglion Cell Apoptosis After Light-Induced Retinal Damage in Adult Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:1175-86. [PMID: 25990228 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase isozyme type M2 (PKM2), a key glycolytic enzyme, which is involved in ATP generation and pyruvate production, participates in tumor metabolism, growth, and other multiple cellular processes. However, one attractive biological function of PKM2 is that it translocates to the nucleus and induces cell apoptosis. Recently, increased PKM2 has been found in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but little is known regarding its function in the AMD pathophysiology. To investigate whether PKM2 participated in retinal degeneration, we performed a light-induced retinal damage model in adult rats. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis showed a significant up-regulation of PKM2 in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) layer (GCL) after light exposure. Immunofluorescent labeling indicated that PKM2 located mainly in RGCs. Co-localization of PKM2 and active caspase-3 as well as TUNEL in RGCs suggested that PKM2 might participate in RGC apoptosis. In addition, the expression patterns of cyclin D1 and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) were parallel with that of PKM2. Furthermore, PKM2, cyclin D1, and active caspase-3 protein expression decreased by intravitreal injection of U0126, a highly selective inhibitor of MAPK/ERK kinase. Collectively, we hypothesized that PKM2 might participate in RGC apoptosis after light-induced retinal damage medicated by p-ERK through cycle re-entry mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Manhui Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongda Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Aimin Sang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Kokona D, Thermos K. Synthetic and endogenous cannabinoids protect retinal neurons from AMPA excitotoxicity in vivo, via activation of CB1 receptors: Involvement of PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Exp Eye Res 2015; 136:45-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Klettner A, Koinzer S, Meyer T, Roider J. Toll-like receptor 3 activation in retinal pigment epithelium cells - Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways of cell death and vascular endothelial growth factor secretion. Acta Ophthalmol 2013; 91:e211-8. [PMID: 23387336 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a receptor of the innate immune system, recognizing double-stranded RNA. TLR3 can lead to cytokine release or apoptosis and has recently been associated with the development of geographical atrophy via cytotoxic effects on the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The current study was conducted to elucidate the underlying pathways of TLR3 effects in the RPE. METHODS TLR3 activation via polyinosinic acid/polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) was investigated in primary porcine RPE cells, focussing on cell death and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion. Primary cells were stimulated with different concentrations of Poly I:C. Cell death was investigated in trypan blue exclusion assay and cell death detection ELISA. VEGF and IFN-ß secretion were also detected in ELISA. As Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) play an important part in TLR3-mediated signal transduction, we investigated the influence of JNK, ERK1/2 and p38 on cell death and VEGF secretion, using commercially available inhibitors. RESULTS Activation of TLR3 by Poly I:C induced concentration-dependent cell death, partly mediated by JNK. ERK1/2 was activated and exerted some protection. Furthermore, higher concentrations of Poly I:C increased VEGF secretion after 4 and 24 hr, which was independent of MAPK. CONCLUSION The induction of cell death in RPE cells by TLR3 activation confirms possible involvement of TLR3 activation in GA. As cell death is partly mediated by JNK, more studies should be conducted investigating the role of JNK in RPE cell death to evaluate whether its inhibition might be a new therapeutic opportunity for the treatment of geographical atrophy. Additionally, effects on VEGF secretion can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Gregory-Evans CY, Wallace VA, Gregory-Evans K. Gene networks: dissecting pathways in retinal development and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 33:40-66. [PMID: 23128416 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
During retinal neurogenesis, diverse cellular subtypes originate from multipotent neural progenitors in a spatiotemporal order leading to a highly specialized laminar structure combined with a distinct mosaic architecture. This is driven by the combinatorial action of transcription factors and signaling molecules which specify cell fate and differentiation. The emerging approach of gene network analysis has allowed a better understanding of the functional relationships between genes expressed in the developing retina. For instance, these gene networks have identified transcriptional hubs that have revealed potential targets and pathways for the development of therapeutic options for retinal diseases. Much of the current knowledge has been informed by targeted gene deletion experiments and gain-of-functional analysis. In this review we will provide an update on retinal development gene networks and address the wider implications for future disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Y Gregory-Evans
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3N9, Canada.
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Loss of Shp2-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in Muller glial cells results in retinal degeneration. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:2973-83. [PMID: 21576358 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05054-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies have identified many growth factors and intracellular pathways that can promote neuronal survival after retinal injury, but the intrinsic survival mechanisms in the normal retina are poorly understood. Here we report that genetic ablation of Shp2 (Ptpn11) protein phosphatase resulted in progressive apoptosis of all retinal cell types. Loss of Shp2 specifically disrupted extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in Müller cells, leading to Stat3 activation in photoreceptors. However, neither inactivation of Stat3 nor stimulation of AKT signaling could ameliorate the Shp2 retinal degeneration. Instead, constitutively activated Kras signaling not only rescued the retinal cell numbers in the Shp2 mutant but also functionally improved the electroretinogram recording (ERG). These results suggest that Shp2-mediated Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras-MAPK) signaling plays a critical role in Müller cell maturation and function, which is necessary for the survival of retinal neurons.
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