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Xu F, Shi R, Liu L, Li S, Wang J, Han Z, Liu W, Wang H, Liu J, Fan J, Wang A, Feng C, Song Y, Zhou Y, Xu X. Fusarium pseudograminearum biomass and toxin accumulation in wheat tissues with and without Fusarium crown rot symptoms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1356723. [PMID: 38835863 PMCID: PMC11148387 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1356723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium crown rot (FCR) is an important and devastating disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) caused by the fungus Fusarium pseudograminearum and related pathogens. Using two distinct susceptible cultivars, we investigated the isolation frequencies of F. pseudograminearum and quantified its biomass accumulation and the levels of the associated toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and DON-3-glucoside (D3G) in inoculated field-grown wheat plants. We detected F. pseudograminearum in stem, peduncle, rachis, and husk tissues, but not in grains, whereas DON and D3G accumulated in stem, rachis, husk, and grain tissues. Disease severity was positively correlated with the frequency of pathogen isolation, F. pseudograminearum biomass, and mycotoxin levels. The amount of F. pseudograminearum biomass and mycotoxin contents in asymptomatic tissue of diseased plants were associated with the distance of the tissue from the diseased internode and the disease severity of the plant. Thus, apparently healthy tissue may harbor F. pseudograminearum and contain associated mycotoxins. This research helps clarify the relationship between F. pseudograminearum occurrence, F. pseudograminearum biomass, and mycotoxin accumulation in tissues of susceptible wheat cultivars with or without disease symptoms, providing information that can lead to more effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Part of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruijie Shi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Part of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Part of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shufang Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Grain Quality and Safety and Testing Henan Province, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junmei Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Part of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zihang Han
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Part of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqi Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Grain Quality and Safety and Testing Henan Province, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Grain Quality and Safety and Testing Henan Province, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jieru Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aolin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaohong Feng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Part of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuli Song
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Part of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yilin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangming Xu
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, East Malling Research, East Malling, Kent, United Kingdom
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Buslyk TV, Rosalovsky VP, Salyha YT. PCR-Based Detection and Quantification of Mycotoxin-Producing Fungi. CYTOL GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452722010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shen Y, Nie J, Kuang L, Zhang J, Li H. DNA sequencing, genomes and genetic markers of microbes on fruits and vegetables. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 14:323-362. [PMID: 32207561 PMCID: PMC7936329 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of DNA sequencing technology has provided an effective method for studying foodborne and phytopathogenic microorganisms on fruits and vegetables (F & V). DNA sequencing has successfully proceeded through three generations, including the tens of operating platforms. These advances have significantly promoted microbial whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) and DNA polymorphism research. Based on genomic and regional polymorphisms, genetic markers have been widely obtained. These molecular markers are used as targets for PCR or chip analyses to detect microbes at the genetic level. Furthermore, metagenomic analyses conducted by sequencing the hypervariable regions of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) have revealed comprehensive microbial communities in various studies on F & V. This review highlights the basic principles of three generations of DNA sequencing, and summarizes the WGS studies of and available DNA markers for major bacterial foodborne pathogens and phytopathogenic fungi found on F & V. In addition, rDNA sequencing‐based bacterial and fungal metagenomics are summarized under three topics. These findings deepen the understanding of DNA sequencing and its application in studies of foodborne and phytopathogenic microbes and shed light on strategies for the monitoring of F & V microbes and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youming Shen
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng, 125100, China
| | - Jiyun Nie
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng, 125100, China.,College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lixue Kuang
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng, 125100, China
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng, 125100, China
| | - Haifei Li
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng, 125100, China
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Liu X, Han Q, Xu J, Wang J, Shi J. Acetohydroxyacid synthase FgIlv2 and FgIlv6 are involved in BCAA biosynthesis, mycelial and conidial morphogenesis, and full virulence in Fusarium graminearum. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16315. [PMID: 26552344 PMCID: PMC4639788 DOI: 10.1038/srep16315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterized FgIlv2 and FgIlv6, the catalytic and regulatory subunits of acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) from the important wheat head scab fungus Fusarium graminearum. AHAS catalyzes the first common step in the parallel pathways toward branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: isoleucine, leucine, valine) and is the inhibitory target of several commercialized herbicides. Both FgILV2 and FgILV6 deletion mutants were BCAA-auxotrophic and showed reduced aerial hyphal growth and red pigmentation when cultured on PDA plates. Conidial formation was completely blocked in the FgILV2 deletion mutant ΔFgIlv2-4 and significantly reduced in the FgILV6 deletion mutant ΔFgIlv6-12. The auxotrophs of ΔFgIlv2-4 and ΔFgIlv6-12 could be restored by exogenous addition of BCAAs but relied on the designated nitrogen source the medium contained. Deletion of FgILV2 or FgILV6 also leads to hypersensitivity to various cellular stresses and reduced deoxynivalenol production. ΔFgIlv2-4 lost virulence completely on flowering wheat heads, whereas ΔFgIlv6-12 could cause scab symptoms in the inoculated spikelet but lost its aggressiveness. Taken together, our study implies the potential value of antifungals targeting both FgIlv2 and FgIlv6 in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Food Quality and Safety in Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation Nanjing (Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Han
