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Do Carmo S, Kautzmann MAI, Bhattacharjee S, Jun B, Steinberg C, Emmerson JT, Malcolm JC, Bonomo Q, Bazan NG, Cuello AC. Differential effect of an evolving amyloid and tau pathology on brain phospholipids and bioactive lipid mediators in rat models of Alzheimer-like pathology. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:185. [PMID: 39080670 PMCID: PMC11290283 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain inflammation contributes significantly to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, and it is manifested by glial cell activation, increased production of cytokines/chemokines, and a shift in lipid mediators from a pro-homeostatic to a pro-inflammatory profile. However, whether the production of bioactive lipid mediators is affected at earlier stages, prior to the deposition of Aβ plaques and tau hyperphosphorylation, is unknown. The differential contribution of an evolving amyloid and tau pathology on the composition and abundance of membrane phospholipids and bioactive lipid mediators also remains unresolved. METHODS In this study, we examined the cortical levels of DHA- and AA-derived bioactive lipid mediators and of membrane phospholipids by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry in transgenic rat models of the Alzheimer's-like amyloid and tau pathologies at early and advanced pathological stages. RESULTS Our findings revealed a complex balance between pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving processes in which tau pathology has a more pronounced effect compared to amyloid pathology. At stages preceding tau misfolding and aggregation, there was an increase in pro-resolving lipid mediators (RVD6 and NPD1), DHA-containing phospholipids and IFN-γ levels. However, in advanced tau pathology displaying NFT-like inclusions, neuronal death, glial activation and cognitive deficits, there was an increase in cytokine and PGD2, PGE2, and PGF2α generation accompanied by a drop in IFN-γ levels. This pathology also resulted in a marked increase in AA-containing phospholipids. In comparison, pre-plaque amyloid pathology already presented high levels of cytokines and AA-containing phospholipids together with elevated RVD6 and NPD1 levels. Finally, Aβ plaque deposition was accompanied by a modest increase in prostaglandins, increased AA-containing phospholipids and reduced DHA-containing phospholipids. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a dynamic trajectory of inflammatory and lipid mediators in the evolving amyloid and tau pathologies and support their differing roles on membrane properties and, consequentially, on signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Do Carmo
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Room 1210, Montreal, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Marie-Audrey I Kautzmann
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite D, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Surjyadipta Bhattacharjee
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite D, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Bokkyoo Jun
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite D, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Carolyn Steinberg
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Room 1210, Montreal, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Joshua T Emmerson
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Room 1210, Montreal, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Janice C Malcolm
- Department of Cell Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Quentin Bonomo
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Room 1210, Montreal, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite D, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Room 1210, Montreal, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
- Department of Cell Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 0C7, Canada.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
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Litke R, Vicari J, Huang BT, Shapiro L, Roh KH, Silver A, Talreja P, Palacios N, Yoon Y, Kellner C, Kaniskan H, Vangeti S, Jin J, Ramos-Lopez I, Mobbs C. Novel small molecules inhibit proteotoxicity and inflammation: Mechanistic and therapeutic implications for Alzheimer's Disease, healthspan and lifespan- Aging as a consequence of glycolysis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.12.544352. [PMID: 37398396 PMCID: PMC10312632 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.12.544352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation drives many age-related, especially neurological, diseases, and likely mediates age-related proteotoxicity. For example, dementia due to Alzheimer's Disease (AD), cerebral vascular disease, many other neurodegenerative conditions is increasingly among the most devastating burdens on the American (and world) health system and threatens to bankrupt the American health system as the population ages unless effective treatments are developed. Dementia due to either AD or cerebral vascular disease, and plausibly many other neurodegenerative and even psychiatric conditions, is driven by increased age-related inflammation, which in turn appears to mediate Abeta and related proteotoxic processes. The functional significance of inflammation during aging is also supported by the fact that Humira, which is simply an antibody to the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-a, is the best-selling drug in the world by revenue. These observations led us to develop parallel high-throughput screens to discover small molecules which inhibit age-related Abeta proteotoxicity in a C. elegans model of AD AND LPS-induced microglial TNF-a. In the initial screen of 2560 compounds (Microsource Spectrum library) to delay Abeta proteotoxicity, the most protective compounds were, in order, phenylbutyrate, methicillin, and quetiapine, which belong to drug classes (HDAC inhibitors, beta lactam antibiotics, and tricyclic antipsychotics, respectably) already robustly implicated as promising to protect in neurodegenerative diseases, especially AD. RNAi and chemical screens indicated that the protective effects of HDAC inhibitors to reduce Abeta proteotoxicity are mediated by inhibition of HDAC2, also implicated in human AD, dependent on the HAT Creb binding protein (Cbp), which is also required for the protective effects of both dietary restriction and the daf-2 mutation (inactivation of IGF-1 signaling) during aging. In addition to methicillin, several other beta lactam antibiotics also delayed Abeta proteotoxicity and reduced microglial TNF-a. In addition to quetiapine, several other tricyclic antipsychotic drugs also delayed age-related Abeta proteotoxicity and increased microglial TNF-a, leading to the synthesis of a novel congener, GM310, which delays Abeta as well as Huntingtin proteotoxicity, inhibits LPS-induced mouse and human microglial and monocyte TNF-a, is highly concentrated in brain after oral delivery with no apparent toxicity, increases lifespan, and produces molecular responses highly similar to those produced by dietary restriction, including induction of Cbp inhibition of inhibitors of Cbp, and genes promoting a shift away from glycolysis and toward metabolism of alternate (e.g., lipid) substrates. GM310, as well as FDA-approved tricyclic congeners, prevented functional impairments and associated increase in TNF-a in a mouse model of stroke. Robust reduction of glycolysis by GM310 was functionally corroborated by flux analysis, and the glycolytic inhibitor 2-DG inhibited microglial TNF-a and other markers of inflammation, delayed Abeta proteotoxicity, and increased lifespan. These results support the value of phenotypic screens to discover drugs to treat age-related, especially neurological and even psychiatric diseases, including AD and stroke, and to clarify novel mechanisms driving neurodegeneration (e.g., increased microglial glycolysis drives neuroinflammation and subsequent neurotoxicity) suggesting novel treatments (selective inhibitors of microglial glycolysis).
