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Fu Y, Sun H, Luo Y, Zhang W, Cai Z, Li Y, Luan L, Ning Q, Shi Q, Liang Y, Liang C, Tang C, Li Y, Zhang H, Xie Z, Chen L, Xu J, Kuzyakov Y. Deciphering Biotic and Abiotic Mechanisms Underlying Straw Decomposition and Soil Organic Carbon Priming in Agriculture Soils Receiving Long-Term Fertilizers. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:20549-20562. [PMID: 38099742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Straw-related carbon (C) dynamics are central for C accrual in agro-ecosystems and should be assessed by investigating their decomposition and soil organic carbon (SOC) priming effects. Our understanding of biotic and abiotic mechanisms underpinning these two C processes, however, is still not sufficiently profound. Soils that had received organic and mineral fertilizers for 26 years were sampled for a 28 day incubation experiment to assess 13C-labeled straw decomposition and SOC priming effects. On the basis of analyzing physicochemical properties, fungal taxonomic (MiSeq sequencing) and functional (metagenomics) guilds, we quantified the contributions of biotic and abiotic attributes to straw decomposition and SOC priming. Here, we propose two distinct mechanisms underlying straw decomposition and SOC priming in agriculture soils: (i) accelerated straw mineralization in manure-treated soils was mainly driven by biotic forces, while (ii) larger SOC priming in NPK-amended soils was through abiotic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyi Fu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Sun
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Luo
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Institute of Agriculture Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zejiang Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Institute of Agriculture Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchun Li
- Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianer Shi
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Liang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixian Tang
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Yongfu Li
- Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Institute of Agriculture Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zubin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yakov Kuzyakov
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Department of Agricultural Soil Science, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Sang Y, Jin L, Zhu R, Yu XY, Hu S, Wang BT, Ruan HH, Jin FJ, Lee HG. Phosphorus-Solubilizing Capacity of Mortierella Species Isolated from Rhizosphere Soil of a Poplar Plantation. Microorganisms 2022; 10. [PMID: 36557615 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus is one of the main nutrients necessary for plant growth and development. Phosphorus-dissolving microorganisms may convert insoluble phosphorus in soil into available phosphorus that plants can easily absorb and utilize. In this study, four phosphorus-solubilizing fungi (L3, L4, L5, and L12) were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of a poplar plantation in Dongtai, Jiangsu Province, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) of the ribosomal DNA sequences showed that the ITS and 28S sequences of isolates were the most similar to those of Mortierella. Morphological observation showed that most colonies grew in concentric circles and produced spores under different culture conditions. These results and further microscopic observations showed that these isolated fungi belonged to the genus Mortierella. Pikovskaya (PKO) medium, in which tricalcium phosphate was the sole phosphorus source, was used to screen strain L4 with the best phosphorus-solubilizing effect for further study. When the carbon source was glucose, the nitrogen source was ammonium chloride, the pH was 5, and the available phosphorus content was the highest. By exploring the possible mechanism of phosphorus release by phosphorus-solubilizing fungi, it was found that strain L4 produces several organic acids, such as oxalic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, and citric acid. At 24 h, the alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities reached 154.72 mol/(L·h) and 120.99 mol/(L·h), respectively.
