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Khiari Z. Enzymes from Fishery and Aquaculture Waste: Research Trends in the Era of Artificial Intelligence and Circular Bio-Economy. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:411. [PMID: 39330292 PMCID: PMC11433245 DOI: 10.3390/md22090411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the era of the blue bio-economy, which promotes the sustainable utilization and exploitation of marine resources for economic growth and development, the fisheries and aquaculture industries still face huge sustainability issues. One of the major challenges of these industries is associated with the generation and management of wastes, which pose a serious threat to human health and the environment if not properly treated. In the best-case scenario, fishery and aquaculture waste is processed into low-value commodities such as fishmeal and fish oil. However, this renewable organic biomass contains a number of highly valuable bioproducts, including enzymes, bioactive peptides, as well as functional proteins and polysaccharides. Marine-derived enzymes are known to have unique physical, chemical and catalytic characteristics and are reported to be superior to those from plant and animal origins. Moreover, it has been established that enzymes from marine species possess cold-adapted properties, which makes them interesting from technological, economic and sustainability points of view. Therefore, this review centers around enzymes from fishery and aquaculture waste, with a special focus on proteases, lipases, carbohydrases, chitinases and transglutaminases. Additionally, the use of fishery and aquaculture waste as a substrate for the production of industrially relevant microbial enzymes is discussed. The application of emerging technologies (i.e., artificial intelligence and machine learning) in microbial enzyme production is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zied Khiari
- National Research Council of Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
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Ngouénam RJ, Nofal G, Patra S, Njapndounke B, Kouam EMF, Kaktcham PM, Ngoufack FZ. Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated From Rotting Oranges and Use of Agropastoral Processing By-products as Carbon and Nitrogen Sources Alternative for Lactic Acid Production. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 2024:4264229. [PMID: 39286282 PMCID: PMC11405111 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4264229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the ability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from oranges to use fish by-products (FB) and chicken by-products (CB) as nitrogen sources alternative to yeast extract for lactic acid (LA) production in a papaya by-product medium as a carbon source. Once the fermentation agents had been isolated, they were subjected to biochemical and molecular characterization. Inexpensive nitrogen sources, precisely CB and FB, were prepared, freeze-dried, and yield evaluated. Also, before to the fermentation experiments, the Total Kjehdahl Nitrogen (TKN) of these by-products and that of the yeast extract were determined. Then, three production media differing in terms of nitrogen source were formulated from these nitrogen sources. From the 22 LAB isolated from orange, two isolates of interest (NGO25 and NGO23) were obtained; all belonging to the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum species based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Furthermore, the production yield powder obtained after lyophilization of 1 L of CB and FB surpernatant were, respectively, 16.6 g and 12.933 g. The TKN of different nitrogen sources powder were 71.4 ± 0.000% DM (FB), 86.145 ± 0.001% DM (CB), and 87.5 ± 0.99% DM (yeast extract). The best kinetic parameters of LA production (LA (g/L): 31.945 ± 0.078; volumetric productivity (g/L.h): 1.331 ± 0.003; LA yield (mg/g) 63.89 ± 0.156; biomass (g/L) 7.925 ± 0.035; cell growth rate (g/L.h): 0.330 ± 0.001) were recorded by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NGO25 after 24 h of fermentation. The latter data were obtained in the production medium containing CB as nitrogen sources. In addition, this production medium cost only $0.152 to formulate, compared to yeast extract which required $1.692 to formulate. Thus, freeze-dried CB can be used as an alternative to yeast extract in large-scale production of LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romial Joel Ngouénam
- Laboratory of Microbiology Department of Microbiology Faculty of Science University of Yaoundé I, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ghadir Nofal
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Laboratory Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 781039, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sanjukta Patra
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Laboratory Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 781039, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Bilkissou Njapndounke
- Laboratory of Microbiology Department of Microbiology Faculty of Science University of Yaoundé I, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Edith Marius Foko Kouam
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Pierre Marie Kaktcham
- Research Unit of Biochemistry Medicinal Plants Food Science and Nutrition (URBPMAN) Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - François Zambou Ngoufack
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
- Research Unit of Biochemistry Medicinal Plants Food Science and Nutrition (URBPMAN) Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
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Optimization of Lactic Acid Production from Pineapple By-Products and an Inexpensive Nitrogen Source Using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain 4O8. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2021; 2021:1742018. [PMID: 34712725 PMCID: PMC8548162 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1742018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid (LA) is used in food, cosmetic, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries and has recently attracted much attention in the production of biodegradable polymers. The expensive substances including carbon and nitrogen sources involved in its fermentative synthesis and the increasing market demand of LA have prompted scientists to look for inexpensive raw materials from which it can be produced. This research was aimed at determining the optimum conditions of lactic acid (LA) production from pineapple by-products and an inexpensive nitrogen source using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain 4O8. After collection and preparation of the carbon source (pineapple by-products) and nitrogen sources (by-products from fish, chicken, and beer brewing industries), they were used for the formulation of 4 different media in terms of nitrogen sources. Then, the proximate compositions of promising nitrogen sources were determined. This was followed by the screening of factors (temperature, carbon source, nitrogen source, MgSO4, MnSO4, FeSO4, KH2PO4, and KHPO4) influencing the production of LA using the definitive plan. Lastly, the optimization process was done using the central composite design. The highest LA productions (14.64 ± 0.05 g/l and 13.4 ± 0.02 g/l) were obtained in production medium supplemented with chicken and fish by-products, respectively, making them the most promising sources of nitrogen. The proximate analysis of these nitrogen sources revealed that their protein contents were 83.00 ± 1.41% DM and 74.00 ± 1.41% DM for chicken by-products and fish by-products, respectively. Concerning the screening of factors, temperature, nitrogen source, and carbon source were the factors that showed a major impact on LA production in the production medium containing chicken by-products as nitrogen source. A pineapple by-product concentration of 141.75 g/l, a nitrogen source volume of 108.99 ml/l, and a temperature of 30.89°C were recorded as the optimum conditions for LA production. The optimization led to a 2.73-fold increase in LA production when compared with the production medium without nitrogen source. According to these results, chicken by-products are a promising and an inexpensive nitrogen source that can be an alternative to yeast extract in lactic acid production.
