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da Silva Barbirato D, Fogacci MF, Guimarães TC, de Carvalho DP, Rurr JC, Takiya CM, Scharfstein J, da Costa Leitão AA. Protective effect of Chromobacterium violaceum and violacein against bone resorption by periodontitis. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:2175-2186. [PMID: 36809354 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-04891-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential protective effect of Chromobacterium violaceum and violacein against periodontitis, in experimental models. MATERIALS AND METHODS A double-blind experimental study on the exposure to C. violaceum or violacein in experimentally ligature-induced periodontitis, as preventive factors against alveolar bone loss by periodontitis. Bone resorption was assessed by morphometry. Antibacterial potential of violacein was assessed in an in vitro assay. Its cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were evaluated using the Ames test and SOS Chromotest assay, respectively. RESULTS The potential of C. violaceum to prevent/limit bone resorption by periodontitis was confirmed. Daily exposure to 106 cells/ml in water intake since birth and only during the first 30 days of life significantly reduced bone loss from periodontitis in teeth with ligature. Violacein extracted from C. violaceum was efficient in inhibiting or limiting bone resorption and had a bactericidal effect against Porphyromonas gingivalis in the in vitro assay. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that C. violaceum and violacein have the potential to prevent or limit the progression of periodontal diseases, in an experimental model. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The effect of an environmental microorganism with potential action against bone loss in animal models with ligature-induced periodontitis represents the possibility of understanding the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases in populations exposed to C. violaceum and the possibility of new probiotics and antimicrobials. This would imply new preventive and therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi da Silva Barbirato
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology - Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 373 Carlos Chagas Filho Avenue, G1-003, Cidade Universitária, Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Fampa Fogacci
- Department of Clinical and Preventive Dentistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Taísa Coelho Guimarães
- Department of Integrated Clinic, Division of Periodontics, Dental School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Denise Pires de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology Doris Rosenthal - Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Janine Cardoso Rurr
- Laboratory of Radiation in Biology - Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christina Maeda Takiya
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Julio Scharfstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology - Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Augusto da Costa Leitão
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology - Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 373 Carlos Chagas Filho Avenue, G1-003, Cidade Universitária, Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
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Draft Genome Sequences of
Chromobacterium
Strains Isolated from Water Systems in Central Western Brazil. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0041722. [PMID: 36154195 PMCID: PMC9583787 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00417-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the draft genome sequences of four
Chromobacterium
strains. This report includes the draft genome sequences of four environmental strains, isolated from surface waters in Brazil.
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Benomar S, Evans KC, Unckless RL, Chandler JR. Efflux Pumps in Chromobacterium Species Increase Antibiotic Resistance and Promote Survival in a Coculture Competition Model. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e00908-19. [PMID: 31324628 PMCID: PMC6752006 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00908-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Chromobacterium genus include opportunistic but often-fatal pathogens and soil saprophytes with highly versatile metabolic capabilities. In previous studies of Chromobacterium subtsugae (formerly C. violaceum) strain CV017, we identified a resistance nodulation division (RND)-family efflux pump (CdeAB-OprM) that confers resistance to several antibiotics, including the bactobolin antibiotic produced by the soil saprophyte Burkholderia thailandensis Here, we show the cdeAB-oprM genes increase C. subtsugae survival in a laboratory competition model with B. thailandensis We also demonstrate that adding sublethal bactobolin concentrations to the coculture increases C. subtsugae survival, but this effect is not through CdeAB-OprM. Instead, the increased survival requires a second, previously unreported pump we call CseAB-OprN. We show that in cells exposed to sublethal bactobolin concentrations, the cseAB-oprN genes are transcriptionally induced, and this corresponds to an increase in bactobolin resistance. Induction of this pump is highly specific and sensitive to bactobolin, while CdeAB-OprM appears to have a broader range of antibiotic recognition. We examine the distribution of cseAB-oprN and cdeAB-oprM gene clusters in members of the Chromobacterium genus and find the cseAB-oprN genes are limited to the nonpathogenic C. subtsugae strains, whereas the cdeAB-oprM genes are more widely distributed among members of the Chromobacterium genus. Our results provide new information on the antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Chromobacterium species and highlight the importance of efflux pumps for saprophytic bacteria existing in multispecies communities.IMPORTANCE Antibiotic efflux pumps are best known for increasing antibiotic resistance of pathogens; however, the role of these pumps in saprophytes is much less well defined. This study describes two predicted efflux pump gene clusters in the Chromobacterium genus, which is comprised of both nonpathogenic saprophytes and species that cause highly fatal human infections. One of the predicted efflux pump clusters is present in every member of the Chromobacterium genus and increases resistance to a broad range of antibiotics. The other gene cluster has more narrow antibiotic specificity and is found only in Chromobacterium subtsugae, a subset of entirely nonpathogenic species. We demonstrate the role of both pumps in increasing antibiotic resistance and demonstrate the importance of efflux-dependent resistance induction for C. subtsugae survival in a dual-species competition model. These results have implications for managing antibiotic-resistant Chromobacterium infections and for understanding the evolution of efflux pumps outside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saida Benomar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Kara C Evans