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Nicola L, Landínez-Torres AY, Zambuto F, Capelli E, Tosi S. The Mycobiota of High Altitude Pear Orchards Soil in Colombia. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:1002. [PMID: 34681101 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Soil fungi are extremely important in the agro-environment. They are among the main decomposers of organic matter, contributing to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous cycles. They often establish positive relationships with plants, protecting them from pathogens and abiotic stresses. This study aimed to uncover the soil fungal communities of two high altitude pear orchards with biomolecular techniques. We found a rich and diverse assemblage, dominated by fungi belonging to Ascomycota and Mortierellomycota. Most of the found species were novel records for soil fungi in Colombia. The most common fungal genera were Mortierella, Fusarium, Pseudaleria and Cylindrocarpon. Among the identified fungi, some species are known to be bioactive, with promising activities as biocontrol agents, plant-growth promoters, and producers of valuable substances. These results could contribute for a more attentive management of Colombian pear orchards in future and an enrichment of knowledge on Colombian biodiversity. Abstract In Colombia, the cultivation of deciduous fruit trees such as pear is expanding for socio-economic reasons and is becoming more and more important for the local population. Since organized cultivation is slowly replacing sustenance cultivation, scientific information on the present agro-environment is needed to proceed in this change in an organic and environmentally friendly way. In particular, this study is an accurate description of the mycobiota present in the bulk soil of two different high altitude pear orchards in the Colombian Andes. The metabarcoding of soil samples allowed an in-depth analysis of the whole fungal community. The fungal assemblage was generally dominated by Ascomycota and secondly by Mortierellomycota. As observed in other studies in Colombia, the genus Mortierella was found to be especially abundant. The soil of the different pear orchards appeared to host quite different fungal communities according to the soil physico-chemical properties. The common mycobiota contained 35 fungal species, including several species of Mortierella, Humicola, Solicoccozyma and Exophiala. Moreover, most of the identified fungal species (79%) were recorded for the first time in Colombian soils, thus adding important information on soil biodiversity regarding both Colombia and pear orchards.
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Velez P, Tapia-Torres Y, García-Oliva F, Gasca-Pineda J. Small-scale variation in a pristine montane cloud forest: evidence on high soil fungal diversity and biogeochemical heterogeneity. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11956. [PMID: 34447634 PMCID: PMC8364316 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Montane cloud forests are fragile biodiversity hotspots. To attain their conservation, disentangling diversity patterns at all levels of ecosystem organization is mandatory. Biotic communities are regularly structured by environmental factors even at small spatial scales. However, studies at this scale have received less attention with respect to larger macroscale explorations, hampering the robust view of ecosystem functioning. In this sense, fungal small-scale processes remain poorly understood in montane cloud forests, despite their relevance. Herein, we analyzed soil fungal diversity and ecological patterns at the small-scale (within a 10 m triangular transect) in a pristine montane cloud forest of Mexico, using ITS rRNA gene amplicon Illumina sequencing and biogeochemical profiling. We detected a taxonomically and functionally diverse fungal community, dominated by few taxa and a large majority of rare species (81%). Undefined saprotrophs represented the most abundant trophic guild. Moreover, soil biogeochemical data showed an environmentally heterogeneous setting with patchy clustering, where enzymatic activities suggest distinctive small-scale soil patterns. Our results revealed that in this system, deterministic processes largely drive the assemblage of fungal communities at the small-scale, through multifactorial environmental filtering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Velez
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yunuen Tapia-Torres
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Felipe García-Oliva
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Jaime Gasca-Pineda
- UBIPRO, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico
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Okrasińska A, Bokus A, Duk K, Gęsiorska A, Sokołowska B, Miłobędzka A, Wrzosek M, Pawłowska J. New Endohyphal Relationships between Mucoromycota and Burkholderiaceae Representatives. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e02707-20. [PMID: 33483310 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02707-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria living within fungal hyphae present an example of one of the most intimate relationships between fungi and bacteria. Even though there are several well-described examples of such partnerships, their prevalence within the fungal kingdom remains unknown. Mucoromycota representatives are known to harbor two types of endohyphal bacteria (EHB)—Burkholderia-related endobacteria (BRE) and Mycoplasma-related endobacteria (MRE). While both BRE and MRE occur in fungi representing all subphyla of Mucoromycota, their distribution is not well studied. Therefore, it is difficult to resolve the evolutionary history of these associations in favor of one of the following two alternative hypotheses explaining their origin: “early invasion” and “late invasion.” Our main goal was to fill this knowledge gap by surveying Mucoromycota fungi for the presence of EHB. We screened 196 fungal strains from 16 genera using a PCR-based approach to detect bacterial 16S rRNA genes, complemented with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) imaging to confirm the presence of bacteria within the hyphae. We detected Burkholderiaceae in ca. 20% of fungal strains. Some of these bacteria clustered phylogenetically with previously described BRE clades, whereas others grouped with free-living Paraburkholderia. Importantly, the latter were detected in Umbelopsidales, which previously were not known to harbor endobacteria. Our results suggest that this group of EHB is recruited from the environment, supporting the late invasion scenario. This pattern complements the early invasion scenario apparent in the BRE clade of EHB. IMPORTANCE Bacteria living within fungal hyphae present an example of one of the most intimate relationships between fungi and bacteria. Even though there are several well-described examples of such partnerships, their prevalence within the fungal kingdom remains unknown. Our study focused on early divergent terrestrial fungi in the phylum Mucoromycota. We found that ca. 20% of the strains tested harbored bacteria from the family Burkholderiaceae. Not only did we confirm the presence of bacteria from previously described endosymbiont clades, we also identified a new group of endohyphal Burkholderiaceae representing the genus Paraburkholderia. We established that more than half of the screened Umbelopsis strains were positive for bacteria from this new group. We also determined that, while previously described BRE codiverged with their fungal hosts, Paraburkholderia symbionts did not.
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Park JM, Kim B, Cho YC, Lee BH, Hong JW, You YH. Rhizoplane and Rhizosphere Fungal Communities of Geographically Isolated Korean Bellflower ( Campanula takesimana Nakai). Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:138. [PMID: 33578742 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The current study reports fungal diversities in the rhizoplane (RP) and rhizosphere (RS) samples of the geographically isolated Korean bellflower (Campanulatakesimana) obtained from its original habitats of the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula for the first time. The identification of specific taxa in each site may provide a better understanding of the interaction between the soil fungi and Korean bellflower. Abstract Fungal communities in the rhizoplane (RP) and rhizosphere (RS) of geographically isolated C. takesimana habitats in different environments such as oceanic (Seodo, the Dokdo Islands), coastline (Sadong, Ulleungdo Island), and inland (Taeha, Ulleungdo Island) regions were analyzed by MiSeq sequencing. In total, 1279 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained and they were further classified into 185 genera belonging to five phyla. The total number of fungal taxa in the RP samples was lower than those in the RS samples in all the sampled locations, providing an indication of the existence of a certain level of the selective pressures from the host plant. The richness of the RP in the Dokdo Islands was higher than that of Ulleungdo Island, but the richness of the RS in the Dokdo Islands was lower than that of Ulleungdo Island. These results suggest evidence for strong effects of a harsh geo-climate on the RP and RS fungal diversities in the Dokdo Islands. Additionally, a total of 82 fungal genera were identified in all three RP samples and 63 genera (77%) were uniquely found in each of the geographical regions and 43 genera (52.4%) showed high dependency on the C. takesimana vegetation. It was found that the genus Mortierella was the most dominant taxon in all the samples. The geo-ecological isolation of the Korean bellflower may have caused unique formation of the RP and RS fungal communities in the natural habitats.
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Solís-García IA, Ceballos-Luna O, Cortazar-Murillo EM, Desgarennes D, Garay-Serrano E, Patiño-Conde V, Guevara-Avendaño E, Méndez-Bravo A, Reverchon F. Phytophthora Root Rot Modifies the Composition of the Avocado Rhizosphere Microbiome and Increases the Abundance of Opportunistic Fungal Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:574110. [PMID: 33510714 PMCID: PMC7835518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.574110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure and function of rhizosphere microbial communities are affected by the plant health status. In this study, we investigated the effect of root rot on the avocado rhizosphere microbiome, using 16S rDNA and ITS sequencing. Furthermore, we isolated potential fungal pathogens associated with root rot symptoms and assessed their pathogenic activity on avocado. We found that root rot did not affect species richness, diversity or community structure, but induced changes in the relative abundance of several microbial taxa. Root rot increased the proportion of Pseudomonadales and Burkholderiales in the rhizosphere but reduced that of Actinobacteria, Bacillus spp. and Rhizobiales. An increase in putative opportunistic fungal pathogens was also detected in the roots of symptomatic trees; the potential pathogenicity of Mortierella sp., Fusarium spp., Lasiodiplodia sp. and Scytalidium sp., is reported for the first time for the State of Veracruz, Mexico. Root rot also potentially modified the predicted functions carried out by rhizobacteria, reducing the proportion of categories linked with the lipid and amino-acid metabolisms whilst promoting those associated with quorum sensing, virulence, and antibiotic resistance. Altogether, our results could help identifying microbial taxa associated to the disease causal agents and direct the selection of plant growth-promoting bacteria for the development of biocontrol microbial consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzel A Solís-García
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Mexico.,Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Oscar Ceballos-Luna
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Mexico
| | | | - Damaris Desgarennes
- Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Edith Garay-Serrano
- CONACYT - Red de Diversidad Biológica del Occidente Mexicano, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Pátzcuaro, Mexico
| | - Violeta Patiño-Conde
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Edgar Guevara-Avendaño
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Mexico.,Instituto de Agroindustrias, Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca, Heroica Ciudad de Huajuapan de Leon, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Méndez-Bravo
- CONACYT - Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Frédérique Reverchon
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Pátzcuaro, Mexico