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Bajaj S, Zameer S, Jain S, Yadav V, Vohora D. Effect of the MAGL/FAAH Dual Inhibitor JZL-195 on Streptozotocin-Induced Alzheimer's Disease-like Sporadic Dementia in Mice with an Emphasis on Aβ, HSP-70, Neuroinflammation, and Oxidative Stress. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:920-932. [PMID: 35316021 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is identified by pathological hallmarks such as intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and extracellular amyloid β plaques. Several hypotheses exist to define the neurodegeneration including microglial activation associated with neuroinflammatory processes. Recently, pharmacological inhibition of endocannabinoid (eCB)-degrading enzymes, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), is being investigated to modulate the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. While MAGL inhibitors upregulate 2-acyl glycerol (2-AG) levels and reduce neuroinflammation, FAAH inhibitors elevate anandamide (AEA) levels and prevent the degradation of HSP-70, thereby preventing the phosphorylation of tau protein and formation of NFTs in neural cells. We investigated the possible neuroprotective potential of the dual MAGL/FAAH inhibitor JZL-195 (20 mg/kg) against ICV-STZ-induced sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD) in Swiss albino mice using donepezil (5 mg/kg) as the standard. The protective effects of JZL-195 were observed by the reversal of altered levels of Aβ1-42, HSP-70, neuroinflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress markers. However, JZL-195 expressed no cognitive improvement when assessed by spontaneous alternation behavior and Morris water maze tests and no effects on the AChE enzyme level in the hippocampal tissues of mice. Therefore, the findings of the present study indicate that although JZL-195 exhibited no improvement in cognitive deficits associated with sporadic Alzheimer's disease, it displayed significant reversal of the biochemical anomalies, thereby suggesting its therapeutic potential against the sporadic Alzheimer's disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanshu Bajaj
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacological Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Saima Zameer
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacological Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shreshta Jain
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacological Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Vaishali Yadav
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacological Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacological Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
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Tang JJ, Huang LF, Deng JL, Wang YM, Guo C, Peng XN, Liu Z, Gao JM. Cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective effects of OABL, a sesquiterpene lactone in 5xFAD Alzheimer's disease mice model. Redox Biol 2022; 50:102229. [PMID: 35026701 PMCID: PMC8760418 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease in which oxidative stress and neuroinflammation were demonstrated to be associated with neuronal loss and cognitive deficits. However, there are still no specific treatments that can prevent the progression of AD. In this study, a screening of anti-inflammatory hits from 4207 natural compounds of two different molecular libraries indicated 1,6-O,O-diacetylbritannilactone (OABL), a 1,10-seco-eudesmane sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the herb Inula britannica L., exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity in vitro as well as favorable BBB penetration property. OABL reduced LPS-induced neuroinflammation in BV-2 microglial cells as assessed by effects on the levels of inflammatory mediators including NO, PGE2, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2, as well as the translocation of NF-κB. Besides, OABL also exhibited pronounced neuroprotective effects against oxytosis and ferroptosis in the rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line. For in vivo research, OABL (20 mg/kg B.W., i.p.) for 21 d attenuated the impairments in cognitive function observed in 6-month-old 5xFAD mice, as assessed with the Morris water maze test. OABL restored neuronal damage and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) expression in the hippocampus. OABL also significantly reduced the accumulation of amyloid plaques, the Aβ expression, the phosphorylation of Tau protein, and the expression of BACE1 in AD mice brain. In addition, OABL attenuated the overactivation of microglia and astrocytes by suppressing the expressions of inflammatory cytokines, and increased glutathione (GSH) and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and super oxide dismutase (SOD) levels in the 5xFAD mice brain. In conclusion, these results highlight the beneficial effects of the natural product OABL as a novel treatment with potential application for drug discovery in AD due to its pharmacological profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Jiang Tang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Lan-Fang Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jia-Le Deng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yi-Meng Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Cong Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiao-Na Peng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Domínguez-Ordoñez R, Garcia-Juárez M, Tapia-Hernández S, Luna-Hernández A, Galindo-Madrid ME, Tecamachaltzi-Silvarán MB, Hoffman KL, Pfaus JG, González-Flores O. Oxytocin induces lordosis behavior in female rats through the prostaglandin E2/GnRH signaling system. Horm Behav 2021; 136:105081. [PMID: 34710777 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of oxytocin (OT) induces robust lordosis behavior (lordosis quotient and lordosis intensity) in estrogen-primed rats. The present study explored the hypothesis that the OT-Prostaglandin E2-GnRH pathway (a pathway produced in astrocytes) is involved in the facilitation of lordosis behavior by icv infusion of OT (2 μg). In Experiment 1, we tested the involvement of the OT receptor (OTR) by infusion of the OTR antagonist, atosiban (ATO). OT-induced lordosis was significantly reduced at both 30 and 120 min by prior infusion of ATO. In Experiment 2, we studied the effects of aspirin (COX2 inhibitor) and ONO-AE3-208 (ONO; EP4 prostaglandin receptor antagonist) on OT-induced lordosis. Infusions of both compounds diminished OT-induced lordosis at both 120 and 240 min. In Experiment 3, the involvement of the GnRH-1 receptor inhibitor antide on OT-induced lordosis was evaluated. Antide significantly inhibited OT-induced lordosis at all times tested. These data indicate that the OT/PGE2/GnRH pathway is involved in the expression of OT-induced lordosis behavior, an effect that may be occurring directly in hypothalamic astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymundo Domínguez-Ordoñez
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Marcos Garcia-Juárez
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Sandra Tapia-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Ailyn Luna-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Miriam Eli Galindo-Madrid
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | | | - Kurt L Hoffman
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - James G Pfaus
- Department of Psychology and Life Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Czech National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Oscar González-Flores