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Bio-prospecting of cuttle fish waste and cow dung for the production of fibrinolytic enzyme from Bacillus cereus IND5 in solid state fermentation. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:231. [PMID: 28330303 PMCID: PMC5234527 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The process parameters governing the production of fibrinolytic enzyme
in solid state fermentation employing Bacillus
cereus IND5 and using cuttle fish waste and cow dung substrate were
optimized. The pH value of the medium, moisture content, sucrose, casein and
magnesium sulfate were considered for two-level full factorial design and pH, casein
and magnesium sulfate were identified as the important factors for fibrinolytic
enzyme production. Central composite design was applied to investigate the
interactive effect among variables (pH, casein and magnesium sulfate) and response
surface plots were created to find the pinnacle of process response. The optimized
levels of factors were pH 7.8, 1.1% casein and 0.1% magnesium sulfate. Enzyme
production was increased 2.5-fold after statistical approach. The enzyme was
purified up to a specific activity of 364.5 U/g proteins and its molecular weight
was 47 kDa. It was stable at pH 8.0 and was highly active at 50 °C. The mixture of
cuttle fish waste and cow dung could find great application as solid substrate for
the production of fibrinolytic enzyme.
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Kinetic modeling, production and characterization of an acidic lipase produced by Enterococcus durans NCIM5427 from fish waste. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2013; 52:1328-38. [PMID: 25745201 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-1141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus durans NCIM5427 (ED-27), capable of producing an intracellular acid stable lipase, was isolated from fish processing waste. Its growth and subsequent lipase production was optimized by Box Behneken design (optimized conditions: 5 % v/v fish waste oil (FWO), 0.10 mg/ml fish waste protein hydrolysates (FWPH) at 48 h of fermentation time). Under optimized conditions, ED-27 showed a 3.0 fold increase (207.6 U/ml to 612.53 U/ml) in lipase production, as compared to un-optimized conditions. Cell growth and lipase production was modeled using Logistic and Luedeking-Piret model, respectively; and lipase production by ED-27 was found to be growth-associated. Lipase produced by ED-27 showed stability at low pH ranges from 2 to 5 with its optimal activity at 30 °C , pH 4.6; showed metal ion dependent activity wherein its catalytic activity was activated by barium, sodium, lithium and potassium (10 mM); reduced by calcium and magnesium (10 mM). However, iron and mercury (5 mM) completely inactivated the enzyme. In addition, modifying agents like SDS, DTT, β-ME (1%v/v) increased activity of lipase of ED-27; while, PMSF, DEPC and ascorbic acid resulted in a marked decrease. ED-27 had maximum cell growth of 9.90309 log CFU/ml under optimized conditions as compared to 13 log CFU/ml in MRS. The lipase produced has potential application in poultry and slaughterhouse waste management.
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Fish processing wastes for microbial enzyme production: a review. 3 Biotech 2013; 3:255-265. [PMID: 28324586 PMCID: PMC3723863 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-012-0099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fishery processing industries generate large amounts of by-products. The disposal of these wastes represents an increasing environmental and health problem. To avoid wasting these by-products, various disposal methods have been applied including, ensilation, fermentation, hydrolysate and fish oil production. Interestingly, fish by-products provide an excellent nutrient source for microbial growth useful in enzyme production process, which is largely governed by the cost related to the growth media. Fish wastes (heads, viscera, chitinous material, wastewater, etc.) were prepared and tested as growth substrates for microbial enzymes production such as protease, lipase, chitinolytic and ligninolytic enzymes. This new approach described in this review can reduce environmental problems associated with waste disposal and, simultaneously, lower the cost of microbial enzyme production.