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Robert L Unckless
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Josephine R Chandler
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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Pauer H, Hardoim CCP, Teixeira FL, Miranda KR, Barbirato DDS, de Carvalho DP, Antunes LCM, Leitão ÁADC, Lobo LA, Domingues RMCP. Impact of violacein from Chromobacterium violaceum on the mammalian gut microbiome. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203748. [PMID: 30212521 PMCID: PMC6136722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Violacein is a violet pigment produced by Chromobacterium violaceum that possesses several functions such as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. The search for potential compounds and therapies that may interfere with and modulate the gut microbial consortia without causing severe damage and increased resistance is important for the treatment of inflammatory, allergic, and metabolic diseases. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the ability of violacein to change microbial patterns in the mammalian gut by favoring certain groups over the others in order to be used as a therapy for diseases associated with changes in the intestinal microflora. To do this, we used male Wistar rats, and administered violacein orally, in low (50 μg/ml) and high (500 μg/ml) doses for a month. Initially, the changes in the microbial diversity were observed by DGGE analyses that showed that the violacein significantly affects the gut microbiota of the rats. Pyrosequencing of 16S rDNA was then employed using a 454 GS Titanium platform, and the results demonstrated that higher taxonomic richness was observed with the low violacein treatment group, followed by the control group and high violacein treatment group. Modulation of the microbiota at the class level was observed in the low violacein dose, where Bacilli and Clostridia (Firmicutes) were found as dominant. For the high violacein dose, Bacilli followed by Clostridia and Actinobacteria were present as the major components. Further analyses are crucial for a better understanding of how violacein affects the gut microbiome and whether this change would be beneficial to the host, providing a framework for the development of alternative treatment strategies for intestinal diseases using this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Pauer
- Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Cassiolato Pires Hardoim
- Laboratório de Interação Hospedeiro-Microbiota, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus do Litoral Paulista, São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Lopes Teixeira
- Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karla Rodrigues Miranda
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Denise Pires de Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro–Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis Caetano Martha Antunes
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Inovação em Doenças de Populações Negligenciadas, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro Araujo Lobo
- Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Regina Maria Cavalcanti Pilotto Domingues
- Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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5
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Batista JH, da Silva Neto JF. Chromobacterium violaceum Pathogenicity: Updates and Insights from Genome Sequencing of Novel Chromobacterium Species. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2213. [PMID: 29176969 PMCID: PMC5686120 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is an abundant component of the soil and water microbiota in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. For many years, it was mainly known as a producer of violacein and as a reporter for the discovery of quorum sensing molecules. However, C. violaceum has recently emerged as an important model of an environmental opportunistic pathogen. Its high virulence in human infections and a mouse infection model involves the possession of several predicted virulence traits, including two type III secretion systems (T3SSs). In this article, in addition to providing an update on the new clinical cases of human C. violaceum infections, we will focus on recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms regarding C. violaceum pathogenesis. It has been demonstrated that the C. violaceum Cpi-1 T3SS plays a pivotal role in interaction with host cells. It is required for the secretion of effector proteins and is the agonist recognized by the Nod-like receptor CARD domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4) inflammasome from innate immune cells. Pyroptosis and its release of hepatocytes for killing by neutrophils are key events required for the clearance of C. violaceum. Given the prominent role of T3SSs in C. violaceum virulence, we examine their occurrence in the Chromobacterium genus, taking advantage of several draft genome sequences of Chromobacterium species that have recently become available. Our finding that the Cpi-1 T3SS is widespread among Chromobacterium species points toward the pathogenic potential of this genus for humans or to novel roles of the T3SS in the interaction of Chromobacterium species with other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana H Batista
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José F da Silva Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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6
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Bajaj A, Kumar A, Yadav S, Kaur G, Bala M, Singh NK, Mathan Kumar R, Manickam N, Mayilraj S. Isolation and characterization of a novel Gram-negative bacterium Chromobacterium alkanivorans sp. nov., strain IITR-71T degrading halogenated alkanes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:5228-5235. [PMID: 27619232 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The taxonomic position of a Gram-stain negative, non-violaceinpigmented bacterium isolated from an insecticide-contaminated site was characterized by a polyphasic approach. The bacterium was able to grow on three different halogenated compounds namely 1-hlorobutane, 1-hloropropane and 1,2-ichloroethane. As a critical step in the degradation of these haloalkanes, stoichiometric amounts of dechlorination were estimated. Based on selective enrichment method for three months, using a highly contaminated mixed chemical soil, a bacterium was obtained and designated as IITR-71T. Its versatility and novelty led us to further characterize it by polyphasic taxonomy. The 16S rRNA gene sequence (1446 bases) comparison showed highest similarity with those of members of the genus Chromobacterium with the most closely related species to strain IITR-71T being Chromobacterium aquaticum (99.3 %) followed by Chromobacterium haemolyticum (98.6 %) and Chromobacterium piscinae (97.1 %). The major ubiquinone was Q-8. Predominant polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG). The DNA G+C content of IITR-71T was estimated to be 61.2 mol%. The genotypic and phenotypic distinctiveness of IITR-71T and its phylogenetic relationships indicate that IITR-71T represents a novel species, for which the name Chromobacterium alkanivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IITR-71T (=MTCC 11059T=JCM 30068T=KCTC 52433T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Bajaj
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicological Research (IITR), Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Anand Kumar
- Microbial Type Culture Collection & Gene Bank (MTCC), CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, 160 036, India
| | - Shivani Yadav
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicological Research (IITR), Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Gurwinder Kaur
- Microbial Type Culture Collection & Gene Bank (MTCC), CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, 160 036, India
| | - Monu Bala
- Microbial Type Culture Collection & Gene Bank (MTCC), CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, 160 036, India
| | - Nitin Kumar Singh
- Microbial Type Culture Collection & Gene Bank (MTCC), CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, 160 036, India
| | - Rajendran Mathan Kumar
- Microbial Type Culture Collection & Gene Bank (MTCC), CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, 160 036, India
| | - Natesan Manickam
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicological Research (IITR), Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Shanmugam Mayilraj
- Microbial Type Culture Collection & Gene Bank (MTCC), CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, 160 036, India
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7
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Durán N, Justo GZ, Durán M, Brocchi M, Cordi L, Tasic L, Castro GR, Nakazato G. Advances in Chromobacterium violaceum and properties of violacein-Its main secondary metabolite: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:1030-1045. [PMID: 27288924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is important in the production of violacein, like other bacteria, such as Alteromonas, Janthinobacterium, Pseudoalteromonas, Duganella, Collimonas and Escherichia. Violacein is a versatile pigment, where it exhibits several biological activities, and every year, it shows increasing commercially interesting uses, especially for industrial applications in cosmetics, medicines and fabrics. This review on violacein focuses mainly on the last five years of research regarding this target compound and describes production and importance of quorum sensing in C. violaceum, mechanistic aspects of its biosynthesis, monitoring processes, genetic perspectives, pathogenic effects, antiparasitic and antimicrobial activities, immunomodulatory potential and uses, antitumor potential and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Durán
- Institute of Chemistry, Biological Chemistry Laboratory, University of Campinas, CP 6154, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; NanoBioss, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; LNNano (CNPEM) Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Giselle Z Justo
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP-Diadema), SP, Brazil
| | - Marcela Durán
- NanoBioss, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Institute of Biology, Urogenital, Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy Laboratory, University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Institute of Biology, Department Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Livia Cordi
- NanoBioss, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Institute of Biology, Department Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ljubica Tasic
- Institute of Chemistry, Biological Chemistry Laboratory, University of Campinas, CP 6154, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; NanoBioss, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Guillermo R Castro
- Nanobiomaterials Laboratory, Applied Biotechnology Institute (CINDEFI, UNLP-CONICET CCT La Plata) - School of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Department of Microbiology, Biology Sciences Center, Londrina State University (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
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8
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da Costa Vasconcelos FN, Padilla G, Spira B. Chromobacterium violaceum adaptation to low-phosphate conditions. Arch Microbiol 2016; 198:269-77. [PMID: 26793969 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is a free-living bacterium that inhabits low-nutrient environments such as the Amazon basin. Bacteria respond to phosphate (Pi) shortage by expressing a range of genes involved in Pi uptake and assimilation, known as the PHO regulon. Several PHO regulon genes have been annotated in the genome of C. violaceum. Here we show that C. violaceum is extremely well adapted to low-Pi conditions. Remarkably, this bacterium is able to grow in media containing only traces of Pi. The PHO regulon genes are induced upon Pi depletion, but the bacteria continued to grow under these conditions. Unlike other Proteobacteria hitherto analyzed, neither PstS nor PhoU play a role in the repression of the PHO regulon under Pi excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Nogales da Costa Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP, CEP:05508-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Padilla
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP, CEP:05508-900, Brazil
| | - Beny Spira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP, CEP:05508-900, Brazil.
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9
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Sasidharan A, Sasidharan NK, Amma DBNS, Vasu RK, Nataraja AV, Bhaskaran K. Antifungal activity of violacein purified from a novel strain of Chromobacterium sp. NIIST (MTCC 5522). J Microbiol 2015; 53:694-701. [PMID: 26428920 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-5173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel strain of Chromobacterium sp. NIIST (MTCC 5522) producing high level of purple blue bioactive compound violacein was isolated from clay mine acidic sediment. During 24 h aerobic incubation in modified Luria Bertani medium, around 0.6 g crude violacein was produced per gram of dry weight biomass. An inexpensive method for preparing crystalline, pure violacein from crude pigment was developed (12.8 mg violacein/L) and the pure compound was characterized by different spectrometric methods. The violacein prepared was found effective against a number of plant and human pathogenic fungi and yeast species such as Cryptococcus gastricus, Trichophyton rubrum, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium expansum, and Candida albicans. The best activity was recorded against Trichophyton rubrum (2 -g/ml), a human pathogen responsible for causing athlete-s foot infection. This is the first report of antifungal activity of purified violacein against pathogenic fungi and yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Sasidharan
- Environmental Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 019, India
| | | | | | - Radhakrishnan Kokkuvayil Vasu
- Chemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695 019, India
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10
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Silva-Rocha R, de Azevedo JSN, Carepo MSP, Lopes de Souza R, Silva A, de Lorenzo V, Schneider MPC. Vestigialization of arsenic resistance phenotypes/genotypes inChromobacterium violaceumstrains thriving in pristine Brazilian sites. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2013.843170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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11
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Keen PL, Patrick DM. Tracking Change: A Look at the Ecological Footprint of Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2013; 2:191-205. [PMID: 27029298 PMCID: PMC4790334 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics2020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the class of pollutants considered as 'emerging contaminants', antibiotic compounds including drugs used in medical therapy, biocides and disinfectants merit special consideration because their bioactivity in the environment is the result of their functional design. Antibiotics can alter the structure and function of microbial communities in the receiving environment and facilitate the development and spread of resistance in critical species of bacteria including pathogens. Methanogenesis, nitrogen transformation and sulphate reduction are among the key ecosystem processes performed by bacteria in nature that can also be affected by the impacts of environmental contamination by antibiotics. Together, the effects of the development of resistance in bacteria involved in maintaining overall ecosystem health and the development of resistance in human, animal and fish pathogens, make serious contributions to the risks associated with environmental pollution by antibiotics. In this brief review, we discuss the multiple impacts on human and ecosystem health of environmental contamination by antibiotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Keen
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2002-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - David M Patrick
- School of Population & Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Menezes CBA, Silva BP, Sousa IMO, Ruiz ALTG, Spindola HM, Cabral E, Eberlin MN, Tinti SV, Carvalho JE, Foglio MA, Fantinatti-Garboggini F. In vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of crude extracts obtained from Brazilian Chromobacterium sp isolates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 46:65-70. [PMID: 23090123 PMCID: PMC3854353 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural products produced by microorganisms have been an important source of new substances and lead compounds for the pharmaceutical industry. Chromobacterium violaceum is a Gram-negative β-proteobacterium, abundant in water and soil in tropical and subtropical regions and it produces violacein, a pigment that has shown great pharmaceutical potential. Crude extracts of five Brazilian isolates of Chromobacterium sp (0.25, 2.5, 25, and 250 µg/mL) were evaluated in an in vitro antitumor activity assay with nine human tumor cells. Secondary metabolic profiles were analyzed by liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry resulting in the identification of violacein in all extracts, whereas FK228 was detected only in EtCE 308 and EtCE 592 extracts. AcCE and EtCE 310 extracts showed selectivity for NCI/ADR-RES cells in the in vitro assay and were evaluated in vivo in the solid Ehrlich tumor model, resulting in 50.3 and 54.6% growth inhibition, respectively. The crude extracts of Chromobacterium sp isolates showed potential and selective antitumor activities for certain human tumor cells, making them a potential source of lead compounds. Furthermore, the results suggest that other compounds, in addition to violacein, deoxyviolacein and FK228, may be involved in the antitumor effect observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B A Menezes
- Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil.
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Bruce T, de Castro A, Kruger R, Thompson CC, Thompson FL. Microbial Diversity of Brazilian Biomes. ADVANCES IN MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2182-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Baraúna RA, Ciprandi A, Santos AV, Carepo MSP, Gonçalves EC, Schneider MPC, Silva A. Proteomics Analysis of the Effects of Cyanate on Chromobacterium violaceum Metabolism. Genes (Basel) 2011; 2:736-47. [PMID: 24710289 PMCID: PMC3927592 DOI: 10.3390/genes2040736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is a gram-negative betaproteobacterium that has been isolated from various Brazilian ecosystems. Its genome contains the cyn operon, which gives it the ability to metabolize highly toxic cyanate into ammonium and carbon dioxide. We used a proteomics approach to investigate the effects of cyanate on the metabolism of this bacterium. The proteome of cells grown with and without cyanate was compared on 2-D gels. Differential spots were digested and identified by mass spectrometry. The bacterium was able to grow at concentrations of up to 1 mM cyanate. Eighteen spots were differentially expressed in the presence of cyanate, of which 16 were downregulated and only two were upregulated. An additional 12 spots were detected only in extracts of cells unexposed to cyanate, and one was expressed only by the exposed cells. Fourteen spots were identified, corresponding to 13 different proteins. We conclude that cyanate promotes expression of enzymes that combat oxidative stress and represses enzymes of the citric acid cycle, strongly affecting the energetic metabolism of the cell. Other proteins that were under-expressed in bacteria exposed to cyanate are involved in amino-acid metabolism or are hypothetical proteins, demonstrating that cyanate also affects expression of genes that are not part of the cyn operon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Baraúna
- Laboratório de Polimorfismo de DNA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brasil.
| | - Alessandra Ciprandi
- Laboratório de Polimorfismo de DNA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brasil.
| | - Agenor V Santos
- Laboratório de Polimorfismo de DNA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brasil.
| | - Marta S P Carepo
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
| | - Evonnildo C Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Polimorfismo de DNA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brasil.
| | - Maria P C Schneider
- Laboratório de Polimorfismo de DNA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brasil.
| | - Artur Silva
- Laboratório de Polimorfismo de DNA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brasil.
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Gimenes MV, Zanotto PMDA, Suttle CA, da Cunha HB, Mehnert DU. Phylodynamics and movement of Phycodnaviruses among aquatic environments. ISME JOURNAL 2011; 6:237-47. [PMID: 21796218 PMCID: PMC3260511 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2011.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Phycodnaviruses have a significant role in modulating the dynamics of phytoplankton, thereby influencing community structure and succession, nutrient cycles and potentially atmospheric composition because phytoplankton fix about half the carbon dioxide (CO(2)) on the planet, and some algae release dimethylsulphoniopropionate when lysed by viruses. Despite their ecological importance and widespread distribution, relatively little is known about the evolutionary history, phylogenetic relationships and phylodynamics of the Phycodnaviruses from freshwater environments. Herein we provide novel data on Phycodnaviruses from the largest river system on earth--the Amazon Basin--that were compared with samples from different aquatic systems from several places around the world. Based on phylogenetic inference using DNA polymerase (pol) sequences we show the presence of distinct populations of Phycodnaviridae. Preliminary coarse-grained phylodynamics and phylogeographic inferences revealed a complex dynamics characterized by long-term fluctuations in viral population sizes, with a remarkable worldwide reduction of the effective population around 400 thousand years before the present (KYBP), followed by a recovery near to the present time. Moreover, we present evidence for significant viral gene flow between freshwater environments, but crucially almost none between freshwater and marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela V Gimenes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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16
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Lima-Bittencourt CI, Costa PS, Barbosa FAR, Chartone-Souza E, Nascimento AMA. Characterization of a Chromobacterium haemolyticum population from a natural tropical lake. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 52:642-50. [PMID: 21466570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study genetic diversity of Chromobacterium haemolyticum isolates recovered from a natural tropical lake. METHODS AND RESULTS A set of 31 isolates were recovered from a bacterial freshwater community by conventional plating methods and subjected to genetic and phenotypic characterization. The 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene phylogeny revealed that the isolates were related most closely with C. haemolyticum. In addition to the molecular data, our isolates exhibited strong β-haemolytic activity, were nonviolacein producers and utilized i-inositol, D-mannitol and D-sorbitol in contrast with the other known chromobacteria. Evaluation of the genetic diversity in the 16S rRNA gene, tRNA intergenic spacers (tDNA) and 16S-23S internal transcribed spacers (ITS) unveiled different levels of genetic heterogeneity in the population, which were also observed with repetitive extragenic palindromic (rep)-PCR genomic fingerprinting using the BOX-AR1 primer. tDNA- and ITS-PCR analyses were partially congruent with the 16S rRNA gene phylogeny. The isolates exhibited high resistance to β-lactamic antibiotics. CONCLUSION The population genetic heterogeneity was revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequence, ITS and BOX-PCR analysis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides for the first time an insight into the genetic diversity of phylogenetically close isolates to C. haemolyticum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Lima-Bittencourt
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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17
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Costa PS, Nascimento AM, Cláudia I. LB, Chartone-Souza E, Santos FR, Vilas-Boas A. Chromobacterium sp. From the tropics: detection and diversity of phytase activity. Braz J Microbiol 2011; 42:84-8. [PMID: 24031608 PMCID: PMC3768951 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822011000100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytases are a group of enzymes that catalyze phytic acid hydrolysis with release of phosphorus (P). The ability of Chromobacterium sp. to produce phytase was detected in 115 out of 118 candidate bacteria isolated from different Brazilian biomas. This is the first report revealing the genus Chromobacterium as phytase producer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia S. Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
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18
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Weber KA, Hedrick DB, Peacock AD, Thrash JC, White DC, Achenbach LA, Coates JD. Physiological and taxonomic description of the novel autotrophic, metal oxidizing bacterium, Pseudogulbenkiania sp. strain 2002. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 83:555-65. [PMID: 19333599 PMCID: PMC7419358 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-1934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A lithoautotrophic, Fe(II) oxidizing, nitrate-reducing bacterium, strain 2002 (ATCC BAA-1479; =DSM 18807), was isolated as part of a study on nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation in freshwater lake sediments. Here we provide an in-depth phenotypic and phylogenetic description of the isolate. Strain 2002 is a gram-negative, non-spore forming, motile, rod-shaped bacterium which tested positive for oxidase, catalase, and urease. Analysis of the complete 16S rRNA gene sequence placed strain 2002 in a clade within the family Neisseriaceae in the order Nessieriales of the Betaproteobacteria 99.3% similar to Pseudogulbenkiania subflava. Similar to P. sublfava, predominant whole cell fatty acids were identified as 16:17c, 42.4%, and 16:0, 34.1%. Whole cell difference spectra of the Fe(II) reduced minus nitrate oxidized cyctochrome content revealed a possible role of c-type cytochromes in nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation. Strain 2002 was unable to oxidize aqueous or solid-phase Mn(II) with nitrate as the electron acceptor. In addition to lithotrophic growth with Fe(II), strain 2002 could alternatively grow heterotrophically with long-chain fatty acids, simple organic acids, carbohydrates, yeast extract, or casamino acids. Nitrate, nitrite, nitrous oxide, and oxygen also served as terminal electron acceptors with acetate as the electron donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karrie A Weber
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Dall'Agnol LT, Martins RN, Vallinoto ACR, Ribeiro KTS. Diversity of Chromobacterium violaceum isolates from aquatic environments of state of Pará, Brazilian Amazon. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 103:678-82. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008000700009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Barreto ES, Torres AR, Barreto MR, Vasconcelos ATR, Astolfi-Filho S, Hungria M. Diversity in antifungal activity of strains of Chromobacterium violaceum from the Brazilian Amazon. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:783-90. [PMID: 18347828 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is a free-living Gram-negative bacterium found in soil and aquatic habitats; abundantly present in the Brazilian Amazon, it is an important example of exploitable microbial diversity of the tropics. In this study, 24 strains from the Brazilian Amazon and ATCC 12472(T) were investigated for biocontrol potential of seven fungi pathogenic to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] seed. Both cells and the supernatants of two Brazilian strains, 07-1 and 27-1, together with ATCC 12472(T) were strongly antagonistic to six out of the seven fungi. The antifungal activity of the Brazilian strains to Fusarium sp., Phomopsis sp. and Cercospora kikuchi was consistently stronger than that of ATCC 12472(T). In addition, the two Brazilian strains, but not ATCC 12472(T), were effective against Corynespora sp., and all three strains and their supernatants were equally effective against Aspergillus sp. and Colletotrichum sp. None of the strains had antifungal activity against Botroyodiplodia sp. Three potential mechanisms related to the antibiosis were investigated: violacein toxicity, cyanide production and chitinolytic activity; however, it was not possible to associate any of them with the antifungal activity. The results highlight the biotechnological potential still to be explored within the poorly characterized microbial biodiversity of the tropics.