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Takashima Y, Degawa Y, Nishizawa T, Ohta H, Narisawa K. Aposymbiosis of a Burkholderiaceae-Related Endobacterium Impacts on Sexual Reproduction of Its Fungal Host. Microbes Environ 2020; 35. [PMID: 32295978 PMCID: PMC7308579 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me19167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endosymbionts inhabit diverse fungal lineages. Although the number of studies on bacteria is increasing, the mechanisms by which bacteria affect their fungal hosts remain unclear. We herein examined the homothallic isolate, Mortierella sugadairana YTM39, harboring a Burkholderiaceae-related endobacterium, which did not produce sexual spores. We successfully eliminated the bacterium from fungal isolates using ciprofloxacin treatment and asexual spore isolation for germinated asexual spores. Sexual spore formation by the fungus was restored by eliminating the bacterium from isolates. These results indicate that sexual reproduction by the fungus was inhibited by the bacterium. This is the first study on the sexual spore infertility of fungal hosts by endofungal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takashima
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Ibaraki University College of Agriculture
| | - Yousuke Degawa
- Sugadaira Research Station Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba
| | - Tomoyasu Nishizawa
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Ibaraki University College of Agriculture
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Ibaraki University College of Agriculture
| | - Kazuhiko Narisawa
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Ibaraki University College of Agriculture
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Macias AM, Marek PE, Morrissey EM, Brewer MS, Short DP, Stauder CM, Wickert KL, Berger MC, Metheny AM, Stajich JE, Boyce G, Rio RVM, Panaccione DG, Wong V, Jones TH, Kasson MT. Diversity and function of fungi associated with the fungivorous millipede, Brachycybe lecontii. FUNGAL ECOL 2019; 41:187-197. [PMID: 31871487 PMCID: PMC6927558 DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fungivorous millipedes (subterclass Colobognatha) likely represent some of the earliest known mycophagous terrestrial arthropods, yet their fungal partners remain elusive. Here we describe relationships between fungi and the fungivorous millipede, Brachycybe lecontii. Their fungal community is surprisingly diverse, including 176 genera, 39 orders, four phyla, and several undescribed species. Of particular interest are twelve genera conserved across wood substrates and millipede clades that comprise the core fungal community of B. lecontii. Wood decay fungi, long speculated to serve as the primary food source for Brachycybe species, were absent from this core assemblage and proved lethal to millipedes in pathogenicity assays while entomopathogenic Hypocreales were more common in the core but had little effect on millipede health. This study represents the first survey of fungal communities associated with any colobognath millipede, and these results offer a glimpse into the complexity of millipede fungal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie M. Macias
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Paul E. Marek
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ember M. Morrissey
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Michael S. Brewer
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | | | - Cameron M. Stauder
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Kristen L. Wickert
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Matthew C. Berger
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Amy M. Metheny
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Jason E. Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Greg Boyce
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Rita V. M. Rio
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Daniel G. Panaccione
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Victoria Wong
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Tappey H. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA
| | - Matt T. Kasson
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
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Ryszka P, Lichtscheidl I, Tylko G, Turnau K. Symbiotic microbes of Saxifraga stellaris ssp. alpigena from the copper creek of Schwarzwand (Austrian Alps) enhance plant tolerance to copper. Chemosphere 2019; 228:183-194. [PMID: 31029964 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Saxifraga stellaris var. alpigena grows as one of the very few higher plants in the copper rich area of the "blue creek" in Austria. Two endophytes were isolated from it: Mortierella sp. (fungus), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (bacterium). Both microbes were practically inseparable due to resistance of the bacteria to the antibiotics tested. On PDA media, the fungus showed higher tolerance to copper than the bacterium, which disappeared from both the media and the surface of the fungus in the presence of 150 μM of Cu. However, at this Cu concentration, the bacteria were still detectable inside the mycelium and reappeared on the outside when transferred to media of lower Cu concentration. Microscopic studies of in vitro cultivated plants showed that the fungus was present in both, the roots and shoots of the plant. The effects of endophytes on plant performance were assessed in rhizoboxes filled with Cu-rich substratum; plants inoculated with both microbes showed better growth, survival and photosynthesis performance than the non-inoculated controls. The results of this study prove the beneficial influence of the isolated endophytes on the Cu tolerance of S. stellaris, and indicate the ecological potential of applying microbial consortia to plants under extreme environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Ryszka
