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Chen D, Yin J, Huo J, Sun J, Huang J, Li T, Sun C, Yang Z, Qin W. Optimization and Application of A Bionic System of Dynamic Co-Culture with Hepatocytes and Renal Cells Based on Microfluidic Chip Technique in Evaluating Materials of Health Food. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224728. [PMID: 36432415 PMCID: PMC9699247 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to explore the optimization and application of a bionic system of dynamic co-culture with hepatocytes and renal cells based on the microfluidic chip technique in evaluating emodin, which might replace the conventionally cytological evaluation technique of health food. After optimal experiments, the improved bionic system was composed of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2), human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGECs), rat tail collagen type I, and gelatin with optimized concentrations (1.3 mg/mL + 7.5%). The applicability of the bionic system indicated that the growth stability was appropriate (CV: 7.36%), and the cell viability of that gradually decreased with the increasing of emodin concentration from 0−100 μM, which statistic significances were at 50 and 100 μM (p < 0.05), and the stained results of dead/live cells also showed the same trend. The LDH level appeared rising trend after decline between 0 μM and 100 μM emodi, and the level of that at 100 μM emodin was significantly higher than that at 25 μM and 50 μM emodin, respectively. The BUN level continuously and significantly declined with the increasing of emodin concentration (p < 0.05). Our research realized the application of this optimized bionic system in evaluating emodin, and provided a useful platform and reference for further in vitro alternative research with regard to evaluating the efficacies of health food in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiyong Yin
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6623-7211; Fax: +86-010-8313-2317
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Vallon V, Unwin R, Inscho EW, Leipziger J, Kishore BK. Extracellular Nucleotides and P2 Receptors in Renal Function. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:211-269. [PMID: 31437091 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the nucleotide/P2 receptor system in the regulation of renal hemodynamics and transport function has grown exponentially over the last 20 yr. This review attempts to integrate the available data while also identifying areas of missing information. First, the determinants of nucleotide concentrations in the interstitial and tubular fluids of the kidney are described, including mechanisms of cellular release of nucleotides and their extracellular breakdown. Then the renal cell membrane expression of P2X and P2Y receptors is discussed in the context of their effects on renal vascular and tubular functions. Attention is paid to effects on the cortical vasculature and intraglomerular structures, autoregulation of renal blood flow, tubuloglomerular feedback, and the control of medullary blood flow. The role of the nucleotide/P2 receptor system in the autocrine/paracrine regulation of sodium and fluid transport in the tubular and collecting duct system is outlined together with its role in integrative sodium and fluid homeostasis and blood pressure control. The final section summarizes the rapidly growing evidence indicating a prominent role of the extracellular nucleotide/P2 receptor system in the pathophysiology of the kidney and aims to identify potential therapeutic opportunities, including hypertension, lithium-induced nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, and kidney inflammation. We are only beginning to unravel the distinct physiological and pathophysiological influences of the extracellular nucleotide/P2 receptor system and the associated therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Vallon
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; IMED ECD CVRM R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health & Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Robert Unwin
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; IMED ECD CVRM R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health & Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Edward W Inscho
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; IMED ECD CVRM R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health & Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jens Leipziger
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; IMED ECD CVRM R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health & Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Bellamkonda K Kishore
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; IMED ECD CVRM R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health & Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Ilatovskaya DV, Palygin O, Levchenko V, Staruschenko A. Pharmacological characterization of the P2 receptors profile in the podocytes of the freshly isolated rat glomeruli. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C1050-9. [PMID: 24048730 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00138.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Calcium flux in the podocytes is critical for normal and pathophysiological regulation of these types of cells, and excessive calcium signaling results in podocytes damage and improper glomeruli function. Purinergic activation of P2 receptors is a powerful and rapid signaling process; however, the exact physiological identity of P2 receptors subtypes in podocytes remains essentially unknown. The goal of this study was to determine the P2 receptor profile in podocytes of the intact Sprague-Dawley rat glomeruli using available pharmacological tools. Glomeruli were isolated by differential sieving and loaded with Fluo-4/Fura Red cell permeable calcium indicators, and the purinergic response in the podocytes was analyzed with ratiometric confocal fluorescence measurements. Various P2 receptors activators were tested and compared with the effect of ATP, specifically, UDP, MRS 2365, bzATP, αβ-methylene, 2-meSADP, MRS 4062, and MRS 2768, were analyzed. Antagonists (MRS 2500, 5-BDBD, A438079, and NF 449) were tested when 10 μM ATP was applied as the EC50 for ATP activation of the calcium influx in the podocytes was determined to be 10.7 ± 1.5 μM. Several agonists including MRS 2365 and 2-meSADP caused calcium flux. Importantly, only the P2Y1-specific antagonist MRS 2500 (1 nM) precluded the effects of ATP concentrations of the physiological range. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that P2Y1 receptors are highly expressed in the podocytes. We conclude that P2Y1 receptor signaling is the predominant P2Y purinergic pathway in the glomeruli podocytes and P2Y1 might be involved in the pathogenesis of glomerular injury and could be a target for treatment of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V Ilatovskaya
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Haraldsson B, Nyström J, Deen WM. Properties of the Glomerular Barrier and Mechanisms of Proteinuria. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:451-87. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00055.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the intricate properties of the glomerular barrier. