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Oliveira RB, Robl D, Ienczak JL. Potential of Mortierellaceae for polyunsaturated fatty acids production: mini review. Biotechnol Lett 2023:10.1007/s10529-023-03381-z. [PMID: 37148344 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The health benefits of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have encouraged the search for rich sources of these compounds. However, the supply chain of PUFAs from animals and plants presents environmental concerns, such as water pollution, deforestation, animal exploitation and interference in the trophic chain. In this way, a viable alternative has been found in microbial sources, mainly in single cell oil (SCO) production by yeast and filamentous fungi. Mortierellaceae is a filamentous fungal family world-renowned for PUFA-producing strains. For example, Mortierella alpina can be highlighted due to be industrially applied to produce arachidonic acid (20:4 n6), an important component of infant supplement formulas. Thus, the state of the art of strategies to increase PUFAs production by Mortierellaceae strains is presented in this review. Firstly, we have discussed main phylogenetic and biochemical characteristics of these strains for lipid production. Next, strategies based on physiological manipulation, using different carbon and nitrogen sources, temperature, pH and cultivation methods, which can increase PUFA production by optimizing process parameters are presented. Furthermore, it is possible to use metabolic engineering tools, controlling the supply of NADPH and co-factors, and directing the activity of desaturases and elongase to the target PUFA. Thus, this review aims to discuss the functionality and applicability of each of these strategies, in order to support future research for PUFA production by Mortierellaceae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela B Oliveira
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Diogo Robl
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Jaciane L Ienczak
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.
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2
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Rayaroth A, Tomar RS, Mishra RK. One step selection strategy for optimization of media to enhance arachidonic acid production under solid state fermentation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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3
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Adel A, El-Baz A, Shetaia Y, Sorour NM. Biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids by two newly cold-adapted Egyptian marine yeast. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:461. [PMID: 34692369 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread awareness of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) benefits for human health has increased the need for their commercial production. Two oleaginous yeast were isolated from the Mediterranean Sea fish and Red Sea fish Epinephelus aeneus and E. areolatus, respectively. These marine candidates were identified by MALDI-TOF/MS biotyper® as Lodderomyces elongisporus and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. The effect of incubation temperature (7, 15, and 26 °C) and glucose concentration (3% and 8%) on their lipids content were investigated using Sulfo-Phospho-Vanillin (SPV) assay. Their intercellular lipids were visualized by fluorescence microscope using Nile-Red dye. L. elongisporus and R. mucilaginosa produced 20.04% and 26.79% of Linoleic acid, respectively, on normal Basal-Defatted Medium (BDM). Linoleic acid (21.4-22.7%) and α-Linolenic acid (7.5-10.8%) were produced by R. mucilaginosa and L. elongisporus, on normal BDM at 15 °C. High-Glucose BDM induced a positive effect on the total lipids production that reached its maximum of 48% and 54% by R. mucilaginosa and L. elongisporus, respectively, grown at 15 °C. Remarkably, 12.12% of long-chain 15-Docosenoic acid (C22:1) and 21.49% of Tricosanoic acid (C23:0) were detected in the FAs profile of L. elongisporus, when grown on normal BDM at 26 °C. The present study is the first one reporting the FAs profile of the Egyptian Marine L. elongisporus, and its capability to accumulate high amounts of lipids under appropriate fermentation conditions; thus, it could be considered for scaling up production. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-03010-4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashraf El-Baz
- Département of Industrial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, 22857/79 Egypt
| | - Yousseria Shetaia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha Mohamed Sorour
- Département of Industrial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, 22857/79 Egypt
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Chang L, Lu H, Chen H, Tang X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen W. Lipid metabolism research in oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina: Current progress and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107794. [PMID: 34245810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina has distinct advantages in long-chain PUFAs production, and it is the only source for dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) certificated by FDA and European Commission. This review provides an overall introduction to M. alpina, including its major research methods, key factors governing lipid biosynthesis, metabolic engineering and omics studies. Currently, the research interests in M. alpina focus on improving lipid yield and fatty acid desaturation degree by enhancing fatty acid precursors and the reducing power NADPH, and genetic manipulation on PUFAs synthetic pathways is carried to optimise fatty acid composition. Besides, multi-omics studies have been applied to elucidate the global regulatory mechanism of lipogenesis in