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21
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Han XY, Han FS, Segal J. Chromobacterium haemolyticum sp. nov., a strongly haemolytic species. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2008; 58:1398-403. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.64681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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22
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Martin PAW, Gundersen-Rindal D, Blackburn M, Buyer J. Chromobacterium subtsugae sp. nov., a betaproteobacterium toxic to Colorado potato beetle and other insect pests. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2007; 57:993-999. [PMID: 17473247 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.64611-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain PRAA4-1(T), a motile, Gram-negative, violet-pigmented bacterium, was isolated from Maryland forest soil and found to be orally toxic to Colorado potato beetle larvae and other insects. Morphological, biological, biochemical and molecular characterization revealed that this strain was most similar to Chromobacterium violaceum, the type species and only currently recognized member of the genus Chromobacterium. DNA-DNA hybridization with C. violaceum ATCC 12472(T) was 27 %. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain PRAA4-1(T) and Chromobacterium violaceum form a monophyletic clade, with the closest ancestral taxon Vogesella indigofera within the Betaproteobacteria. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain PRAA4-1(T) (=NRRL B-30655(T)=DSM 17043(T)) is proposed as the type strain of a novel species of the genus Chromobacterium, Chromobacterium subtsugae sp. nov.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacterial Typing Techniques
- Chromobacterium/classification
- Chromobacterium/isolation & purification
- Chromobacterium/pathogenicity
- Chromobacterium/physiology
- Coleoptera/microbiology
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Genes, rRNA/genetics
- Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Larva/microbiology
- Maryland
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Movement
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Phylogeny
- Pigments, Biological/biosynthesis
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Soil Microbiology
- Trees
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis A W Martin
- Insect Biocontrol Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Dawn Gundersen-Rindal
- Insect Biocontrol Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Michael Blackburn
- Insect Biocontrol Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Buyer
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD, USA
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Analysis of Chromobacterium sp. natural isolates from different Brazilian ecosystems. BMC Microbiol 2007; 7:58. [PMID: 17584942 PMCID: PMC1913517 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-7-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chromobacterium violaceum is a free-living bacterium able to survive under diverse environmental conditions. In this study we evaluate the genetic and physiological diversity of Chromobacterium sp. isolates from three Brazilian ecosystems: Brazilian Savannah (Cerrado), Atlantic Rain Forest and Amazon Rain Forest. We have analyzed the diversity with molecular approaches (16S rRNA gene sequences and amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis) and phenotypic surveys of antibiotic resistance and biochemistry profiles. Results In general, the clusters based on physiological profiles included isolates from two or more geographical locations indicating that they are not restricted to a single ecosystem. The isolates from Brazilian Savannah presented greater physiologic diversity and their biochemical profile was the most variable of all groupings. The isolates recovered from Amazon and Atlantic Rain Forests presented the most similar biochemical characteristics to the Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472 strain. Clusters based on biochemical profiles were congruent with clusters obtained by the 16S rRNA gene tree. According to the phylogenetic analyses, isolates from the Amazon Rain Forest and Savannah displayed a closer relationship to the Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene tree revealed a good correlation between phylogenetic clustering and geographic origin. Conclusion The physiological analyses clearly demonstrate the high biochemical versatility found in the C. violaceum genome and molecular methods allowed to detect the intra and inter-population diversity of isolates from three Brazilian ecosystems.
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