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Food Quality and Safety in Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation Nanjing (Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianrong Shi
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Food Quality and Safety in Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation Nanjing (Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Jiangsu, China
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Liu X, Xu J, Wang J, Ji F, Yin X, Shi J. Involvement of threonine deaminase FgIlv1 in isoleucine biosynthesis and full virulence in Fusarium graminearum. Curr Genet 2014; 61:55-65. [PMID: 25129826 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-014-0444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study we characterized FgIlv1, a homologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae threonine dehydratase (TD) from the important Fusarium head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum. TD catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis pathway of isoleucine (Ile) for conversion of threonine (Thr) to 2-ketobutyrate (2-KB). The FgILV1 deletion mutant ΔFgIlv1-3 was unable to grow on minimal medium or fructose gelatin agar which lacked Ile. Exogenous supplementation of Ile or 2-KB but not Thr rescued the mycelial growth defect of ΔFgIlv1-3, indicating the involvement of FgIlv1 in the conversion of Thr to 2-KB in Ile biosynthesis. Additionally, exogenous supplementation of Methionine (Met) could also rescue the mycelial growth defect of ΔFgIlv1-3, indicating a crosstalk between Ile biosynthesis and Met catabolism in F. graminearum. Deletion of FgILV1 also caused defects in conidial formation and germination. In addition, ΔFgIlv1-3 displayed decreased virulence on wheat heads and a low level of deoxynivalenol (DON) production in wheat kernels. Taken together, results of this study indicate that FgIlv1 is an essential component in Ile biosynthesis and is required for various cellular processes including mycelial and conidial morphogenesis, DON biosynthesis, and full virulence in F. graminearum. Our data indicate the potential of targeting Ile biosynthesis for anti-FHB management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base/Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
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Jiang J, Liu X, Yin Y, Ma Z. Involvement of a velvet protein FgVeA in the regulation of asexual development, lipid and secondary metabolisms and virulence in Fusarium graminearum. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28291. [PMID: 22140571 PMCID: PMC3226687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The velvet protein, VeA, is involved in the regulation of diverse cellular processes. In this study, we explored functions of FgVeA in the wheat head blight pathogen, Fusarium graminearum,using a gene replacement strategy. The FgVEA deletion mutant exhibited a reduction in aerial hyphae formation, hydrophobicity, and deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis. Deletion of FgVEA gene led to an increase in conidial production, but a delay in conidial germination. Pathogencity assays showed that the mutant was impaired in virulence on flowering wheat head. Sensitivity tests to various stresses exhibited that the FgVEA deletion mutant showed increased resistance to osmotic stress and cell wall-damaging agents, but increased sensitivity to iprodione and fludioxonil fungicides. Ultrastructural and histochemical analyses revealed that conidia of FgVeA deletion mutant contained an unusually high number of large lipid droplets, which is in agreement with the observation that the mutant accumulated a higher basal level of glycerol than the wild-type progenitor. Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) in the FgVEA mutant confirmed that FgVeA was involved in various cellular processes. Additionally, six proteins interacting with FgVeA were identified by yeast two hybrid assays in current study. These results indicate that FgVeA plays a critical role in a variety of cellular processes in F. graminearum.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Wall/drug effects
- Colony Count, Microbial
- Drug Resistance, Fungal/drug effects
- Fungal Proteins/genetics
- Fungal Proteins/metabolism
- Fungicides, Industrial/pharmacology
- Fusarium/genetics
- Fusarium/growth & development
- Fusarium/metabolism
- Fusarium/pathogenicity
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal/drug effects
- Glycerol/metabolism
- Hyphae/drug effects
- Hyphae/growth & development
- Hyphae/metabolism
- Hyphae/ultrastructure
- Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
- Methyltransferases/chemistry
- Methyltransferases/metabolism
- Osmosis/drug effects
- Pigmentation/drug effects
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Reproduction, Asexual/drug effects
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Spores, Fungal/drug effects
- Spores, Fungal/growth & development
- Spores, Fungal/ultrastructure
- Stress, Physiological/drug effects
- Trichothecenes/biosynthesis
- Virulence/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Jiang J, Yun Y, Yang Q, Shim WB, Wang Z, Ma Z. A type 2C protein phosphatase FgPtc3 is involved in cell wall integrity, lipid metabolism, and virulence in Fusarium graminearum. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25311. [PMID: 21980420 PMCID: PMC3182220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) play important roles in regulating many biological processes in eukaryotes. Currently, little is known about functions of PP2Cs in filamentous fungi. The causal agent of wheat head blight, Fusarium graminearum, contains seven putative PP2C genes, FgPTC1, -3, -5, -5R, -6, -7 and -7R. In order to investigate roles of these PP2Cs, we constructed deletion mutants for all seven PP2C genes in this study. The FgPTC3 deletion mutant (ΔFgPtc3-8) exhibited reduced aerial hyphae formation and deoxynivalenol (DON) production, but increased production of conidia. The mutant showed increased resistance to osmotic stress and cell wall-damaging agents on potato dextrose agar plates. Pathogencity assays showed that ΔFgPtc3-8 is unable to infect flowering wheat head. All of the defects were restored when ΔFgPtc3-8 was complemented with the wild-type FgPTC3 gene. Additionally, the FgPTC3 partially rescued growth defect of a yeast PTC1 deletion mutant under various stress conditions. Ultrastructural and histochemical analyses showed that conidia of ΔFgPtc3-8 contained an unusually high number of large lipid droplets. Furthermore, the mutant accumulated a higher basal level of glycerol than the wild-type progenitor. Quantitative real-time PCR assays showed that basal expression of FgOS2, FgSLT2 and FgMKK1 in the mutant was significantly higher than that in the wild-type strain. Serial analysis of gene expression in ΔFgPtc3-8 revealed that FgPTC3 is associated with various metabolic pathways. In contrast to the FgPTC3 mutant, the deletion mutants of FgPTC1, FgPTC5, FgPTC5R, FgPTC6, FgPTC7 or FgPTC7R did not show aberrant phenotypic features when grown on PDA medium or inoculated on wheat head. These results indicate FgPtc3 is the key PP2C that plays a critical role in a variety of cellular and biological functions, including cell wall integrity, lipid and secondary metabolisms, and virulence in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingzi Yun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Won-Bo Shim
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zhengyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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