M. alpina. However, research challenges towards achieving a lipid cell factory lie in strain breeding and cost control due to the coenocytic mycelium, long fermentation period and insufficient conversion rate from carbon to lipid. We also proposed future research goals based on a multilevel regulating strategy: obtaining ideal chassis by directional evolution and high-throughput screening; rewiring central carbon metabolism and inhibiting competitive pathways by multi-gene manipulation system to enhance carbon to lipid conversion rate; optimisation of protein function based on post-translational modification; application of dynamic fermentation strategies suitable for different fermentation phases. By reviewing the comprehensive research progress of this oleaginous fungus, we aim to further comprehend the fungal lipid metabolism and provide reference information and guidelines for the exploration of microbial oils from the perspectives of fundamental research to industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Hengqian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center, Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
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Alagarsamy S, Sabeena Farvin KH, Fakhraldeen S, Kooramattom MR, Al-Yamani F. Isolation of Gram-positive Firmibacteria as major eicosapentaenoic acid producers from subtropical marine sediments. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 69:121-127. [PMID: 31148180 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a total of 172 putative omega-3 producers were isolated from 28 sediment samples from the Arabian Gulf employing a selective isolation procedure using marine agar containing 0·1% triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC). Out of these 172 isolates, 19 isolates produced eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as confirmed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The EPA content of the isolated bacterial strain varied from 1·76 to 6·52% of total fatty acids. Among the 19 isolates of EPA producers, while 17 isolates harboured both pfaA gene and Δ6 desaturase gene, only five isolates harboured Δ5 desaturase gene. Two of the EPA positive strains harbour none of the three genes tested. The 16s RNA identification of these isolates revealed that except one, all the EPA producers were Gram-positive marine bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, family Bacillacea, genera Bacillus and Oceanobacillus. Halomonas pacifica was the only Gram-negative Gamma-Proteobacteria detected to produce EPA from this region. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Recently, marine bacteria are considered as a promising source of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) over marine fishes and microalgae. PUFA producers reported from polar and deep-sea sources were restricted to five well-known marine genera under two distinct domains of bacteria such as proteobacteria (Shewanella, Colwellia, and Moritella) and cytophaga group (Flexibacter, Psychroflexus). This study revealed that subtropical marine environment could also be the source of PUFA producing bacteria, and they predominantly belonged to the class of Firmibacteria. This finding opens up new avenue for research to study the inherent mechanism and physiology of such organisms from this unique environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alagarsamy
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Salmiya, Kuwait
| | - K H Sabeena Farvin
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Salmiya, Kuwait
| | - S Fakhraldeen
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Salmiya, Kuwait
| | - M R Kooramattom
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Salmiya, Kuwait
| | - F Al-Yamani
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Salmiya, Kuwait
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6
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Yao Q, Chen H, Wang S, Tang X, Gu Z, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen YQ. An efficient strategy for screening polyunsaturated fatty acid-producing oleaginous filamentous fungi from soil. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 158:80-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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7
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Mamani LDG, Magalhães AI, Ruan Z, Carvalho JCD, Soccol CR. Industrial production, patent landscape, and market trends of arachidonic acid-rich oil of Mortierella alpina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biori.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Antimanon S, Chamkhuy W, Sutthiwattanakul S, Laoteng K. Efficient production of arachidonic acid of Mortierella sp. by solid-state fermentation using combinatorial medium with spent mushroom substrate. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Forfang K, Zimmermann B, Kosa G, Kohler A, Shapaval V. FTIR Spectroscopy for Evaluation and Monitoring of Lipid Extraction Efficiency for Oleaginous Fungi. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170611. [PMID: 28118388 PMCID: PMC5261814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess whether Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy could be used to evaluate and monitor lipid extraction processes, the extraction methods of Folch, Bligh and Lewis were used. Biomass of the oleaginous fungi Mucor circinelloides and Mortierella alpina were employed as lipid-rich material for the lipid extraction. The presence of lipids was determined by recording infrared spectra of all components in the lipid extraction procedure, such as the biomass before and after extraction, the water and extract phases. Infrared spectra revealed the incomplete extraction after all three extraction methods applied to M.circinelloides and it was shown that mechanical disruption using bead beating and HCl treatment were necessary to complete the extraction in this species. FTIR spectroscopy was used to identify components, such as polyphosphates, that may have negatively affected the extraction process and resulted in differences in extraction efficiency between M.circinelloides and M.alpina. Residual lipids could not be detected in the infrared spectra of M.alpina biomass after extraction using the Folch and Lewis methods, indicating their complete lipid extraction in this species. Bligh extraction underestimated the fatty acid content of both M.circinelloides and M.alpina biomass and an increase in the initial solvent-to-sample ratio (from 3:1 to 20:1) was needed to achieve complete extraction and a lipid-free IR spectrum. In accordance with previous studies, the gravimetric lipid yield was shown to overestimate the potential of the SCO producers and FAME quantification in GC-FID was found to be the best-suited method for lipid quantification. We conclude that FTIR spectroscopy can serve as a tool for evaluating the lipid extraction efficiency, in addition to identifying components that may affect lipid extraction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Forfang
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Nofima AS, Ås, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Boris Zimmermann
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Gergely Kosa
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Nofima AS, Ås, Norway
| | - Achim Kohler
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Volha Shapaval
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Nofima AS, Ås, Norway
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10
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Ding Y, Gu Z, Wang Y, Wang S, Chen H, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen YQ. Clove extract functions as a natural fatty acid synthesis inhibitor and prevents obesity in a mouse model. Food Funct 2017; 8:2847-2856. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00096k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerous medicinal plants have been reported to prevent various chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Yihe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Shunhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Yong Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
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Malaiwong N, Yongmanitchai W, Chonudomkul D. Optimization of arachidonic acid production from Mortierella alpina PRAO7-10 by response surface methodology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anres.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Arachidonic Acid Synthesis in Mortierella alpina: Origin, Evolution and Advancements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-016-0714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Li X, Liu R, Li J, Chang M, Liu Y, Jin Q, Wang X. Enhanced arachidonic acid production from Mortierella alpina combining atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) and diethyl sulfate treatments. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 177:134-140. [PMID: 25484124 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To obtain mutant strains with higher arachidonic acid (ARA) yields, the oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina was mutated using atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) coupled with diethyl sulfate (DES). A visual compound filter operation was used in which a screening medium was supplemented with cerulenin, an inhibitor of fatty acid synthase (FAS), and triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). The mutant strain D20 with an ARA production of 5.09 g/L, a 40.61% increase over the original strain (3.62 g/L), was isolated. The relative ARA content increased from 38.99% to 45.64% of total fatty acids. After optimizing fermentation conditions, the maximum ARA yield (6.82 g/L) for strain D20 was obtained in shake flasks. This work provides an appropriate strategy for obtaining high ARA-yield strains by conventional random mutation methods with an efficient screening assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
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Production and enhancement of omega-3 fatty acid from Mortierella alpina CFR-GV15: its food and therapeutic application. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:657414. [PMID: 24982900 PMCID: PMC4055393 DOI: 10.1155/2014/657414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mortierella sp. has been known to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as GLA and AA under normal growth medium conditions. Similarly, under the stress condition, this fungus produces EPA and DHA in their mycelial biomass. Among the 67 soil samples screened from the Western Ghats of India, 11 Mortierella isolates showed the presence of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid, mainly GLA, AA, EPA, and DHA in starch, yeast-extract medium. Nile red and TTC strains were used for screening their qualitative oleaginesity. Among the representative isolates, when Mortierella sp. is grown in a fat-producing basal medium, a maximum lipid content of 42.0 ± 1.32% in its mycelia, 6.72 ± 0.5% EPA, and 4.09 ± 0.1% DHA was obtained. To understand the Mortierella sp. CFR-GV15, to the species level, its morphology was seen under the light microscope and scanning electron microscope, respectively. These microscopic observations showed that isolate Mortierella sp. CFR-GV15 produced coenocytic hyphae. Later on, its 18S rRNA and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were cloned, sequenced, and analyzed phylogenetically to 18S rRNA and ITS1 and ITS4 sequences of related fungi. This newly isolated Mortierella alpina CFR-GV15 was found to be promising culture for the development of an economical method for commercial production of omega-3 fatty acid for food and therapeutical application.