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Sellami M, Kedachi S, Frikha F, Miled N, Ben Rebah F. Optimization of marine waste based-growth media for microbial lipase production using mixture design methodology. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2013; 34:2259-2266. [PMID: 24350480 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2013.765920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipase production by Staphylococcus xylosus and Rhizopus oryzae was investigated using a culture medium based on a mixture of synthetic medium and supernatants generated from tuna by-products and Ulva rigida biomass. The proportion of the three medium components was optimized using the simplex-centroid mixture design method (SCMD). Results indicated that the experimental data were in good agreement with predicted values, indicating that SCMD was a reliable method for determining the optimum mixture proportion of the growth medium. Maximal lipase activities of 12.5 and 23.5 IU/mL were obtained with a 50:50 (v:v) mixture of synthetic medium and tuna by-product supernatant for Staphylococcus xylosus and Rhizopus oryzae, respectively. The predicted responses from these mixture proportions were also validated experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sellami
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Samiha Kedachi
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fakher Frikha
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nabil Miled
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Faouzi Ben Rebah
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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New tools for exploring "old friends-microbial lipases". Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:1163-96. [PMID: 22956276 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9849-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fat-splitting enzymes (lipases), due to their natural, industrial, and medical relevance, attract enough attention as fats do in our lives. Starting from the paper that we write, cheese and oil that we consume, detergent that we use to remove oil stains, biodiesel that we use as transportation fuel, to the enantiopure drugs that we use in therapeutics, all these applications are facilitated directly or indirectly by lipases. Due to their uniqueness, versatility, and dexterity, decades of research work have been carried out on microbial lipases. The hunt for novel lipases and strategies to improve them continues unabated as evidenced by new families of microbial lipases that are still being discovered mostly by metagenomic approaches. A separate database for true lipases termed LIPABASE has been created recently which provides taxonomic, structural, biochemical information about true lipases from various species. The present review attempts to summarize new approaches that are employed in various aspects of microbial lipase research, viz., screening, isolation, production, purification, improvement by protein engineering, and surface display. Finally, novel applications facilitated by microbial lipases are also presented.
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Vázquez J, Nogueira M, Durán A, Prieto M, Rodríguez-Amado I, Rial D, González M, Murado M. Preparation of marine silage of swordfish, ray and shark visceral waste by lactic acid bacteria. J FOOD ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vázquez JA, Montemayor MI, Fraguas J, Murado MA. Hyaluronic acid production by Streptococcus zooepidemicus in marine by-products media from mussel processing wastewaters and tuna peptone viscera. Microb Cell Fact 2010; 9:46. [PMID: 20546615 PMCID: PMC2901256 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-9-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyaluronic acid is one of the biopolymers most commonly used by the pharmaceutical industry. Thus, there is an increasing number of recent works that deal with the production of microbial hyaluronic acid. Different properties and characteristics of the fermentation process have been extensively optimised; however, new carbon and protein sources obtained from by-products or cheap substrates have not yet been studied. RESULTS Mussel processing wastewater (MPW) was used as a sugar source and tuna peptone (TP) from viscera residue as a protein substrate for the production of hyaluronic acid (HA), biomass and lactic acid (LA) by Streptococcus zooepidemicus in batch fermentation. Commercial medium formulated with glucose and tryptone was used as the control. The parametric estimations obtained from logistic equations and maintenance energy model utilized for modelling experimental data were compared in commercial and low-cost media. Complete residual media achieved high production (3.67, 2.46 and 30.83 g l(-1) of biomass, HA and LA respectively) and a high molecular weight of HA (approximately 2500 kDa). A simple economic analysis highlighted the potential viability of this marine media for reducing the production costs by more than 50%. CONCLUSIONS The experimental data and mathematical descriptions reported in this article demonstrate the potential of media formulated with MPW and TP to be used as substrates for HA production by S. zooepidemicus. Furthermore, the proposed equations accurately simulated the experimental profiles and generated a set of interesting parameters that can be used to compare the different bacterial cultures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work in which a culture media formed by marine by-products has been successfully used for microbial HA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Vázquez
- Grupo de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL) Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (CSIC)., r/Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo-36208. Galicia - Spain
| | - María I Montemayor
- Grupo de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL) Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (CSIC)., r/Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo-36208. Galicia - Spain
| | - Javier Fraguas
- Dilsea S.L., Porto Pesqueiro de Vigo, dársena 3., Vigo-36202. Galicia - Spain
| | - Miguel A Murado
- Grupo de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL) Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (CSIC)., r/Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo-36208. Galicia - Spain
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Extraction, purification and characterization of an antioxidant from marine waste using protease and chitinase cocktail. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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