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
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Bajaj S, Jain S, Vyas P, Bawa S, Vohora D. The role of endocannabinoid pathway in the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease: Can the inhibitors of MAGL and FAAH prove to be potential therapeutic targets against the cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease? Brain Res Bull 2021; 174:305-322. [PMID: 34217798 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive decline of cognitive function in combination with neuronal death. Current approved treatment target single dysregulated pathway instead of multiple mechanism, resulting in lack of efficacy in slowing down disease progression. The proclivity of endocannabinoid system to exert neuroprotective action and mitigate symptoms of neurodegeneration condition has received substantial interest. Growing evidence suggest the endocannabinoids (eCB) system, viz. anadamide (AEA) and arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), as potential therapeutic targets with the ability to modify Alzheimer's pathology by targeting the inflammatory, neurodegenerative and cognitive aspects of the disease. In order to modulate endocannabinoid system, number of agents have been reported amongst which are inhibitors of the monoacylglycerol (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzymes that hydrolyses 2-AG and AEA respectively. However, little is known regarding the exact mechanistic signalling and their effects on pathophysiology and cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease. Both MAGL and FAAH inhibitors possess fascinating properties that may offer a multi-faceted approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease such as potential to protect neurons from deleterious effect of amyloid-β, reducing phosphorylation of tau, reducing amyloid-β induced oxidative stress, stimulating neurotrophin to support brain intrinsic repair mechanism etc. Based on empirical evidence, MAGL and FAAH inhibitors might have potential for therapeutic efficacy against cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this review is to summarize the experimental studies demonstrating the polyvalent properties of MAGL or FAAH inhibitor compounds for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and also effect of these on learning and types of memories, which together encourage to study these compounds over other therapeutics targets. Further research in this direction would enhance the molecular mechanisms and development of applicable interventions for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, which nevertheless stay as the primary unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanshu Bajaj
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Shreshta Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Preeti Vyas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandhya Bawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
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7
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Norel X, Sugimoto Y, Ozen G, Abdelazeem H, Amgoud Y, Bouhadoun A, Bassiouni W, Goepp M, Mani S, Manikpurage HD, Senbel A, Longrois D, Heinemann A, Yao C, Clapp LH. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CIX. Differences and Similarities between Human and Rodent Prostaglandin E 2 Receptors (EP1-4) and Prostacyclin Receptor (IP): Specific Roles in Pathophysiologic Conditions. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:910-968. [PMID: 32962984 PMCID: PMC7509579 DOI: 10.1124/pr.120.019331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins are derived from arachidonic acid metabolism through cyclooxygenase activities. Among prostaglandins (PGs), prostacyclin (PGI2) and PGE2 are strongly involved in the regulation of homeostasis and main physiologic functions. In addition, the synthesis of these two prostaglandins is significantly increased during inflammation. PGI2 and PGE2 exert their biologic actions by binding to their respective receptors, namely prostacyclin receptor (IP) and prostaglandin E2 receptor (EP) 1-4, which belong to the family of G-protein-coupled receptors. IP and EP1-4 receptors are widely distributed in the body and thus play various physiologic and pathophysiologic roles. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in studies using pharmacological approaches, genetically modified animals, and genome-wide association studies regarding the roles of IP and EP1-4 receptors in the immune, cardiovascular, nervous, gastrointestinal, respiratory, genitourinary, and musculoskeletal systems. In particular, we highlight similarities and differences between human and rodents in terms of the specific roles of IP and EP1-4 receptors and their downstream signaling pathways, functions, and activities for each biologic system. We also highlight the potential novel therapeutic benefit of targeting IP and EP1-4 receptors in several diseases based on the scientific advances, animal models, and human studies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this review, we present an update of the pathophysiologic role of the prostacyclin receptor, prostaglandin E2 receptor (EP) 1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 receptors when activated by the two main prostaglandins, namely prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2, produced during inflammatory conditions in human and rodents. In addition, this comparison of the published results in each tissue and/or pathology should facilitate the choice of the most appropriate model for the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Norel
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Yukihiko Sugimoto
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Gulsev Ozen
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Heba Abdelazeem
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Yasmine Amgoud
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Amel Bouhadoun
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Wesam Bassiouni
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Marie Goepp
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Salma Mani
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Hasanga D Manikpurage
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Amira Senbel
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Dan Longrois
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Chengcan Yao
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Lucie H Clapp
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
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8
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Bhute S, Sarmah D, Datta A, Rane P, Shard A, Goswami A, Borah A, Kalia K, Dave KR, Bhattacharya P. Molecular Pathogenesis and Interventional Strategies for Alzheimer's Disease: Promises and Pitfalls. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:472-488. [PMID: 32566913 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating disorder characterized by age-related dementia, which has no effective treatment to date. β-Amyloid depositions and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins are the main pathological hallmarks, along with oxidative stress, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated excitotoxicity, and low levels of acetylcholine. Current pharmacotherapy for AD only provides symptomatic relief and limited improvement in cognitive functions. Many molecules have been explored that show promising outcomes in AD therapy and can regulate cellular survival through different pathways. To have a vivid approach to strategize the treatment regimen, AD physiopathology should be better explained considering diverse etiological factors in conjunction with biochemical disturbances. This Review attempts to discuss different disease modification approaches and address the novel therapeutic targets of AD that might pave the way for new drug discovery using the well-defined targets for therapy of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashikala Bhute
