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Miao Z, Liao Y, Huang X, Wang X, Liao W, Wang G. New insights into the effects of UV light on individual Nosema bombycis spores, as determined using single-cell optical approaches. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:596-603. [PMID: 37698249 DOI: 10.1111/php.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Nosema bombycis (Nb) is a pathogen causing pebrine in sericulture. Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure is a common physical disinfection method, but the mechanisms underlying UV-based disinfection have only been studied at the population level. In this study, changes in and germination of UV-irradiated spores were observed using Raman tweezers and phase-contrast imaging to evaluate the effects of UV radiation on Nb spores at the single-cell level. We found that irradiation caused the complete leakage of trehalose from individual spores. We also found that more spores leaked as the UV dose increased. There was no significant loss of intracellular biomacromolecules and no marked changes in the peaks associated with protein secondary structures. Low-dose radiation promoted spore germination and high-dose radiation decreased the germination rate, while the germination time did not undergo significant alterations. These results suggest that UV radiation disrupts the permeability of the inner membrane and alters the spore wall, thereby affecting the ability of the spore to sense and respond to extracellular stimuli, which further triggers germination and reduces or stops spore germination. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying conventional disinfection measures on microsporidian spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbin Miao
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Research, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanlian Liao
- Guangxi Vocational & Technical College, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xuhua Huang
- Guangxi Academy of Sericultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Research, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Liao
- Guangxi Vocational & Technical College, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Guiwen Wang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Research, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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He Y, Zhang Y, Li T, Peng X, Jia X. High-concentration COD wastewater treatment with simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus by a novel Candida tropicalis strain: Removal capability and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113471. [PMID: 35613633 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic and anaerobic continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) were set up and inoculated with newly isolated Candida tropicalis. Reactors were operated at high concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) (8000 mg/L), the modified UASB expressed better COD removal rate simultaneously removal of nitrogen and phosphate than other two reactors. Notably, under both aerobic or anaerobic conditions, large amounts of organic acids and alcohol were generated. Transcriptomic analysis showed that carbon metabolism under anaerobic conditions shared the same pathway with aerobic conditions by regulating and inhibiting some functional genes. Experiments utilizing different carbon sources proved that our strain has excellent performances in utilizing organic materials, which were verified by transcriptomic analysis. Finally, the strain was applied to treat four types of sugar-containing wastewaters. Among them, our strain exerts the best removal capability of COD (90%), nitrogen (89%), and phosphate (82%) for brewery wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhe He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yaqi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xingxing Peng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Xiaoshan Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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3
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Cao Z, Xia C, Jia W, Qing W, Zhang W. Enhancing bioethanol productivity by a yeast-immobilized catalytically active membrane in a fermentation-pervaporation coupling process. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zhang Y, Miao Z, Huang X, Wang X, Liu J, Wang G. Laser Tweezers Raman Spectroscopy (LTRS) to Detect Effects of Chlorine Dioxide on Individual Nosema bombycis Spores. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:774-780. [PMID: 30444144 DOI: 10.1177/0003702818817522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The microsporidium Nosema bombycis (Nb) causes pebrine, a fatal disease in sericulture. Nb is effectively killed by chlorine dioxide (ClO2); however, the precise killing mechanism remains unclear. We used laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) to monitor the action of ClO2 on individual Nb spores in real time. Raman peaks of ClO2 appeared in Nb spores, corresponding to decreased peaks of trehalose that gradually disappeared. A peak (1658 cm-1) corresponding to the protein α-helix significantly weakened while that (1668 cm-1) corresponding to irregular protein structures was enhanced; their intensities were negatively correlated in a certain time range and dependent on ClO2 concentration. The intensities of peaks at 782 cm-1 (nucleic acids) and 1004 cm-1 (phenylalanine of protein) did not change evidently even under extremely high ClO2 concentrations. Thus, ClO2 rapidly permeates the Nb spore wall, changing the protein secondary structure to lose biological function and destroy permeability, causing trehalose to leak out. These effects are ClO2 concentration-dependent, but no other obvious changes to biomacromolecules were detected. Single-cell analysis using LTRS is an effective method to monitor the action of chemical sporicides on microbes in real time, providing insight into the heterogeneity of cell stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- 1 School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guangxi, China
- 2 Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhenbin Miao
- 1 School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guangxi, China
- 2 Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi, China
| | - Xuhua Huang
- 3 Guangxi Academy of Sericultural Sciences, Guangxi, China
| | | | - Junxian Liu
- 1 School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guangxi, China
| | - Guiwen Wang
- 2 Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi, China
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5
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Miao Z, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Huang X, Liu J, Wang G. Single-cell analysis reveals the effects of glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde on individual Nosema bombycis spores. Analyst 2019; 144:3136-3143. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an02425a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis based on optical techniques offers new understanding of the action underlying the use of aldehyde disinfectants against microsporidia spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbin Miao
- College of Physics Science and Technology
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- China
- Guangxi Academy of Sciences
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Physics Science and Technology
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- China
| | - Xuhua Huang
- Guangxi Academy of Sericultural Sciences
- Nanning
- China
| | - Junxian Liu
- College of Physics Science and Technology
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- China
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Huang S, Huang X, Dai S, Wang X, Wang G. Single-cell Raman spectroscopy reveals microsporidia spore heterogeneity in various insect hosts. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:9189-9194. [PMID: 30461909 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.009189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze the spore heterogeneity of 16 microsporidia strains from various insect hosts in order to better understand the basic biology of microsporidia. The Raman spectrum of a single spore revealed basic spore composition, and microsporidia spores in various hosts were found to be rich in trehalose. Principal component analysis and Raman intensity showed obvious heterogeneity in the trehalose, nucleic acid, and protein content of various spores; however, there was no correlation between various spore groups and host type. Trehalose content correlated with spore infectivity on Bombyx mori. Raman spectroscopy is an excellent tool for label-free investigation of intercellular molecular constituents, providing insight into the heterogeneity of microsporidia spores.
