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Vávrová S, Grones J, Šoltys K, Celec P, Turňa J. The tellurite resistance gene cluster of pathogenic bacteria and its effect on oxidative stress response. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:433-444. [PMID: 38261148 PMCID: PMC11003894 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Tellurite resistance gene clusters have been identified in numerous pathogenic bacteria, including clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. The rareness of tellurium in host organisms and the noncontaminated environment raises a question about the true functionality of tellurite resistance gene clusters in pathogenesis and their possible contribution to bacterial fitness. The study aims to point out the beneficial effects of the tellurite resistance gene cluster of pathogenic bacteria to survive in ROS-rich environments. Here, we analysed the bacterial response to oxidative stress conditions with and without tellurite resistance gene clusters, which are composed of terWY1XY2Y3 and terZABCDEF genes. By measuring the levels of protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation, and expression changes of oxidative stress genes upon oxidative stress, we propose a tellurite resistance gene cluster contribution to the elimination of oxidative damage, potentially increasing fitness and resistance to reactive oxygen species during macrophage attack. We have shown a different beneficial effect of various truncated versions of the tellurite resistance gene cluster on cell survival. The terBCDEF genes increased the survival of E. coli strain MC4100 by 13.21%, terW and terZABCDEF by 10.09%, and terWY1XY2Y3 and terZABCDEF by 25.57%, respectively. The ability to survive tellurite treatment is the most significant at 44.8% in wild clinical strain KL53 compared to laboratory strain E. coli MC4100 due to a complete wild-type plasmid presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vávrová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Jozef Grones
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarína Šoltys
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Virology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Celec
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Turňa
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Wang X, Sun B. Metabolic proteins with crucial roles in Edwardsiella tarda antioxidative adaptation and intracellular proliferation. mSystems 2023; 8:e0039123. [PMID: 37729581 PMCID: PMC10654080 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00391-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Edwardsiella tarda is a significant fish pathogen that can live in challenging environments of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as inside the phagocytes. Metabolic reconfiguration has been increasingly associated with bacterial oxidative tolerance and virulence. However, the metabolic proteins of E. tarda involved in such processes remain elusive. By proteomic analysis and functional characterization of protein null mutants, the present study identified eight crucial proteins for bacterial oxidative resistance and intracellular infection. Seven of them are metabolic proteins dictating the metabolic flux toward the generation of pyruvate, a key metabolite capable of scavenging ROS molecules. Furthermore, L-aspartate uptake, which can fuel the pyruvate generation, was found essential for the full antioxidative capacity of E. tarda. These findings identified seven metabolic proteins involved in bacterial oxidative adaptation and indicate that metabolic reprogramming toward pyruvate was likely a pivotal strategy of bacteria for antioxidative adaptation and intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Boguang Sun
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
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Buján N, Toranzo AE, Magariños B. Edwardsiella piscicida: a significant bacterial pathogen of cultured fish. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 131:59-71. [PMID: 30324915 DOI: 10.3354/dao03281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Edwardsiella piscicida, a Gram-negative, facultative aerobic pathogen belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, is the etiological agent of edwardsiellosis in fish and a significant problem in global aquaculture. E. piscicida has been reported from a broad geographical range and has been isolated from more than 20 fish host species to date, but this is likely to be an underestimation, because misidentification of E. piscicida as other species within the genus remains to be resolved. Common clinical signs associated with edwardsiellosis include, but are not limited to, exophthalmia, haemorrhages of the skin and in several internal organs, mild to moderate dermal ulcerations, abdominal distension, discoloration in the fish surface, and erratic swimming. Many antibiotics are currently effective against E. piscicida, although legal restrictions and the cost of medicated feeds have encouraged significant research investment in vaccination for the management of edwardsiellosis in commercial aquaculture. Here we summarise the current understanding of E. piscicida and highlight the difficulties with species assignment and the need for further research on epidemiology and strain variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Buján
- Departamento de Microbioloxía y Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Bioloxía-Edif, CIBUS, and Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