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Aishika Datta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Pallavi Rane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Shard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Avirag Goswami
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19141, United States
| | - Anupom Borah
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam-788011, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India
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9
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Famitafreshi H, Karimian M. Prostaglandins as the Agents That Modulate the Course of Brain Disorders. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2020; 10:1-13. [PMID: 32021549 PMCID: PMC6970614 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s240800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurologic and neuropsychiatric diseases are associated with great morbidity and mortality. Prostaglandins (PGs) are formed by sequential oxygenation of arachidonic acid in physiologic and pathologic conditions. For the production of PGs cyclooxygenase is a necessary enzyme that has two isoforms, that are named COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 produces type 1 prostaglandins and on the other hand, COX-2 produces type 2 prostaglandins. Recent studies suggest PGs abnormalities are present in a variety of neurologic and psychiatric disorders. In a disease state, type 2 prostaglandins are mostly responsible and type 1 PGs are not so important in the disease state. In this review, the importance of prostaglandins especially type 2 in brain diseases has been discussed and their possible role in the initiation and outcome of brain diseases has been assessed. Overall the studies suggest prostaglandins are the agents that modulate the course of brain diseases in a positive or negative manner. Here in this review article, the various aspects of PGs in the disease state have discussed. It appears more studies must be done to understand the exact role of these agents in the pathophysiology of brain diseases. However, the suppression of prostaglandin production may confer the alleviation of some brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morteza Karimian
- Physiology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Guan PP, Liang YY, Cao LL, Yu X, Wang P. Cyclooxygenase-2 Induced the β-Amyloid Protein Deposition and Neuronal Apoptosis Via Upregulating the Synthesis of Prostaglandin E 2 and 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14-prostaglandin J 2. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:1255-1268. [PMID: 31392591 PMCID: PMC6985346 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00770-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandins (PGs) have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Analysis of the underlying mechanisms elucidated a function of sequential PGE2 and PGD2 synthesis in regulating β-amyloid protein (Aβ) deposition by modulating tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-dependent presenilin (PS)1/2 activity in COX-2 and APP/PS1 crossed mice. Specifically, COX-2 overexpression accelerates the expression of microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS), leading to the synthesis of PGE2 and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) in 6-month-old APP/PS1 mice. Consequently, PGE2 has the ability to increase Aβ production by enhancing the expression of PS1/2 in a TNF-α-dependent manner, which accelerates the cognitive decline of COX-2/APP/PS1 mice. More interestingly, low concentrations of 15d-PGJ2 treatment facilitate the effects of PGE2 on the deposition of Aβ via TNF-α-dependent PS1/2 mechanisms. In contrast, high concentrations of 15d-PGJ2 treatment inhibit the deposition of Aβ via suppressing the expression of TNF-α-dependent PS1/2. In this regard, a high concentration of 15d-PGJ2 appears to be a therapeutic agent against Alzheimer's disease. However, the high 15d-PGJ2 concentration treatment induces neuronal apoptosis via increasing the protein levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and DFF45, which further impairs the learning ability of APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Yun-Yue Liang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Long-Long Cao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China.
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11
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Cao LL, Guan PP, Liang YY, Huang XS, Wang P. Calcium Ions Stimulate the Hyperphosphorylation of Tau by Activating Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase 1. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:108. [PMID: 31143112 PMCID: PMC6521221 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is reportedly associated with the accumulation of calcium ions (Ca2+), and this accumulation is responsible for the phosphorylation of tau. Although several lines of evidence demonstrate the above phenomenon, the inherent mechanisms remain unknown. Using APP/PS1 Tg mice and neuroblastoma (N)2a cells as in vivo and in vitro experimental models, we observed that Ca2+ stimulated the phosphorylation of tau by activating microsomal PGE synthase 1 (mPGES1) in a prostaglandin (PG) E2-dependent EP receptor-activating manner. Specifically, the highly accumulated Ca2+ stimulated the expression of mPGES1 and the synthesis of PGE2. Treatment with the inhibitor of Ca2+ transporter, NMDAR, attenuated the expression of mPGES1 and the production of PGE2 were attenuated in S(+)-ketamine-treated APP/PS1 Tg mice. Elevated levels of PGE2 were responsible for the hyperphosphorylation of tau in an EP-1-, EP-2-, and EP-3-dependent but not EP4-dependent cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 5-activating manner. Reciprocally, the knockdown of the expression of mPGES1 ameliorated the expected cognitive decline by inhibiting the phosphorylation of tau in APP/PS1 Tg mice. Moreover, CDK5 was found to be located downstream of EP1-3 to regulate the phosphorylation of tau though the cleavage of p35 to p25. Finally, the phosphorylation of tau by Ca2+ contributed to the cognitive decline of APP/PS1 Tg mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Long Cao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun-Yue Liang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-Shi Huang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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12
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Abstract
Elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandins (PGs) are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) and tau hyperphosphorylation. However, the gaps in our knowledge of the roles of COX-2 and PGs in AD have not been filled. Here, we summarized the literature showing that COX-2 dysregulation obviously influences abnormal cleavage of β-amyloid precursor protein, aggregation and deposition of Aβ in β-amyloid plaques and the inclusion of phosphorylated tau in neurofibrillary tangles. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, synaptic plasticity, neurotoxicity, autophagy, and apoptosis have been assessed to elucidate the mechanisms of COX-2 regulation of AD. Notably, an imbalance of these factors ultimately produces cognitive decline. The current review substantiates our understanding of the mechanisms of COX-2-induced AD and establishes foundations for the design of feasible therapeutic strategies to treat AD.-Guan, P.-P., Wang, P. Integrated communications between cyclooxygenase-2 and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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13