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Tao Z, Zhang P, Qin Z, Li YQ, Wang G. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) anabolism in Cupriavidus necator cultivated at various carbon-to-nitrogen ratios: insights from single-cell Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:97005. [PMID: 27637009 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.9.097005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cupriavidus necator accumulates large amounts of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), a biodegradable substitute for petroleum-based plastics, under certain nutrient conditions. Conventional solvent-extraction-based methods for PHB quantification only obtain average information from cell populations and, thus, mask the heterogeneity among individual cells. Laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) was used to monitor dynamic changes in the contents of PHB, nucleic acids, and proteins in <italic<C. necator</italic< at the population and single-cell levels when the microorganism cells were cultivated at various carbon-to-nitrogen ratios. The biosynthetic activities of nucleic acids and proteins were maintained at high levels, and only a small amount of PHB was produced when the bacterial cells were cultured under balanced growth conditions. By contrast, the syntheses of nucleic acids and proteins were blocked, and PHB was accumulated in massive amount inside the microbial cells under nitrogen-limiting growth circumstances. Single-cell analysis revealed a relatively high heterogeneity in PHB level at the early stage of the bacterial growth. Additionally, bacterial cells in populations at certain cultivation stages were composed of two or three subpopulations on the basis of their PHB abundance. Overall, LTRS is a reliable single-cell analysis tool that can provide insights into PHB fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhua Tao
- Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Biophysics, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Zhaojun Qin
- Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Biophysics, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Yong-Qing Li
- East Carolina University, Department of Physics, East 5th Street, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
| | - Guiwen Wang
- Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Biophysics, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
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Tao Z, Peng L, Zhang P, Li YQ, Wang G. Probing the Kinetic Anabolism of Poly-Beta-Hydroxybutyrate in Cupriavidus necator H16 Using Single-Cell Raman Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16081257. [PMID: 27509509 PMCID: PMC5017422 DOI: 10.3390/s16081257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) can be formed in large amounts in Cupriavidus necator and is important for the industrial production of biodegradable plastics. In this investigation, laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) was used to characterize dynamic changes in PHB content—as well as in the contents of other common biomolecule—in C. necator during batch growth at both the population and single-cell levels. PHB accumulation began in the early stages of bacterial growth, and the maximum PHB production rate occurred in the early and middle exponential phases. The active biosynthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins occurred in the lag and early exponential phases, whereas the levels of these molecules decreased continuously during the remaining fermentation process until the minimum values were reached. The PHB content inside single cells was relatively homogenous in the middle stage of fermentation; during the late growth stage, the variation in PHB levels between cells increased. In addition, bacterial cells in various growth phases could be clearly discriminated when principle component analysis was performed on the spectral data. These results suggest that LTRS is a valuable single-cell analysis tool that can provide more comprehensive information about the physiological state of a growing microbial population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhua Tao
- Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China.
| | - Lixin Peng
- Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China.
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory at Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Yong-Qing Li
- Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
| | - Guiwen Wang
- Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China.
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9
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Huser T, Chan J. Raman spectroscopy for physiological investigations of tissues and cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 89:57-70. [PMID: 26144996 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Raman micro-spectroscopy provides a convenient non-destructive and location-specific means of probing cellular physiology and tissue physiology at sub-micron length scales. By probing the vibrational signature of molecules and molecular groups, the distribution and metabolic products of small molecules that cannot be labeled with fluorescent dyes can be analyzed. This method works well for molecular concentrations in the micro-molar range and has been demonstrated as a valuable tool for monitoring drug-cell interactions. If the small molecule of interest does not contain groups that would allow for a discrimination against cytoplasmic background signals, "labeling" of the molecule by isotope substitution or by incorporating other unique small groups, e.g. alkynes provides a stable signal even for time-lapse imaging such compounds in living cells. In this review we highlight recent progress in assessing the physiology of cells and tissue by Raman spectroscopy and imaging.