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Zhang M, Yan Q, Mao L, Wang S, Huang L, Xu X, Qin Y. KatG plays an important role in Aeromonas hydrophila survival in fish macrophages and escape for further infection. Gene 2018; 672:156-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Tekedar HC, Karsi A, Reddy JS, Nho SW, Kalindamar S, Lawrence ML. Comparative Genomics and Transcriptional Analysis of Flavobacterium columnare Strain ATCC 49512. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:588. [PMID: 28469601 PMCID: PMC5395568 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterium columnare is a Gram-negative fish pathogen causing columnaris disease in wild and cultured fish species. Although the pathogen is widespread in aquatic environments and fish worldwide, little is known about biology of F. columnare and mechanisms of columnaris disease pathogenesis. Previously we presented the complete genome sequence of F. columnare strain ATCC 49512. Here we present a comparison of the strain ATCC 49512 genome to four other Flavobacterium genomes. In this analysis, we identified predicted proteins whose functions indicate F. columnare is capable of denitrification, which would enable anaerobic growth in aquatic pond sediments. Anaerobic growth of F. columnare ATCC 49512 with nitrate supplementation was detected experimentally. F. columnare ATCC 49512 had a relatively high number of insertion sequences and genomic islands compared to the other Flavobacterium species, suggesting a larger degree of horizontal gene exchange and genome plasticity. A type VI subtype III secretion system was encoded in F. columnare along with F. johnsoniae and F. branchiophilum. RNA sequencing proved to be a valuable technique to improve annotation quality; 41 novel protein coding regions were identified, 16 of which had a non-traditional start site (TTG, GTG, and CTT). Candidate small noncoding RNAs were also identified. Our results improve our understanding of F. columnare ATCC 49512 biology, and our results support the use of RNA sequencing to improve annotation of bacterial genomes, particularly for type strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan C Tekedar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Attila Karsi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Joseph S Reddy
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Health Sciences ResearchJacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Seong W Nho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Safak Kalindamar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Mark L Lawrence
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State, MS, USA
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Dong M, Liang Y, Ramalingam R, Tang SW, Shen W, Ye R, Gopalakrishnan S, Au DWT, Lam YW. Proteomic characterization of the interactions between fish serum proteins and waterborne bacteria reveals the suppression of anti-oxidative defense as a serum-mediated antimicrobial mechanism. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 62:96-106. [PMID: 28089893 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fish blood is one of the crucial tissues of innate immune system, but the full repertoire of fish serum components involved in antibacterial defense is not fully identified. In this study, we demonstrated that turbot serum, but not the heat-inactivated control, significantly reduced the number of Edwardsiella tarda (E. tarda). By conjugating serum proteins with fluorescent dyes, we showed that E. tarda were coated with multiple fish proteins. In order to identify these proteins, we used E. tarda to capture turbot serum proteins and subjected the samples to shotgun proteomic analysis. A total of 76 fish proteins were identified in high confidence, including known antimicrobial proteins such as immunoglobins and complement components. 34 proteins with no previously known immunological functions were also identified. The expression of one of these proteins, IQ motif containing H (IQCH), was exclusively in fish brain and gonads and was induced during bacterial infection. This approach also allowed the study of the corresponding proteomic changes in E. tarda exposed to turbot serum, which is a general decrease of bacterial protein expression except for an upregulation of membrane components after serum treatment. Interestingly, while most other known stresses stimulate bacterial antioxidant enzymes, fish serum induced a rapid suppression of antioxidant proteins and led to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Heat treatment of fish serum eliminated this effect, suggesting that heat labile factors in the fish serum overrode bacterial antioxidant defenses. Taken together, this work offers a comprehensive view of the interactions between fish serum proteins and bacteria, and reveals previously unknown factors and mechanisms in fish innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Dong
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yimin Liang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Rajkumar Ramalingam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sze Wing Tang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Rui Ye
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Singaram Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Doris Wai Ting Au
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Yun Wah Lam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Gao D, Li Y, Zheng E, Liu N, Shao Z, Lu C. Eha, a regulator of Edwardsiella tarda, required for resistance to oxidative stress in macrophages. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw192. [PMID: 27511959 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is distributed widely in a variety of hosts. Eha has recently been found to be its virulence regulator. In order to explore the mechanism of its regulation, we investigated the survival rates of wild type strain ET13, and its eha mutant and complemented strains in RAW264.7 macrophages under light microscopic observation as well as by counting bacterial CFUs on the plates. All of the different strains could live within the macrophages; however, the intracellular numbers of the wild type were significantly higher than the mutant when the incubation time extended 4 h or 6 h (P < 0.05). Furthermore, more ROS were produced by the mutant-infected cells, indicating that Eha may enhance ET13's capacity to detoxify ROS. In agreement with this, we found that the mutant exhibited more sensitivity by H2O2 disk inhibitory assay and less survival ability with H2O2 treatment. We further demonstrated that the bacterial antioxidant enzymes SodC and KatG were regulated by Eha with qRT-PCR and β-galactosidase assay. Collectively, our data show Eha is required for E. tarda to resist the oxidative stress from the macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqing Gao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Enjin Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Nian Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zeye Shao
- Department of Clinical Lab, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengping Lu