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Tian X, Ji C, Luo Y, Yang Y, Kuang S, Mai S, Ma J, Yang J. PGE2-EP3 signaling pathway contributes to protective effects of misoprostol on cerebral injury in APP/PS1 mice. Oncotarget 2018; 7:25304-14. [PMID: 27015117 PMCID: PMC5041905 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate chronic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which inhibit the enzymatic activity of the inflammatory cyclooxygenases (COX), reduces the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) in normal aging populations. Considering multiple adverse side effects of NSAIDs, findings suggest that COX downstream prostaglandin signaling function in the pre-clinical development of AD. Our previous study found that misoprostol, a synthetic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor agonist, has neuroprotection against brain injury induced by chronic aluminum overload. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of misoprostol on neurodegeneration in overexpressing both amyloid precursor protein (APP) and mutant presenilin 1 (PS1) mice. Here were young group, elderly group, APP/PS1 group and misoprostol-treated group. Mice in misoprostol-treated group were administrated with misoprostol (200 μg·kg−1·d−1, p.o.) five days a week for 20 weeks. The spatial learning and memory function was impaired and karyopycnosis of hippocampal and cortical neurons was observed; amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition was increased; superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was decreased and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was increased in APP/PS1 mice. However, misoprostol could significantly blunte these changes in APP/PS1 mic. Moreover, the expressions of microsomal PGE2 synthase (mPGES-1), PGE2, PGE2 receptor (EP) 2 and EP4 were increased and EP3 expression was decreased in APP/PS1 mice, while misoprostol reversed these changes. Our present experimental results indicate that misoprostol has a neuroprotective effect on brain injury and neurodegeneration of APP/PS1 mice and that the activation of PGE2-EP3 signaling and inhibition of oxidative stress contribute to the neuroprotective mechanisms of misoprostol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chaonan Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shengnan Kuang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shaoshan Mai
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
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14
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Cornec AS, Monti L, Kovalevich J, Makani V, James MJ, Vijayendran KG, Oukoloff K, Yao Y, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ, Smith AB, Brunden KR, Ballatore C. Multitargeted Imidazoles: Potential Therapeutic Leads for Alzheimer's and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5120-5145. [PMID: 28530811 PMCID: PMC5483893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Alzheimer’s
disease (AD) is a complex, multifactorial disease in which different
neuropathological mechanisms are likely involved, including those
associated with pathological tau and Aβ species as well as neuroinflammation.
In this context, the development of single multitargeted therapeutics
directed against two or more disease mechanisms could be advantageous.
Starting from a series of 1,5-diarylimidazoles with microtubule (MT)-stabilizing
activity and structural similarities with known NSAIDs, we conducted
structure–activity relationship studies that led to the identification
of multitargeted prototypes with activities as MT-stabilizing agents
and/or inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX)
pathways. Several examples are brain-penetrant and exhibit balanced
multitargeted in vitro activity in the low μM range. As brain-penetrant
MT-stabilizing agents have proven effective against tau-mediated neurodegeneration
in animal models, and because COX- and 5-LOX-derived eicosanoids are
thought to contribute to Aβ plaque deposition, these 1,5-diarylimidazoles
provide tools to explore novel multitargeted strategies for AD and
other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Cornec
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Ludovica Monti
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jane Kovalevich
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania , 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Vishruti Makani
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania , 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Michael J James
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania , 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Krishna G Vijayendran
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Killian Oukoloff
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yuemang Yao
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania , 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Virginia M-Y Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania , 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania , 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Kurt R Brunden
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania , 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Carlo Ballatore
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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15
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Xu J, Xu Z, Yan A. Prostaglandin E2 EP4 Receptor Activation Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Early Brain Injury Induced by Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1267-1278. [PMID: 28239768 PMCID: PMC5375972 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Activation of E prostanoid 4 receptor (EP4) shows neuroprotective effects in multiple central nervous system (CNS) lesions, but the roles of EP4 receptor in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are not explored. This study was designed to research the effects of EP4 modulation on early brain injury (EBI) after experimental SAH in rats. We found that the administration of EP4 selective agonist AE1-329 significantly improved neurological dysfunction, blood brain barrier (BBB) damage and brain edema at 24 h after SAH. Furthermore, AE1-329 obviously reduced the number of activated microglia and the mRNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increased Ser1177 phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Ser1177 p-eNOS). Moreover, AE1-329 significantly reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells and active caspase-3 in cortex after SAH. The EP4 selective antagonist AE3-208 was also administrated and the opposite effects were achieved. Our results indicate that activation of EP4 protects brain from EBI through downregulating neuroinflammation reaction after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, 198 Hongqi Lane, Huzhou, 313003, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, 54 Youdian Lane, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Ai Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, 198 Hongqi Lane, Huzhou, 313003, China.