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Currin A, Swainston N, Day PJ, Kell DB. Synthetic biology for the directed evolution of protein biocatalysts: navigating sequence space intelligently. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:1172-239. [PMID: 25503938 PMCID: PMC4349129 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00351a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid sequence of a protein affects both its structure and its function. Thus, the ability to modify the sequence, and hence the structure and activity, of individual proteins in a systematic way, opens up many opportunities, both scientifically and (as we focus on here) for exploitation in biocatalysis. Modern methods of synthetic biology, whereby increasingly large sequences of DNA can be synthesised de novo, allow an unprecedented ability to engineer proteins with novel functions. However, the number of possible proteins is far too large to test individually, so we need means for navigating the 'search space' of possible protein sequences efficiently and reliably in order to find desirable activities and other properties. Enzymologists distinguish binding (Kd) and catalytic (kcat) steps. In a similar way, judicious strategies have blended design (for binding, specificity and active site modelling) with the more empirical methods of classical directed evolution (DE) for improving kcat (where natural evolution rarely seeks the highest values), especially with regard to residues distant from the active site and where the functional linkages underpinning enzyme dynamics are both unknown and hard to predict. Epistasis (where the 'best' amino acid at one site depends on that or those at others) is a notable feature of directed evolution. The aim of this review is to highlight some of the approaches that are being developed to allow us to use directed evolution to improve enzyme properties, often dramatically. We note that directed evolution differs in a number of ways from natural evolution, including in particular the available mechanisms and the likely selection pressures. Thus, we stress the opportunities afforded by techniques that enable one to map sequence to (structure and) activity in silico, as an effective means of modelling and exploring protein landscapes. Because known landscapes may be assessed and reasoned about as a whole, simultaneously, this offers opportunities for protein improvement not readily available to natural evolution on rapid timescales. Intelligent landscape navigation, informed by sequence-activity relationships and coupled to the emerging methods of synthetic biology, offers scope for the development of novel biocatalysts that are both highly active and robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Currin
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK . ; http://dbkgroup.org/; @dbkell ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4492
- School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , UK
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM) , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK
| | - Neil Swainston
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK . ; http://dbkgroup.org/; @dbkell ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4492
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM) , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK
- School of Computer Science , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , UK
| | - Philip J. Day
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK . ; http://dbkgroup.org/; @dbkell ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4492
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM) , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PT , UK
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK . ; http://dbkgroup.org/; @dbkell ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4492
- School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , UK
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM) , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK
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Vasdekis AE, Stephanopoulos G. Review of methods to probe single cell metabolism and bioenergetics. Metab Eng 2015; 27:115-135. [PMID: 25448400 PMCID: PMC4399830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Single cell investigations have enabled unexpected discoveries, such as the existence of biological noise and phenotypic switching in infection, metabolism and treatment. Herein, we review methods that enable such single cell investigations specific to metabolism and bioenergetics. Firstly, we discuss how to isolate and immobilize individuals from a cell suspension, including both permanent and reversible approaches. We also highlight specific advances in microbiology for its implications in metabolic engineering. Methods for probing single cell physiology and metabolism are subsequently reviewed. The primary focus therein is on dynamic and high-content profiling strategies based on label-free and fluorescence microspectroscopy and microscopy. Non-dynamic approaches, such as mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas E Vasdekis
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
| | - Gregory Stephanopoulos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Room 56-469, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Chan JW. Recent advances in laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) for label-free analysis of single cells. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:36-48. [PMID: 23175434 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS), a technique that integrates optical tweezers with confocal Raman spectroscopy, is a variation of micro-Raman spectroscopy that enables the manipulation and biochemical analysis of single biological particles in suspension. This article provides an overview of the LTRS method, with an emphasis on highlighting recent advances over the past several years in the development of the technology and several new biological and biomedical applications that have been demonstrated. A perspective on the future developments of this powerful cytometric technology will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Brauchle E, Schenke-Layland K. Raman spectroscopy in biomedicine - non-invasive in vitro analysis of cells and extracellular matrix components in tissues. Biotechnol J 2012; 8:288-97. [PMID: 23161832 PMCID: PMC3644878 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is an established laser-based technology for the quality assurance of pharmaceutical products. Over the past few years, Raman spectroscopy has become a powerful diagnostic tool in the life sciences. Raman spectra allow assessment of the overall molecular constitution of biological samples, based on specific signals from proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic crystals. Measurements are non-invasive and do not require sample processing, making Raman spectroscopy a reliable and robust method with numerous applications in biomedicine. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy allows the highly sensitive discrimination of bacteria. Rama spectra retain information on continuous metabolic processes and kinetics such as lipid storage and recombinant protein production. Raman spectra are specific for each cell type and provide additional information on cell viability, differentiation status, and tumorigenicity. In tissues, Raman spectroscopy can detect major extracellular matrix components and their secondary structures. Furthermore, the non-invasive characterization of healthy and pathological tissues as well as quality control and process monitoring of in vitro-engineered matrix is possible. This review provides comprehensive insight to the current progress in expanding the applicability of Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of living cells and tissues, and serves as a good reference point for those starting in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Brauchle
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany
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