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Wexler A, Sullivan LS. Translational Neuroethics: A Vision for a More Integrated, Inclusive, and Impactful Field. AJOB Neurosci 2023; 14:388-399. [PMID: 34851808 PMCID: PMC9187971 DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2021.2001078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
As early-career neuroethicists, we come to the field of neuroethics at a unique moment: we are well-situated to consider nearly two decades of neuroethics scholarship and identify challenges that have persisted across time. But we are also looking squarely ahead, embarking on the next generation of exciting and productive neuroethics scholarship. In this article, we both reflect backwards and turn our gaze forward. First, we highlight criticisms of neuroethics, both from scholars within the field and outside it, that have focused on speculation and lack of skepticism; the dearth of consideration of broader social issues such as justice and equality, both with regard to who speaks for neuroethics as a field and who benefits from its recommendations and findings; and the insufficient focus on the practical impact of our ethical work. Second, we embrace the concept of "translational neuroethics" to outline a vision for neuroethics that is integrated, inclusive, and impactful. Integration can help us identify more pertinent, real-world issues, and move away from speculation; inclusivity can help ensure that the questions we attend to are not merely relevant to a single subgroup but aim toward just distribution of benefits; and impact can help us think beyond guidelines and recommendations to focus on implementation. Our goal is for this call to action to help shape neuroethics into a discipline that develops rigorous research agendas through relationships with interdisciplinary partners, that is broadly inclusive and attends to issues beyond novel neurotechnologies, and that is devoted to the translation of scholarship into practice.
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Bassil K. Mending the Language Barrier: The Need for Ethics Communication in Neuroethics. AJOB Neurosci 2023; 14:402-405. [PMID: 37856342 DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2023.2257194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
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Salles A, Farisco M. Of Ethical Frameworks and Neuroethics in Big Neuroscience Projects: A View from the HBP. AJOB Neurosci 2021; 11:167-175. [PMID: 32716744 DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2020.1778116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The recently published BRAIN 2.0 Neuroethics Report offers a very helpful overview of the possible ethical, social, philosophical, and legal issues raised by neuroscience in the context of BRAIN's research priorities thus contributing to the attempt to develop ethically sound neuroscience. In this article, we turn to a running theme of the document: the need for an ethical framework for the BRAIN Initiative and for further integration of neuroethics and neuroscience. We assess some of the issues raised and provide an explanation of how we have addressed them in the Human Brain Project. We offer our experience in the HBP as a potential contribution to the international debate about neuroethics in the big brain initiatives. Our hope is that among other things, the type of exchange proposed by this AJOB special issue will prove productive in further identifying and discussing the issues and in inspiring appropriate solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arleen Salles
- Uppsala University.,Centro de Investigaciones Filosoficas
| | - Michele Farisco
- Uppsala University.,Biogem, Biology and Molecular Genetics Institute
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Cabrera LY, Courchesne C, Bittlinger M, Müller S, Martinez R, Racine E, Illes J. Authentic Self and Last Resort: International Perceptions of Psychiatric Neurosurgery. Cult Med Psychiatry 2021; 45:141-161. [PMID: 32562138 DOI: 10.1007/s11013-020-09679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric neurosurgery has resurfaced over the past two decades for the treatment of severe mental health disorders, with improved precision and safety over older interventions alongside the development of novel ones. Little is known, however, about current public opinions, expectations, hopes, and concerns over this evolution in neurotechnology, particularly given the controversial history of psychosurgery. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a study with eight focus groups in Vancouver and Montreal (Canada; n = 14), Berlin (Germany; n = 22), and Madrid (Spain; n = 12). Focus group texts were transcribed and analyzed using qualitative content analysis in the language local to each city, guided by the theoretical framework of pragmatic neuroethics. Findings indicate that participants across all cities hold concerns about the last resort nature of psychiatric neurosurgery and the potential impact on the authentic self of patients who undergo these procedures. The views captured serve to advance discussion on the appropriate timing for psychiatric neurosurgery, promote sound health policy for the allocation of this resource, and foster scientific literacy about advances for mental health internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Cabrera
- Center for Ethics & Humanities in the Life Sciences, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, East Fee Hall, 965 Wilson Road, Rm C211, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - C Courchesne
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - M Bittlinger
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Müller
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Martinez
- Functional Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery Unit, Ruber International Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Racine
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Department of Medicine and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - J Illes
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Koerner S124, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J McDonald
- a BC Children's Hospital, Neuroethics Canada.,b University of British Columbia
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Cabrera LY, Herrera-Ferrá K. ¿Neuroensanchamiento?: Concepts and Perspectives About Neuroenhancement in the Hispanic Literature. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-019-00131-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Becker K, Shook JR, Darragh M, Giordano J. Erratum to: A four-part working bibliography of neuroethics: Part 4 - Ethical issues in clinical and social applications of neuroscience. Philos Ethics Humanit Med 2017; 12:2. [PMID: 28659145 PMCID: PMC5488339 DOI: 10.1186/s13010-017-0044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kira Becker
- Department of Neuroscience, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - John R Shook
- Department of Philosophy, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Martina Darragh