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16
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Davidson JM, Wong CT, Li H, Crawford DA. Prostaglandin E2 facilitates subcellular translocation of the EP4 receptor in neuroectodermal NE-4C stem cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:173-179. [PMID: 28955904 PMCID: PMC5613302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a lipid mediator released from the phospholipid membranes that mediates important physiological functions in the nervous system via activation of four EP receptors (EP1-4). There is growing evidence for the important role of the PGE2/EP4 signaling in the nervous system. Previous studies in our lab show that the expression of the EP4 receptor is significantly higher during the neurogenesis period in the mouse. We also showed that in mouse neuroblastoma cells, the PGE2/EP4 receptor signaling pathway plays a role in regulation of intracellular calcium via a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent mechanism. Recent research indicates that the functional importance of the EP4 receptor depends on its subcellular localization. PGE2-induced EP4 externalization to the plasma membrane of primary sensory neurons has been shown to play a role in the pain pathway. In the present study, we detected a novel PGE2–dependent subcellular trafficking of the EP4 receptor in neuroectodermal (NE-4C) stem cells and differentiated NE-4C neuronal cells. We show that PGE2 induces EP4 externalization from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane in NE-4C stem cells. We also show that the EP4 receptors translocate to growth cones of differentiating NE-4C neuronal cells and that a higher level of PGE2 enhances its growth cone localization. These results demonstrate that the EP4 receptor relocation to the plasma membrane and growth cones in NE-4C cells is PGE2 dependent. Thus, the functional role of the PGE2/EP4 pathway in the developing nervous system may depend on the subcellular localization of the EP4 receptor. Function of the PGE2/EP4 pathway depends on the localization of the EP4 receptor. PGE2 induces EP4 trafficking from Golgi to plasma membrane in NE-4C stem cells. EP4 receptors translocate to growth cones in differentiating NE-4C neuronal cells. Higher PGE2 level enhanced EP4 trafficking to growth cones of NE-4C neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennilee M Davidson
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3.,Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Christine T Wong
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3.,Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Hongyan Li
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Dorota A Crawford
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3.,Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3.,Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
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17
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Blanco MJ, Vetman T, Chandrasekhar S, Fisher MJ, Harvey A, Kuklish SL, Chambers M, Lin C, Mudra D, Oskins J, Wang XS, Yu XP, Warshawsky AM. Identification and biological activity of 6-alkyl-substituted 3-methyl-pyridine-2-carbonyl amino dimethyl-benzoic acid EP4 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2303-7. [PMID: 27020304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Continued SAR optimization of a series of 3-methylpyridine-2-carbonyl amino-2,4-dimethyl-benzoic acid led to the selection of compound 4f for clinical studies. Compound 4f showed an IC50 of 123nM for inhibition of PGE2-induced TNFα reduction in an ex vivo LPS-stimulated human whole blood assay (showing >10-fold increase over clinical compound CJ-023,423). Pharmacokinetic profile, selectivity and in vivo efficacy comparing 4f to NSAID diclofenac in the monoiodoacetic acid (MIA) pain model and adjuvant induced arthritis (AIA) inflammatory model are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Jesus Blanco
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States.
| | - Tatiana Vetman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | | | - Matthew J Fisher
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Anita Harvey
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Steven L Kuklish
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Mark Chambers
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Chaohua Lin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Daniel Mudra
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Jennifer Oskins
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Xu-Shan Wang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Xiao-Peng Yu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Alan M Warshawsky
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
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18
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Herbst-Robinson KJ, Liu L, James M, Yao Y, Xie SX, Brunden KR. Inflammatory Eicosanoids Increase Amyloid Precursor Protein Expression via Activation of Multiple Neuronal Receptors. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18286. [PMID: 26672557 PMCID: PMC4682150 DOI: 10.1038/srep18286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Senile plaques comprised of Aβ peptides are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, as are activated glia that release inflammatory molecules, including eicosanoids. Previous studies have demonstrated that amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Aβ levels can be increased through activation of thromboxane A2-prostanoid (TP) receptors on neurons. We demonstrate that TP receptor regulation of APP expression depends on Gαq-signaling and conventional protein kinase C isoforms. Importantly, we discovered that Gαq-linked prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene D4 receptors also regulate APP expression. Prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane A2, as well as total APP levels, were found to be elevated in the brains of aged 5XFAD transgenic mice harboring Aβ plaques and activated glia, suggesting that increased APP expression resulted from eicosanoid binding to Gαq-linked neuronal receptors. Notably, inhibition of eicosanoid synthesis significantly lowered brain APP protein levels in aged 5XFAD mice. These results provide new insights into potential AD therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J. Herbst-Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Michael James
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Yuemang Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Sharon X. Xie
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Kurt R. Brunden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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19
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Wang H, Ye M, Yu L, Wang J, Guo Y, Lei W, Yang J. Hippocampal neuronal cyclooxygenase-2 downstream signaling imbalance in a rat model of chronic aluminium gluconate administration. Behav Brain Funct 2015; 11:8. [PMID: 25888969 PMCID: PMC4336726 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-015-0054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute and chronic brain damages including neurodegenerative diseases are a group of neuroinflammation-associated diseases characterized by cognitive function defect and progressive neuron loss. The pathophysiological procession of brain damages involves the overexpression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Owing to the limited benefit to chronic brain damage and the late adverse effect of COX-2 inhibitors, the COX downstream signaling pathway has become a focus in neurological research. In order to explore the mechanism of aluminum neurotoxicity and the importance of COX2 downstream signaling pathways to chronic brain damage, the present study was designed to simultaneously observe the prostaglandin (PG) contents, and the expressions of PG synthases and PG receptors of hippocampus in a rat model induced by chronic administration of aluminium gluconate. METHODS A rat model of chronic brain damage was established by chronic intragastric administration of aluminium gluconate (Al3+ 200 mg/kg per day, 5d a week for 20 weeks). PG contents, the expressions of PG synthases, and the expressions of PG receptors in rats were measured by ELISA, RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Chronic aluminium gluconate administration resulted in hippocampal neuron injury and learning and memory disorders in rats. Aluminium gluconate administration also resulted in increased levels of PGE2, PGD2, TXA2, PGI2, and PGF2α in rat hippocampus. The DP1, EP2, IP, mPGES-1, EP4, PGIS and TXAS mRNA expressions, and the DP1, EP2 and IP protein expressions significantly increased in the Al-treated hippocampus, while the EP3 and FP mRNA and protein expressions and the TP mRNA expression decreased. CONCLUSIONS The PGS/PGs/PG receptors signaling pathway in chronic aluminium gluconate-overloaded rat hippocampus is disturbed, which may be involved in the mechanism of aluminium neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Mengliang Ye
