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Bindewald A, Brundu G, Schueler S, Starfinger U, Bauhus J, Lapin K. Site-specific risk assessment enables trade-off analysis of non-native tree species in European forests. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:18089-18110. [PMID: 35003660 PMCID: PMC8717284 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-native tree species (NNT) are used in European forestry for many purposes including their growth performance, valuable timber, and resistance to drought and pest or pathogen damage. Yet, cultivating NNT may pose risks to biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and the provisioning of ecosystem services, and several NNT have been classified as invasive in Europe. Typically, such classifications are based on risk assessments, which do not adequately consider site-specific variations in impacts of the NNT or the extent of affected areas. Here, we present a new methodological framework that facilitates both mitigating risks associated with NNT and taking advantage of their ecosystem services. The framework is based on a stratified assessment of risks posed by NNT which distinguishes between different sites and considers effectiveness of available management strategies to control negative effects. The method can be applied to NNT that already occur in a given area or those NNT that may establish in future. The framework consists of eight steps and is partly based on existing knowledge. If adequate site-specific knowledge on NNT does not yet exist, new evidence on the risks should be obtained, for example, by collecting and analyzing monitoring data or modeling the potential distribution of NNT. However, limitations remain in the application of this method, and we propose several policy and management recommendations which are required to improve the responsible use of NNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Bindewald
- Department of Forest ConservationForest Research Institute of Baden‐Württemberg (FVA)FreiburgGermany
- Chair of SilvicultureUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Giuseppe Brundu
- Department of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
| | | | - Uwe Starfinger
- Julius Kühn‐Institut (JKI)Federal Research Centre for Cultivated PlantsBraunschweigGermany
| | - Jürgen Bauhus
- Chair of SilvicultureUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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Fanal A, Mahy G, Fayolle A, Monty A. Arboreta reveal the invasive potential of several conifer species in the temperate forests of western Europe. NEOBIOTA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.64.56027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Identifying emerging invasive species is a priority to implement early preventive and control actions. In terms of the number of invasive tree species, forestry represents the second largest pathway of introduction, with an invasive debt likely existing for alien conifers in Europe. In the early 1900s, a network of arboreta was established in southern Belgium to assess the wood production potential of prospective conifer and broadleaved species. Here, we use eight arboreta as natural experiments to identify alien conifers presenting invasive behavior. Through systematic sampling, we quantified the natural regeneration of alien conifers and recorded local environmental variables. For each species, regeneration density, dispersal distances, and age structure were analyzed. Generalized mixed effects models were fitted to test the effect of planted area and tree-stand type on regeneration. The environmental space occupied by regenerating alien conifers was evaluated using principal component analysis. Out of 31 planted alien species, 15 (48%) were identified in natural regeneration, of which eight (26%) exhibited important regeneration density and dispersal distances. The most invasive species were Tsuga heterophylla and Abies grandis, confirming earlier field observations. Both large planted areas and areas planted with alien conifer species increased the density of regeneration. Species that had the highest regeneration density tolerated a wide range of environmental conditions, including shaded understory, which could lead to the invasion of mature, undisturbed forests. This study showed that 17% of the studied alien conifers are potentially invasive because they show important regeneration, long-distance dispersal, and, of importance, have already produced offspring that have matured and are capable of creating new satellite populations. In conclusion, our results provide a guideline for future planting operations, recommending extreme caution when planting these species in the temperate forests of Western Europe.
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Brundu G, Pauchard A, Pyšek P, Pergl J, Bindewald AM, Brunori A, Canavan S, Campagnaro T, Celesti-Grapow L, Dechoum MDS, Dufour-Dror JM, Essl F, Flory SL, Genovesi P, Guarino F, Guangzhe L, Hulme PE, Jäger H, Kettle CJ, Krumm F, Langdon B, Lapin K, Lozano V, Le Roux JJ, Novoa A, Nuñez MA, Porté AJ, Silva JS, Schaffner U, Sitzia T, Tanner R, Tshidada N, Vítková M, Westergren M, Wilson JRU, Richardson DM. Global guidelines for the sustainable use of non-native trees to prevent tree invasions and mitigate their negative impacts. NEOBIOTA 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.61.58380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sustainably managed non-native trees deliver economic and societal benefits with limited risk of spread to adjoining areas. However, some plantations have launched invasions that cause substantial damage to biodiversity and ecosystem services, while others pose substantial threats of causing such impacts. The challenge is to maximise the benefits of non-native trees, while minimising negative impacts and preserving future benefits and options.
A workshop was held in 2019 to develop global guidelines for the sustainable use of non-native trees, using the Council of Europe – Bern Convention Code of Conduct on Invasive Alien Trees as a starting point.
The global guidelines consist of eight recommendations: 1) Use native trees, or non-invasive non-native trees, in preference to invasive non-native trees; 2) Be aware of and comply with international, national, and regional regulations concerning non-native trees; 3) Be aware of the risk of invasion and consider global change trends; 4) Design and adopt tailored practices for plantation site selection and silvicultural management; 5) Promote and implement early detection and rapid response programmes; 6) Design and adopt tailored practices for invasive non-native tree control, habitat restoration, and for dealing with highly modified ecosystems; 7) Engage with stakeholders on the risks posed by invasive non-native trees, the impacts caused, and the options for management; and 8) Develop and support global networks, collaborative research, and information sharing on native and non-native trees.
The global guidelines are a first step towards building global consensus on the precautions that should be taken when introducing and planting non-native trees. They are voluntary and are intended to complement statutory requirements under international and national legislation. The application of the global guidelines and the achievement of their goals will help to conserve forest biodiversity, ensure sustainable forestry, and contribute to the achievement of several Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations linked with forest biodiversity.
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4
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Predicted potential occurrence of the North American false truffle Rhizopogon salebrosus in Europe. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nuñez MA, Chiuffo MC, Torres A, Paul T, Dimarco RD, Raal P, Policelli N, Moyano J, García RA, van Wilgen BW, Pauchard A, Richardson DM. Ecology and management of invasive Pinaceae around the world: progress and challenges. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Boiffin J, Badeau V, Bréda N. Species distribution models may misdirect assisted migration: insights from the introduction of Douglas-fir to Europe. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:446-457. [PMID: 28207174 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Species distribution models (SDMs), which statistically relate species occurrence to climatic variables, are widely used to identify areas suitable for species growth under future climates and to plan for assisted migration. When SDMs are projected across times or spaces, it is assumed that species climatic requirements remain constant. However, empirical evidence supporting this assumption is rare, and SDM predictions could be biased. Historical human-aided movements of tree species can shed light on the reliability of SDM predictions in planning for assisted migration. We used Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), a North American conifer introduced into Europe during the mid-19th century, as a case-study to test niche conservatism. We combined transcontinental data sets of Douglas-fir occurrence and climatic predictors to compare the realized niches between native and introduced ranges. We calibrated a SDM in the native range and compared areas predicted to be climatically suitable with observed presences. The realized niches in the native and introduced ranges showed very limited overlap. The SDM calibrated in North America had very high predictive power in the native range, but failed to predict climatic suitability in Europe where Douglas-fir grows in climates that have no analogue in the native range. We review the ecological mechanisms and silvicultural practices that can trigger such shifts in realized niches. Retrospective analysis of tree species introduction revealed that the assumption of niche conservatism is erroneous. As a result, distributions predicted by SDM are importantly biased. There is a high risk that assisted migration programs may be misdirected and target inadequate species or introduction zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Boiffin
- INRA French National Institute for Agricultural Research, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Champenoux, F-54280, France
- Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, UMR1137, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, F-54500, France
| | - Vincent Badeau
- INRA French National Institute for Agricultural Research, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Champenoux, F-54280, France
- Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, UMR1137, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, F-54500, France
| | - Nathalie Bréda
- INRA French National Institute for Agricultural Research, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Champenoux, F-54280, France
- Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, UMR1137, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, F-54500, France