- Bioethics Research Library, Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James Giordano
- Neuroethics Studies Program, Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, and Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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Becker K, Shook JR, Darragh M, Giordano J. A four-part working bibliography of neuroethics: Part 4 - Ethical issues in clinical and social applications of neuroscience. Philos Ethics Humanit Med 2017; 12:1. [PMID: 28569221 PMCID: PMC5452349 DOI: 10.1186/s13010-017-0043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a discipline, neuroethics addresses a range of questions and issues generated by basic neuroscientific research (inclusive of studies of putative neurobiological processes involved in moral and ethical cognition and behavior), and its use and meanings in the clinical and social spheres. Here, we present Part 4 of a four-part bibliography of the neuroethics literature focusing on clinical and social applications of neuroscience, to include: the treatment-enhancement discourse; issues arising in neurology, psychiatry, and pain care; neuroethics education and training; neuroethics and the law; neuroethics and policy and political issues; international neuroethics; and discourses addressing "trans-" and "post-" humanity. METHODS To complete a systematic survey of the literature, 19 databases and 4 individual open-access journals were employed. Searches were conducted using the indexing language of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). A Python code was used to eliminate duplications in the final bibliography. RESULTS When taken with Parts 1-3, this bibliography aims to provide a listing of international peerreviewed papers, books, and book chapters published from 2002 through 2016. While seeking to be as comprehensive as possible, it may be that some works were inadvertently and unintentionally not included. We therefore invite commentary from the field to afford completeness and contribute to this bibliography as a participatory work-in-progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Becker
- Department of Neuroscience, Amherst College, Amherst MA, USA
| | - John R Shook
- Department of Philosophy, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Martina Darragh
- Bioethics Research Library, Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University,, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James Giordano
- Neuroethics Studies Program, Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, and Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washingotn, DC, USA.
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Leefmann J, Levallois C, Hildt E. Neuroethics 1995-2012. A Bibliometric Analysis of the Guiding Themes of an Emerging Research Field. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:336. [PMID: 27445772 PMCID: PMC4929847 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In bioethics, the first decade of the twenty-first century was characterized by the emergence of interest in the ethical, legal, and social aspects of neuroscience research. At the same time an ongoing extension of the topics and phenomena addressed by neuroscientists was observed alongside its rise as one of the leading disciplines in the biomedical science. One of these phenomena addressed by neuroscientists and moral psychologists was the neural processes involved in moral decision-making. Today both strands of research are often addressed under the label of neuroethics. To understand this development we recalled literature from 1995 to 2012 stored in the Mainz Neuroethics Database (i) to investigate the quantitative development of scientific publications in neuroethics; (ii) to explore changes in the topics of neuroethics research within the defined time interval; (iii) to illustrate the interdependence of different research topics within the neuroethics literature; (iv) to show the development of the distribution of neuroethics research on peer-reviewed journals; and (v) to display the academic background and affiliations of neuroethics researchers. Our analysis exposes that there has been a demonstrative increase of neuroethics research while the issues addressed under this label had mostly been present before the establishment of the field. We show that the research on the ethical, legal and social aspects of neuroscience research is hardly related to neuroscience research on moral decision-making and that the academic backgrounds and affiliations of many neuroethics researchers speak for a very close entanglement of neuroscience and neuroethics. As our article suggests that after more than one decade there still is no dominant agenda for the future of neuroethics research, it calls for more reflection about the theoretical underpinnings and prospects to establish neuroethics as a marked-off research field distinct from neuroscience and the diverse branches of bioethics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Leefmann
- Neuroethics Research Group, Department of Philosophy, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany
| | - Clement Levallois
- Department of Markets and Innovation, EMLYON Business School Écully, France
| | - Elisabeth Hildt
- Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions, Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Global mental health is a relatively new field that has focused on disparities in mental health services across different settings, and on innovative ways to provide feasible, acceptable, and effective services in poorly-resourced settings. Neuroethics, too, is a relatively new field, lying at the intersection of bioethics and neuroscience; it has studied the implications of neuroscientific findings for age-old questions in philosophy, as well as questions about the ethics of novel neuroscientific methods and interventions. DISCUSSION In this essay, we address a number of issues that lie at the intersection of these two fields: an emphasis on a naturalist and empirical position, a concern with both disease and wellness, the importance of human rights in neuropsychiatric care, and the value of social inclusion and patient empowerment. SUMMARY These different disciplines share a number of perspectives, and future dialogue between the two should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan J Stein
- />Department of Psychiatry & MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
| | - James Giordano
- />Neuroethics Studies Program, Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics and Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC USA
- />Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Professor-Huber-Platz 2, 80539 München, Germany
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Abstract
Abstract:Given the cultural psychoanalytic tradition that shapes the thought of Argentineans and their current skepticism with regard to neurosciences when it comes to understanding human behavior, this article addresses the question of how a healthy neuroethics can develop in the country.