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Lijuan Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Yuanxin Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Wenjuan Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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20
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Ko CY, Chu YY, Narumiya S, Chi JY, Furuyashiki T, Aoki T, Wang SM, Chang WC, Wang JM. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta/miR135a/thrombospondin 1 axis mediates PGE2-induced angiogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1356-68. [PMID: 25554493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), large populations of endothelial cells undergo angiogenesis due to brain hypoxia and inflammation. Substantial evidence from epidemiologic, pathologic, and clinical reports suggests that vascular factors are critical for the pathogenesis of AD. However, the precise mechanistic correlation between inflammation and angiogenesis in AD has not been well elucidated. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a key factor of the inflammatory response, has been known to promote angiogenesis. In this study, we demonstrated that PGE2 acts through EP4 receptor and protein kinase A to modulate CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (CEBPD) abundance in astrocytes. Attenuated vessel formation was observed in the brains of AppTg/Cebpd(-/-) mice. We showed that miR135a was responsive to the induction of CEBPD and further negatively regulated thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) transcription by directly targeting its 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) in astrocytes. Furthermore, conditioned media from astrocytes expressing miR135a promoted Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) tube-like formation, which correlated with the effects of PGE2 on angiogenesis. Our results indicated that CEBPD contributes to the repression of THBS1 transcription by activating the expression of miR135a in astrocytes following PGE2 treatment. We provided new evidence that astrocytic CEBPD increases angiogenesis during AD pathogenesis. This discovery supports the negative influence of CEBPD activation in astrocytes with respect to AD pathogenesis and implies that the CEBPD/miR135a/THBS1 axis could be a therapeutic target of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Yuan Ko
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yi Chu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jhih-Ying Chi
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | | | - Tomohiro Aoki
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shao-Ming Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Wen-Chang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Ming Wang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Infectious Disease and Signaling Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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21
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Cudaback E, Jorstad NL, Yang Y, Montine TJ, Keene CD. Therapeutic implications of the prostaglandin pathway in Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:565-72. [PMID: 24434190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An important pathologic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neuroinflammation, a process characterized in AD by disproportionate activation of cells (microglia and astrocytes, primarily) of the non-specific innate immune system within the CNS. While inflammation itself is not intrinsically detrimental, a delicate balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory signals must be maintained to ensure that long-term exaggerated responses do not damage the brain over time. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) represent a broad class of powerful therapeutics that temper inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-mediated signaling pathways including prostaglandins, which are the principal mediators of CNS neuroinflammation. While historically used to treat discrete or systemic inflammatory conditions, epidemiologic evidence suggests that protracted NSAID use may delay AD onset, as well as decrease disease severity and rate of progression. Unfortunately, clinical trials with NSAIDs have thus far yielded disappointing results, including premature discontinuation of a large-scale prevention trial due to unexpected cardiovascular side effects. Here we review the literature and make the argument that more targeted exploitation of downstream prostaglandin signaling pathways may offer significant therapeutic benefits for AD while minimizing adverse side effects. Directed strategies such as these may ultimately help to delay the deleterious consequences of brain aging and might someday lead to new therapies for AD and other chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiron Cudaback
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Nikolas L Jorstad
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Yue Yang
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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22
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Fattahi MJ, Mirshafiey A. Positive and negative effects of prostaglandins in Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 68:50-60. [PMID: 23992456 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to clarify the role of prostaglandins and prostaglandin receptors in the immunopathology of Alzheimer's disease. A PubMed search was done using the key word, 'Alzheimer's disease' in combination with the term 'prostaglandins'. Articles from the past 10 years were preferentially selected but important ones from the past 20 years were also included according to the authors' judgment. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by pathological hallmarks such as extracellular deposition of the amyloid β-peptide, the appearance of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, extensive neuronal loss and synaptic changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. These processes induce inflammatory pathways by activating microglia, astrocytes and infiltrating leukocytes that produce inflammatory mediators including cytokines and prostaglandins.Prostaglandins are small lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid by multi-enzymatic pathways in which cyclooxygenases and phospholipases are the rate-limiting enzymes. In the central nervous system, prostaglandins exhibit either neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects by acting on specific G-protein-coupled receptors that have different subfamilies and differences in their selective agonists, tissue distribution and signal transduction cascades. Further studies on the role of prostaglandins in Alzheimer's disease may contribute to clarification of their neuroprotective actions, which may lead to the development of successful therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Fattahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Hoshino T, Suzuki K, Matsushima T, Yamakawa N, Suzuki T, Mizushima T. Suppression of Alzheimer's disease-related phenotypes by geranylgeranylacetone in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76306. [PMID: 24098472 PMCID: PMC3788141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Aβ is generated by the secretase-mediated proteolysis of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP), and cleared by enzyme-mediated degradation and phagocytosis. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 stimulates this phagocytosis. We recently reported that the APP23 mouse model for AD showed fewer AD-related phenotypes when these animals were crossed with transgenic mice expressing heat shock protein (HSP) 70. We here examined the effect of geranylgeranylacetone, an inducer of HSP70 expression, on the AD-related phenotypes. Repeated oral administration of geranylgeranylacetone to APP23 mice for 9 months not only improved cognitive function but also decreased levels of Aβ, Aβ plaque deposition and synaptic loss. The treatment also up-regulated the expression of an Aβ-degrading enzyme and TGF-β1 but did not affect the maturation of APP and secretase activities. These outcomes were similar to those observed in APP23 mice genetically modified to overexpress HSP70. Although the repeated oral administration of geranylgeranylacetone did not increase the level of HSP70 in the brain, a single oral administration of geranylgeranylacetone significantly increased the level of HSP70 when Aβ was concomitantly injected directly into the hippocampus. Since geranylgeranylacetone has already been approved for use as an anti-ulcer drug and its safety in humans has been confirmed, we propose that this drug be considered as a candidate drug for the prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Hoshino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahide Matsushima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamakawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tohru Mizushima
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Yokoyama U, Iwatsubo K, Umemura M, Fujita T, Ishikawa Y. The Prostanoid EP4 Receptor and Its Signaling Pathway. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:1010-52. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.007195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Konya V, Marsche G, Schuligoi R, Heinemann A. E-type prostanoid receptor 4 (EP4) in disease and therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:485-502. [PMID: 23523686 PMCID: PMC3661976 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The large variety of biological functions governed by prostaglandin (PG) E2 is mediated by signaling through four distinct E-type prostanoid (EP) receptors. The availability of mouse strains with genetic ablation of each EP receptor subtype and the development of selective EP agonists and antagonists have tremendously advanced our understanding of PGE2 as a physiologically and clinically relevant mediator. Moreover, studies using disease models revealed numerous conditions in which distinct EP receptors might be exploited therapeutically. In this context, the EP4 receptor is currently emerging as most versatile and promising among PGE2 receptors. Anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and vasoprotective effects have been proposed for the EP4 receptor, along with its recently described unfavorable tumor-promoting and pro-angiogenic roles. A possible explanation for the diverse biological functions of EP4 might be the multiple signaling pathways switched on upon EP4 activation. The present review attempts to summarize the EP4 receptor-triggered signaling modules and the possible therapeutic applications of EP4-selective agonists and antagonists.
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Key Words
- ampk, amp-activated protein kinase
- camp, cyclic adenylyl monophosphate
- cftr, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- clc, chloride channel
- cox, cyclooxygenase
- creb, camp-response element-binding protein
- dp, d-type prostanoid receptor
- dss, dextran sodium sulfate
- egfr, epidermal growth factor receptor
- enos, endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- ep, e-type prostanoid receptor
- epac, exchange protein activated by camp
- eprap, ep4 receptor-associated protein
- erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- fem1a, feminization 1 homolog a
- fp, f-type prostanoid receptor
- grk, g protein-coupled receptor kinase
- 5-hete, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
- icer, inducible camp early repressor
- icam-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- ig, immunoglobulin
- il, interleukin
- ifn, interferon
- ip, i-type prostanoid receptor
- lps, lipopolysaccharide
- map, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- mcp, monocyte chemoattractant protein
- mek, map kinase kinase
- nf-κb, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated b cells
- nsaid, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
- pg, prostaglandin
- pi3k, phosphatidyl insositol 3-kinase
- pk, protein kinase
- tp, t-type prostanoid receptor
- tx, thromboxane receptor
- prostaglandins
- inflammation
- vascular disease
- cancerogenesis
- renal function
- osteoporosis
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
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Abstract
Prostaglandin antagonists, with their pharmacological effects, are well-known drugs capable of treating widely diffused illnesses, including pain and inflammation disorders. In recent years, a major research focus has been devoted to the identification of agents able to selectively antagonize each receptor with which prostaglandins interact. This review attempts to give a broad overview of molecules capable of selectively blocking the prostaglandin PGE2 EP4 receptor. Further therapeutic applications and uses have also been disccussed, including the first drug candidate to have reached clinical trials within the last few years.
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Mizushima T. [Identification of a molecular mechanism for actions of existing medicines and its application for drug development]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2013; 132:713-20. [PMID: 22687730 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.132.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As a new strategy for drug discovery and development, we propose here the establishment of drug re-profiling strategy. In this strategy, the actions of existing medicines, whose safety and pharmacokinetic effects in humans have been confirmed already, are examined comprehensively at the molecular level and the results are used for the development of new medicines. For example, identification of the mechanisms underlying the side effects of medicines enables us to develop safer drugs. The results can also be used for developing existing drugs for use as medicines in treatment of other diseases. Promoting this research strategy could provide breakthroughs in drug discovery and development by pharmaceutical companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Mizushima
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Akitake Y, Nakatani Y, Kamei D, Hosokawa M, Akatsu H, Uematsu S, Akira S, Kudo I, Hara S, Takahashi M. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 is induced in alzheimer's disease and its deletion mitigates alzheimer's disease-like pathology in a mouse model. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:909-19. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Akitake
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Fukuoka University; Fukuoka; Japan
| | - Yoshihito Nakatani
- Department of Health Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Showa University; Tokyo; Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Choju Medical Institute; Fukushimura Hospital; Toyohashi; Aichi; Japan
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Department of Host Defense; Research Institute for Microbial Diseases; Osaka University; Osaka; Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Department of Host Defense; Research Institute for Microbial Diseases; Osaka University; Osaka; Japan
| | - Ichiro Kudo
- Department of Health Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Showa University; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Shuntaro Hara
- Department of Health Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Showa University; Tokyo; Japan
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