- NanJing Agricultural University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Harvie EA, Huttenlocher A. Neutrophils in host defense: new insights from zebrafish. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:523-37. [PMID: 25717145 PMCID: PMC4569048 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4mr1114-524r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are highly motile phagocytic cells that play a critical role in the immune response to infection. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are increasingly used to study neutrophil function and host-pathogen interactions. The generation of transgenic zebrafish lines with fluorescently labeled leukocytes has made it possible to visualize the neutrophil response to infection in real time by use of optically transparent zebrafish larvae. In addition, the genetic tractability of zebrafish has allowed for the generation of models of inherited neutrophil disorders. In this review, we discuss several zebrafish models of infectious disease, both in the context of immunocompetent, as well as neutrophil-deficient hosts and how these models have shed light on neutrophil behavior during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Harvie
- *Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- *Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Rowe HM, Withey JH, Neely MN. Zebrafish as a model for zoonotic aquatic pathogens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:96-107. [PMID: 24607289 PMCID: PMC4096445 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic habitats harbor a multitude of bacterial species. Many of these bacteria can act as pathogens to aquatic species and/or non-aquatic organisms, including humans, that come into contact with contaminated water sources or colonized aquatic organisms. In many instances, the bacteria are not pathogenic to the aquatic species they colonize and are only considered pathogens when they come into contact with humans. There is a general lack of knowledge about how the environmental lifestyle of these pathogens allows them to persist, replicate and produce the necessary pathogenic mechanisms to successfully transmit to the human host and cause disease. Recently, the zebrafish infectious disease model has emerged as an ideal system for examining aquatic pathogens, both in the aquatic environment and during infection of the human host. This review will focus on how the zebrafish has been used successfully to analyze the pathogenesis of aquatic bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Rowe
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Jeffrey H Withey
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Melody N Neely
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Grayfer L, Hodgkinson JW, Belosevic M. Antimicrobial responses of teleost phagocytes and innate immune evasion strategies of intracellular bacteria. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:223-42. [PMID: 23954721 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During infection, macrophage lineage cells eliminate infiltrating pathogens through a battery of antimicrobial responses, where the efficacy of these innate immune responses is pivotal to immunological outcomes. Not surprisingly, many intracellular pathogens have evolved mechanisms to overcome macrophage defenses, using these immune cells as residences and dissemination strategies. With pathogenic infections causing increasing detriments to both aquacultural and wild fish populations, it is imperative to garner greater understanding of fish phagocyte antimicrobial responses and the mechanisms by which aquatic pathogens are able to overcome these teleost macrophage barriers. Insights into the regulation of macrophage immunity of bony fish species will lend to the development of more effective aquacultural prophylaxis as well as broadening our understanding of the evolution of these immune processes. Accordingly, this review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of teleost macrophage antimicrobial responses and the strategies by which intracellular fish pathogens are able to avoid being killed by phagocytes, with a focus on Mycobacterium marinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Grayfer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Sun R, Yue F, Qiu L, Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhou Z, Zhang H, Yi Q, Song L. The CpG ODNs enriched diets enhance the immuno-protection efficiency and growth rate of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:154-160. [PMID: 23623940 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), the well-known vaccine adjuvant in mammals, have been proved to mount innate immune responses in crustaceans. In the present study, CpG ODNs was employed as supplements in diets to fed crab Eriocheir sinensis, and the changes of immune parameters as well as weight gain were investigated to evaluate its possible application in crab farming. After the crabs were fed with 40 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg CpG ODNs containing diets (designated as C40 and C100 group) for four weeks, the lysozyme activities were significantly enhanced (p < 0.01) in both groups, while the catalase activity was only increased (p < 0.01) in the C40 group. When those crabs were subsequently challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila, the cumulative mortalities in C40 and C100 groups were declined by 10.4% and 10.8% (p < 0.05) compared with that of control group, respectively. Interestingly, the final weights of crabs were increased after four weeks' feeding of CpG ODNs, and the percentage of weight gain in C40 group reached 124.5 ± 14.2%, which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of control group (78.1 ± 19.2%) and C100 group (107.3 ± 28.2%). The uptake of CpG ODNs by haemocytes and the possible mechanism of CpG ODNs to active the immune response were investigated by using the laser scanning confocal microscope. CpG ODNs (labeled with 5'-end-FAM) could be internalized by the haemocytes after incubation of 20 min, with strong signals detected at the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, most of the CpG ODNs were localized in lysosome, and some of them escaped from the lysosomal compartments and aggregated around the nuclear. The results clearly demonstrated that CpG ODNs could be internalized directly by crab haemocytes and mostly located in the late endosome. The enhancements of immuno-protection efficiency and growth rate from CpG ODNs as supplements in diets might depend on the uptaking and locating processes, and they could be used as a potential immunostimulant for the crab aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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