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Spread of the Introduced Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Coastal Norway. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bäcklund S, Jönsson M, Strengbom J, Frisch A, Thor G. A Pine Is a Pine and a Spruce Is a Spruce--The Effect of Tree Species and Stand Age on Epiphytic Lichen Communities. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147004. [PMID: 26799558 PMCID: PMC4723141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With an increasing demand for forest-based products, there is a growing interest in introducing fast-growing non-native tree species in forest management. Such introductions often have unknown consequences for native forest biodiversity. In this study, we examine epiphytic lichen species richness and species composition on the trunks of non-native Pinus contorta and compare these to the native Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies in managed boreal forests in northern Sweden across a chronosequence of age classes. Overall, we recorded a total of 66,209 lichen occurrences belonging to 57 species in the 96 studied forest stands. We found no difference in species richness of lichens between stands of P. contorta and P. sylvestris, but stands of P. abies had higher total species richness. However, species richness of lichens in stands of P. abies decreased with increasing stand age, while no such age effect was detected for P. contorta and P. sylvestris. Lichen species composition progressively diverged with increasing stand age, and in 30-year-old stands all three tree species showed species-specific assemblages. Epiphytic lichen assemblages in stands of 30-year-old P. contorta were influenced by greater basal area, canopy closure, and average diameter at breast height, P. abies stands by higher branch density and canopy closure, and stands of P. sylvestris by greater bark crevice depth. Differences in lichen species richness and composition were mainly explained by canopy closure and habitat availability, and the greater canopy closure in mature P. abies stands promoted the colonization and growth of calicioid lichen species. Our results indicate that the non-native P. contorta have similar species richness as the native P. sylvestris. The main difference in lichen species richness and composition is between P. abies and Pinus spp. in managed forests of boreal Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Bäcklund
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7044, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Mari Jönsson
- The Swedish Species Information Centre, P.O. Box 7007, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joachim Strengbom
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7044, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Frisch
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7044, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Thor
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7044, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Sitzia T, Campagnaro T, Kowarik I, Trentanovi G. Using forest management to control invasive alien species: helping implement the new European regulation on invasive alien species. Biol Invasions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-0999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Saure HI, Vandvik V, Hassel K, Vetaas OR. Do vascular plants and bryophytes respond differently to coniferous invasion of coastal heathlands? Biol Invasions 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-013-0536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Moreira X, Zas R, Sampedro L. Additive genetic variation in resistance traits of an exotic pine species: little evidence for constraints on evolution of resistance against native herbivores. Heredity (Edinb) 2013; 110:449-56. [PMID: 23232833 PMCID: PMC3630812 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2012.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The apparent failure of invasions by alien pines in Europe has been explained by the co-occurrence of native pine congeners supporting herbivores that might easily recognize the new plants as hosts. Previous studies have reported that exotic pines show reduced tolerance and capacity to induce resistance to those native herbivores. We hypothesize that limited genetic variation in resistance to native herbivores and the existence of evolutionary trade-offs between growth and resistance could represent additional potential constraints on the evolution of invasiveness of exotic pines outside their natural range. In this paper, we examined genetic variation for constitutive and induced chemical defences (measured as non-volatile resin in the stem and total phenolics in the needles) and resistance to two major native generalist herbivores of pines in cafeteria bioassays (the phloem-feeder Hylobius abietis and the defoliator Thaumetopoea pityocampa) using half-sib families drawn from a sample of the population of Pinus radiata introduced to Spain in the mid-19th century. We found (i) significant genetic variation, with moderate-to-high narrow-sense heritabilities for both the production of constitutive non-volatile resin and induced total phenolics, and for constitutive resistance against T. pityocampa in bioassays, (ii) no evolutionary trade-offs between plant resistance and growth traits or between the production of different quantitative chemical defences and (iii) a positive genetic correlation between constitutive resistance to the two studied herbivores. Overall, results of our study indicate that the exotic pine P. radiata has limited genetic constraints on the evolution of resistance against herbivores in its introduced range, suggesting that, at least in terms of interactions with these enemies, this pine species has potential to become invasive in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Moreira