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Wang H, Chen H, Hao G, Yang B, Feng Y, Wang Y, Feng L, Zhao J, Song Y, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Wang L, Chen W. Role of the phenylalanine-hydroxylating system in aromatic substance degradation and lipid metabolism in the oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3225-33. [PMID: 23503309 PMCID: PMC3685260 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00238-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mortierella alpina is a filamentous fungus commonly found in soil that is able to produce lipids in the form of triacylglycerols that account for up to 50% of its dry weight. Analysis of the M. alpina genome suggests that there is a phenylalanine-hydroxylating system for the catabolism of phenylalanine, which has never been found in fungi before. We characterized the phenylalanine-hydroxylating system in M. alpina to explore its role in phenylalanine metabolism and its relationship to lipid biosynthesis. Significant changes were found in the profile of fatty acids in M. alpina grown on medium containing an inhibitor of the phenylalanine-hydroxylating system compared to M. alpina grown on medium without inhibitor. Genes encoding enzymes involved in the phenylalanine-hydroxylating system (phenylalanine hydroxylase [PAH], pterin-4α-carbinolamine dehydratase, and dihydropteridine reductase) were expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli, and the resulting proteins were purified to homogeneity. Their enzymatic activity was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or visible (Vis)-UV spectroscopy. Two functional PAH enzymes were observed, encoded by distinct gene copies. A novel role for tetrahydrobiopterin in fungi as a cofactor for PAH, which is similar to its function in higher life forms, is suggested. This study establishes a novel scheme for the fungal degradation of an aromatic substance (phenylalanine) and suggests that the phenylalanine-hydroxylating system is functionally significant in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangfei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Feng
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Feng
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanda Song
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
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16
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Ji XJ, Ren LJ, Nie ZK, Huang H, Ouyang PK. Fungal arachidonic acid-rich oil: research, development and industrialization. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 34:197-214. [PMID: 23631634 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.778229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fungal arachidonic acid (ARA)-rich oil is an important microbial oil that affects diverse physiological processes that impact normal health and chronic disease. In this article, the historic developments and technological achievements in fungal ARA-rich oil production in the past several years are reviewed. The biochemistry of ARA, ARA-rich oil synthesis and the accumulation mechanism are first introduced. Subsequently, the fermentation and downstream technologies are summarized. Furthermore, progress in the industrial production of ARA-rich oil is discussed. Finally, guidelines for future studies of fungal ARA-rich oil production are proposed in light of the current progress, challenges and trends in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology , Nanjing , People's Republic of China
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Dedyukhina EG, Chistyakova TI, Vainshtein MB. Biosynthesis of arachidonic acid by micromycetes (review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683811020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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A rapid method for the isolation of eicosapentaenoic acid-producing marine bacteria. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 82:49-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ho S, Chen F. Genetic characterization ofMortierella alpinaby sequencing the 18S-28S ribosomal gene internal transcribed spacer region. Lett Appl Microbiol 2008; 47:250-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Osako K, Saito H, Kuwahara K, Okamoto A. Year-round high arachidonic acid levels in herbivorous rabbit fish Siganus fuscescens tissues. Lipids 2006; 41:473-89. [PMID: 16933792 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-5121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To identify a stable resource of 20:4 n-6 (arachidonic acid, AA) in marine fish tissues, the lipid profiles of Siganus fuscescens organs (muscle, liver, and other viscera) and stomach contents were examined throughout the year. Crude total lipid (TL) contents in respective organs showed seasonal variations and were high in winter and low in summer. The main FA in TL were 16:0, 18:0, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, AA, and 22:6n-3 (DHA). These FA were those generally observed in marine fish lipids, except for comparatively high levels of AA. In TL of muscle and liver, AA showed relatively high values during the period from late May to August (muscle, 4.6-13.1%; liver, 4.5-9.1%), compared with other seasons (muscle, 4.3-9.5%; liver, 3.6-8.4%). The AA levels in TL of other viscera and stomach contents fluctuated (other viscera, 2.0-10.7%; stomach contents, 7.6-26.7%). Regardless of the fishing season, each organ contained a higher level of AA in polar lipids (PL) than in neutral lipids. It was concluded that the fish contain comparatively high levels of AA in their TL throughout the year, and they accumulate AA characteristically in their tissue PL, probably from dietary food sources. Moreover, it was suggested that S. fuscescens has potential utility as a natural marine source of nutritional lipids, because the fish contain comparatively high levels of DHA and AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Osako
- Food Science and Technology Section, Nagasaki Prefectural Institute of Fisheries, 1551-4 Taira-machi, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan.
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Optimization of arachidonic acid production by fed-batch culture of Mortierella alpina based on dynamic analysis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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