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Irene Lichtscheidl
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Grzegorz Tylko
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Turnau
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Oh SY, Park MS, Lim YW. The Influence of Microfungi on the Mycelial Growth of Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Tricholoma matsutake. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E169. [PMID: 31181710 PMCID: PMC6617177 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake) is one of the most valued ectomycorrhizal fungi in Asia because of its unique pine-like aroma; however, due to exceptionally slow growth of its mycelia in artificial conditions, its cultivation has been largely deemed as not possible. Previous studies have shown that some bacteria and a few Trichoderma species associated with pine mushroom promoted the growth of T. matsutake isolate, but this effect is relatively unexplored. In this study, we investigated the diversity of microfungi in the fairy ring of T. matsutake and their effect on the growth of T. matsutake isolate. From 184 fungal isolates, 28 species were identified based on suitable molecular markers. Penicillium was most frequently observed (16 species), followed by Trichoderma (4 species). Five Zygomycota species showed a high promoting effect on the growth of T. matsutake while the effects of ascomycetes were mixed. The microfungi that promote the growth of T. matsutake can be useful for forest nursery and artificial cultivation of T. matsutake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yoon Oh
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Myung Soo Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Young Woon Lim
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Takashima Y, Seto K, Degawa Y, Guo Y, Nishizawa T, Ohta H, Narisawa K. Prevalence and Intra-Family Phylogenetic Divergence of Burkholderiaceae-Related Endobacteria Associated with Species of Mortierella. Microbes Environ 2018; 33:417-427. [PMID: 30531154 PMCID: PMC6307997 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me18081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endofungal bacteria are widespread within the phylum Mucoromycota, and these include Burkholderiaceae-related endobacteria (BRE). However, the prevalence of BRE in Mortierellomycotinan fungi and their phylogenetic divergence remain unclear. Therefore, we examined the prevalence of BRE in diverse species of Mortierella. We surveyed 238 isolates of Mortierella spp. mainly obtained in Japan that were phylogenetically classified into 59 species. BRE were found in 53 isolates consisting of 22 species of Mortierella. Among them, 20 species of Mortierella were newly reported as the fungal hosts of BRE. BRE in a Glomeribacter-Mycoavidus clade in the family Burkholderiaceae were separated phylogenetically into three groups. These groups consisted of a group containing Mycoavidus cysteinexigens, which is known to be associated with M. elongata, and two other newly distinguishable groups. Our results demonstrated that BRE were harbored by many species of Mortierella and those that associated with isolates of Mortierella spp. were more phylogenetically divergent than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takashima
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Ibaraki University College of Agriculture
| | - Kensuke Seto
- Mountain Science Center Sugadaira Research Station, University of Tsukuba
| | - Yousuke Degawa
- Mountain Science Center Sugadaira Research Station, University of Tsukuba
| | - Yong Guo
- Ibaraki University College of Agriculture
| | - Tomoyasu Nishizawa
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Ibaraki University College of Agriculture
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Ibaraki University College of Agriculture
| | - Kazuhiko Narisawa
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Ibaraki University College of Agriculture
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13
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Ozimek E, Jaroszuk-Ściseł J, Bohacz J, Korniłłowicz-Kowalska T, Tyśkiewicz R, Słomka A, Nowak A, Hanaka A. Synthesis of Indoleacetic Acid, Gibberellic Acid and ACC-Deaminase by Mortierella Strains Promote Winter Wheat Seedlings Growth under Different Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103218. [PMID: 30340353 PMCID: PMC6214141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous pool of phytoregulators in plant tissues supplied with microbial secondary metabolites may be crucial for the development of winter wheat seedlings during cool springs. The phytohormones may be synthesized by psychrotrophic microorganisms in lower temperatures occurring in a temperate climate. Two fungal isolates from the Spitzbergen soils after the microscopic observations and “the internal transcribed spacer” (ITS) region molecular characterization were identified as Mortierellaantarctica (MA DEM7) and Mortierella verticillata (MV DEM32). In order to study the synthesis of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA), Mortierella strains