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Zenni RD, Nuñez MA. The elephant in the room: the role of failed invasions in understanding invasion biology. OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.00254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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McGregor KF, Watt MS, Hulme PE, Duncan RP. What determines pine naturalization: species traits, climate suitability or forestry use? DIVERS DISTRIB 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty F. McGregor
- Bio-Protection Research Centre; Lincoln University; PO Box 84; Lincoln; 7647; New Zealand
| | | | - Philip E. Hulme
- Bio-Protection Research Centre; Lincoln University; PO Box 84; Lincoln; 7647; New Zealand
| | - Richard P. Duncan
- Bio-Protection Research Centre; Lincoln University; PO Box 84; Lincoln; 7647; New Zealand
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Carrillo-Gavilán A, Espelta JM, Vilà M. Establishment constraints of an alien and a native conifer in different habitats. Biol Invasions 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-011-0155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Carrillo-Gavilán A, Moreira X, Zas R, Vilà M, Sampedro L. Early resistance of alien and native pines against two native generalist insect herbivores: no support for the natural enemy hypothesis. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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How robust is the Australian Weed Risk Assessment protocol? A test using pine invasions in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Biol Invasions 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-011-0133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Richardson DM, Carruthers J, Hui C, Impson FAC, Miller JT, Robertson MP, Rouget M, Le Roux JJ, Wilson JRU. Human-mediated introductions of Australian acacias - a global experiment in biogeography. DIVERS DISTRIB 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Kohout P, Sýkorová Z, Bahram M, Hadincová V, Albrechtová J, Tedersoo L, Vohník M. Ericaceous dwarf shrubs affect ectomycorrhizal fungal community of the invasive Pinus strobus and native Pinus sylvestris in a pot experiment. MYCORRHIZA 2011; 21:403-412. [PMID: 21161550 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-010-0350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between ericaceous understorey shrubs and the diversity and abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcMF) associated with the invasive Pinus strobus and native Pinus sylvestris. Seedlings of both pines were grown in mesocosms and subjected to three treatments simulating different forest microhabitats: (a) grown in isolation and grown with (b) Vaccinium myrtillus or (c) Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Ericaceous plants did not act as a species pool of pine mycobionts and inhibited the ability of the potentially shared species Meliniomyces bicolor to form ectomycorrhizae. Similarly, Ericaceae significantly reduced the formation of Thelephora terrestris ectomycorrhizae in P. sylvestris. EcMF species composition in the mesocosms was strongly affected by both the host species and the presence of an ericaceous neighbour. When grown in isolation, P. strobus root tips were predominantly colonised by Wilcoxina mikolae, whereas those of P. sylvestris were more commonly colonised by Suillus and Rhizopogon spp. Interestingly, these differences were less evident (Suillus + Rhizopogon spp.) or absent (W. mikolae) when the pines were grown with Ericaceae. P. strobus exclusively associated with Rhizopogon salebrosus s.l., suggesting the presence of host specificity at the intrageneric level. Ericaceous plants had a positive effect on colonisation of P. strobus root tips by R. salebrosus s.l. This study demonstrates that the interaction of selective factors such as host species and presence of ericaceous plants may affect the realised niche of the ectomycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kohout
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany ASCR, Zámek 1, Průhonice, 25243, Czech Republic.
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Sýkorová
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany ASCR, Zámek 1, Průhonice, 25243, Czech Republic
| | - Mohammad Bahram
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Tartu University, 40 Lai, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
- Natural History Museum, Tartu University, 40 Lai, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Věroslava Hadincová
- Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Botany ASCR, 25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Albrechtová
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany ASCR, Zámek 1, Průhonice, 25243, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Tartu University, 40 Lai, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
- Natural History Museum, Tartu University, 40 Lai, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Vohník
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany ASCR, Zámek 1, Průhonice, 25243, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic
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Nuñez MA, Medley KA. Pine invasions: climate predicts invasion success; something else predicts failure. DIVERS DISTRIB 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Essl F, Moser D, Dullinger S, Mang T, Hulme PE. Selection for commercial forestry determines global patterns of alien conifer invasions. DIVERS DISTRIB 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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