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Shook JR, Giordano J. A principled and cosmopolitan neuroethics: considerations for international relevance. Philos Ethics Humanit Med 2014; 9:1. [PMID: 24387102 PMCID: PMC3892081 DOI: 10.1186/1747-5341-9-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroethics applies cognitive neuroscience for prescribing alterations to conceptions of self and society, and for prescriptively judging the ethical applications of neurotechnologies. Plentiful normative premises are available to ground such prescriptivity, however prescriptive neuroethics may remain fragmented by social conventions, cultural ideologies, and ethical theories. Herein we offer that an objectively principled neuroethics for international relevance requires a new meta-ethics: understanding how morality works, and how humans manage and improve morality, as objectively based on the brain and social sciences. This new meta-ethics will simultaneously equip neuroethics for evaluating and revising older cultural ideologies and ethical theories, and direct neuroethics towards scientifically valid views of encultured humans intelligently managing moralities. Bypassing absolutism, cultural essentialisms, and unrealistic ethical philosophies, neuroethics arrives at a small set of principles about proper human flourishing that are more culturally inclusive and cosmopolitan in spirit. This cosmopolitanism in turn suggests augmentations to traditional medical ethics in the form of four principled guidelines for international consideration: empowerment, non-obsolescence, self-creativity, and citizenship.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Shook
- Philosophy Department and Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - James Giordano
- Neuroethics Studies Program, Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road, Bldg D Rm 238, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Munich, GER, Germany
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Ethical considerations in clinical training, care and research in psychopharmacology. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 14:413-24. [PMID: 20860879 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145710001112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychopharmacology is a powerful tool in psychiatry; however, it is one that demands responsibility in order to deal with the ethical complexities that accompany advances in the field. It is important that questions are asked and that ethical mindfulness and sensitivity are developed along with clinical skills. In order to cultivate and deepen ethical awareness and subsequently solve issues in optimal fashion, investment should be made in the development of an ethical decision-making process as well as in education in the ethics of psychopharmacology to trainees in the field at all stages of their educational development. A clear approach to identifying ethical problems, engaging various ethical concepts in considering solutions and then applying these principles in problem resolution is demanded. An openness in identifying and exploring issues has become crucial to the future development and maturation of psychopharmacologists, both research and clinical. Consideration must be given to the social implications of psychopharmacological practice, with the best interests of patients always paramount. From both a research and clinical perspective, psychopharmacology has to be practised with fairness, sensitivity and ethical relevance to all. While ethical issues related to psychopharmacological practice are varied and plentiful, this review focuses on advances in technology and biological sciences, personal integrity, special populations, and education and training.
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Illes J, Moser MA, McCormick JB, Racine E, Blakeslee S, Caplan A, Hayden EC, Ingram J, Lohwater T, McKnight P, Nicholson C, Phillips A, Sauvé KD, Snell E, Weiss S. Neurotalk: improving the communication of neuroscience research. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010; 11:61-9. [PMID: 19953102 PMCID: PMC2818800 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing pressure for neuroscientists to communicate their research and the societal implications of their findings to the public. Communicating science is challenging, and the transformation of communication by digital and interactive media increases the complexity of the challenge. To facilitate dialogue with the public in this new media landscape, we suggest three courses of action for the neuroscience community: a cultural shift that explicitly recognizes and rewards public outreach, the identification and development of neuroscience communication experts, and ongoing empirical research on the public communication of neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Illes
- Canada Research Chair in Neuroethics, Professor of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, National Core for Neuroethics, The University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Koerner S124, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 CANADA, Tel: 604.822.0746, neuroethicscanada.ca,
| | - Mary Anne Moser
- Director of Communications, Schulich School of Engineering, Director, Banff Science Communications Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 CANADA,
| | - Jennifer B. McCormick
- Assistant Professor of Biomedical Ethics, Departments of Medicine and Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic and College of Medicine, USA,
| | - Eric Racine
- Director, Neuroethics Research Unit, IRCM, 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7 CANADA, ircm.qc.ca/neuroethics/en,
| | | | - Arthur Caplan
- Centre for Bioethics, University of Pennsylvania, 3401 Market Street · Suite 320, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA,
| | | | - Jay Ingram
- c/o CTV Inc., 9 Channel Nine Court, Scarborough, Ontario M1S 4B5 CANADA,
| | - Tiffany Lohwater
- Public Engagement Manager, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 1200 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20005 USA,
| | - Peter McKnight
- Vancouver Sun, #1 - 200 Granville Street, Vancouver BC V6C 3N3 CANADA,
| | | | - Anthony Phillips
- Institute on Neuroscience, Mental Health and Addiction (INMHA), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), 2255 Westbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1 CANADA
| | - Kevin D. Sauvé
- National Core for Neuroethics, The University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Koerner S124, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 CANADA,
| | - Elaine Snell
- European Dana Alliance for the Brain, Snell Communications Ltd, Science, Medicine and Health, PO Box 10461, London SW11 6ZJ UNITED KINGDOM,
| | - Sam Weiss
- Director, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Health Research Innovation Centre – Room 1A10, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 CANADA,
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