were grown on media supplemented with precursor of phytohormones tryptophan at 9, 15 °C, and 20 °C for nine days. The highest amount of IAA synthesis was identified in MV DEM32 nine-day-culture at 15 °C with 1.5 mM of tryptophan. At the same temperature (15 °C), the significant promoting effect (about 40% root and shoot fresh weight) of this strain on seedlings was observed. However, only MA DEM-7 had the ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase activity with the highest efficiency at 9 °C and synthesized IAA without tryptophan. Moreover, at the same conditions, the strain was confirmed to possess the strong promoting effect (about 40% root and 24% shoot fresh weight) on seedlings. Both strains synthesized GA in all tested terms and temperatures. The studied Mortierella strains had some important traits that led them to be considered as microbial biofertilizers components, improving plant growth in difficult temperate climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ozimek
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Jaroszuk-Ściseł
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Justyna Bohacz
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Laboratory of Mycology, Faculty of Agrobioengineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-069 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Teresa Korniłłowicz-Kowalska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Laboratory of Mycology, Faculty of Agrobioengineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-069 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Renata Tyśkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Słomka
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Artur Nowak
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Hanaka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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Du ZY, Alvaro J, Hyden B, Zienkiewicz K, Benning N, Zienkiewicz A, Bonito G, Benning C. Enhancing oil production and harvest by combining the marine alga Nannochloropsis oceanica and the oleaginous fungus Mortierella elongata. Biotechnol Biofuels 2018; 11:174. [PMID: 29977335 PMCID: PMC6013958 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although microalgal biofuels have potential advantages over conventional fossil fuels, high production costs limit their application in the market. We developed bio-flocculation and incubation methods for the marine alga, Nannochloropsis oceanica CCMP1779, and the oleaginous fungus, Mortierella elongata AG77, resulting in increased oil productivity. RESULTS By growing separately and then combining the cells, the M. elongata mycelium could efficiently capture N. oceanica due to an intricate cellular interaction between the two species leading to bio-flocculation. Use of a high-salt culture medium induced accumulation of triacylglycerol (TAG) and enhanced the contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) including arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in M. elongata. To increase TAG productivity in the alga, we developed an effective, reduced nitrogen-supply regime based on ammonium in environmental photobioreactors. Under optimized conditions, N. oceanica produced high levels of TAG that could be indirectly monitored by following chlorophyll content. Combining N. oceanica and M. elongata to initiate bio-flocculation yielded high levels of TAG and total fatty acids, with ~ 15 and 22% of total dry weight (DW), respectively, as well as high levels of PUFAs. Genetic engineering of N. oceanica for higher TAG content in nutrient-replete medium was accomplished by overexpressing DGTT5, a gene encoding the type II acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 5. Combined with bio-flocculation, this approach led to increased production of TAG under nutrient-replete conditions (~ 10% of DW) compared to the wild type (~ 6% of DW). CONCLUSIONS The combined use of M. elongata and N. oceanica with available genomes and genetic engineering tools for both species opens up new avenues to improve biofuel productivity and allows for the engineering of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yan Du
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Jonathan Alvaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Brennan Hyden
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nils Benning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Agnieszka Zienkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Gregory Bonito
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Christoph Benning
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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15
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Gomes ECQ, Godinho VM, Silva DAS, de Paula MTR, Vitoreli GA, Zani CL, Alves TMA, Junior PAS, Murta SMF, Barbosa EC, Oliveira JG, Oliveira FS, Carvalho CR, Ferreira MC, Rosa CA, Rosa LH. Cultivable fungi present in Antarctic soils: taxonomy, phylogeny, diversity, and bioprospecting of antiparasitic and herbicidal metabolites. Extremophiles 2018; 22:381-393. [PMID: 29332141 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-018-1003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular biology techniques were used to identify 218 fungi from soil samples collected from four islands of Antarctica. These consisted of 22 taxa of 15 different genera belonging to the Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Mortierella, Antarctomyces, Pseudogymnoascus, and Penicillium were the most frequently isolated genera and Penicillium tardochrysogenum, Penicillium verrucosus, Goffeauzyma gilvescens, and Mortierella sp. 2 the most abundant taxa. All fungal isolates were cultivated using solid-state fermentation to obtain their crude extracts. Pseudogymnoascus destructans, Mortierella parvispora, and Penicillium chrysogenum displayed antiparasitic activities, whilst extracts of P. destructans, Mortierella amoeboidea, Mortierella sp. 3, and P. tardochrysogenum showed herbicidal activities. Reported as pathogenic for bats, different isolates of P. destructans exhibited trypanocidal activities and herbicidal activity, and may be a source of bioactive molecules to be considered for chemotherapy against neglected tropical diseases. The abundant presence of P. destructans in soils of the four islands gives evidence supporting that soils in the Antarctic Peninsula constitute a natural source of strains of this genus, including some P. destructans strains that are phylogenetically close to those that infect bats in North America and Europe/Palearctic Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldon C Q Gomes
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Valéria M Godinho
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Débora A S Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maria T R de Paula
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gislaine A Vitoreli
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Carlos L Zani
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-MG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tânia M A Alves
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-MG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Silvane M F Murta
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-MG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Emerson C Barbosa
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-MG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio S Oliveira
- Department of Geography, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila R Carvalho
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Ferreira
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Rosa
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz H Rosa
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
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16
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Benny GL, Ho HM, Lazarus KL, Smith ME. Five new species of the obligate mycoparasite Syncephalis (Zoopagales, Zoopagomycotina) from soil. Mycologia 2018; 108:1114-1129. [PMID: 27760848 DOI: 10.3852/15-073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
More than 520 soil samples were surveyed for species of the mycoparasitic zygomycete genus Syncephalis using a culture-based approach. These fungi are relatively common in soil using the optimal conditions for growing both the host and parasite. Five species obtained in dual culture are unknown to science and are described here: (i) S. digitata with sporangiophores short, merosporangia separate at the apices, simple, 3-5 spored; (ii) S. floridana, which forms galls in the host and has sporangiophores up to 170 µm long with unbranched merosporangia that contain 2-4 spores; (iii) S. pseudoplumigaleta, with an abrupt apical bend in the sporophore; (iv) S. pyriformis with fertile vesicles that are long-pyriform; and (v) S. unispora with unispored merosporangia. To facilitate future molecular comparisons between species of Syncephalis and to allow identification of these fungi from environmental sampling datasets, we used Syncephalis-specific PCR primers to generate internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences for all five new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald L Benny
- a Department of Plant Pathology, 1453 Fifield Hall, PO Box 110680, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Hsiao-Man Ho
- b Department of Science Education, National Taipei University of Education, 134, Sect. 2, Heping E. Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Katherine L Lazarus
- a Department of Plant Pathology, 1453 Fifield Hall, PO Box 110680, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Matthew E Smith
- a Department of Plant Pathology, 1453 Fifield Hall, PO Box 110680, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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17
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Simon A, Hervé V, Al-Dourobi A, Verrecchia E, Junier P. An in situ inventory of fungi and their associated migrating bacteria in forest soils using fungal highway columns. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 93:fiw217. [PMID: 27797964 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soils are complex ecosystems in which fungi and bacteria co-exist and interact. Fungal highways are a kind of interaction by which bacteria use fungal hyphae to disperse in soils. Despite the fact that fungal highways have been studied in laboratory models, the diversity of fungi and bacteria interacting in this way in soils is still unknown. Fungal highway columns containing two different culture media were used as a selective method to study the identity of fungi and bacteria able to migrate along the hyphae in three forest soils. Regardless of the soil type, fungi of the genus Mortierella (phylum Zygomycota) were selected inside the columns. In contrast, a diverse community of bacteria dominated by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria was observed. The results confirm the importance of bacteria affiliated to Burkholderia as potentially associated migrating bacteria in soils and indicate that other groups such as Bacillus and Clostridium are also highly enriched in the co-colonization of a new habitat (columns) associated to Mortierella. The diversity of potentially associated migrating bacteria brings a novel perspective on the indirect metabolic capabilities that could be favored by r-strategist fungi and supports the fact that these fungi should be considered as crucial actors in soil functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaele Simon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Hervé
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,Biogeosciences laboratory, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrej Al-Dourobi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Verrecchia
- Biogeosciences laboratory, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pilar Junier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Background and Purpose: Soil is the main habitat of saprophytic and pathogenic fungi. Mucoromycotina constitutes a large group of soil fungi, with certain opportunistic members causing systemic infections in immunocompromised hosts. The majority of human and animal infections are caused by the members of the genera Rhizopus, Mucor, Rhizomucor, Lichtheimia (Absidia), Cunninghamella, and Mortierella. Accordingly, in the present study, we aimed to isolate and identify the main genera of the order Mucorales, using molecular assays and morphological features. Materials and Methods: In total, 340 soil samples were collected from seven public parks throughout the city and sidewalk gardens in 14 municipal districts in Isfahan, Iran. All the samples were cultured on the appropriate media, incubated at 27°C for 2- 4 days, and examined daily for visible fungal growth. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was applied and macroscopic, microscopic, and physiological characteristics were assessed to identify fungal colonies. Results: 400 pure colonies, belonging to the orders Mucorales and Mortierellales, including the genera Lichtheimia, Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, Mucor, Cunninghamella, and Mortierella, were identified. The genus Rhizopus (35.5%) was the most frequent isolate, followed by Mucor (32.25%) and Rhizomucor (27.5%). Conclusion: The results emphasize the importance of opportunistic fungi in public areas and indicate the risk of exposure for immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ziaee
- Department of Medical and Veterinary Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Specialized Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Zia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Bayat
- Department of Medical and Veterinary Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Specialized Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - J Hashemi
- Department of Mycology and Parasitology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kikukawa H, Sakuradani E, Nishibaba Y, Okuda T, Ando A, Shima J, Shimizu S, Ogawa J. Production of cis-11-eicosenoic acid by Mortierella fungi. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118:641-7. [PMID: 25495454 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To find cis-11-eicosenoic acid (20:1ω9, EA)-producing micro-organisms. METHODS AND RESULTS We found EA-producing fungi by screening about 300 fungal strains and identified a major fatty acid accumulated in the Mortierella fungi as EA by means of GC-MS analysis. In particular, Mortierella chlamydospora CBS 529.75 produced a high amount of EA (36.3 mg g(-1) of dried cells) on cultivation at 28°C for 4 days and then at 12°C for 3 days. In the result of lipid analysis, most of the EA was a component of triacylglycerols, not phospholipids. CONCLUSION We found that M. chlamydospora CBS 529.75 was the best producer for the microbial production of EA. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY EA is beneficial as a raw material for medical supplies and a moisturizing component of cosmetic creams. This is the first report of microbial production of EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kikukawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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20
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Abstract
Fungal arachidonic acid (ARA)-rich oil is an important microbial oil that affects diverse physiological processes that impact normal health and chronic disease. In this article, the historic developments and technological achievements in fungal ARA-rich oil production in the past several years are reviewed. The biochemistry of ARA, ARA-rich oil synthesis and the accumulation mechanism are first introduced. Subsequently, the fermentation and downstream technologies are summarized. Furthermore, progress in the industrial production of ARA-rich oil is discussed. Finally, guidelines for future studies of fungal ARA-rich oil production are proposed in light of the current progress, challenges and trends in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology , Nanjing , People's Republic of China
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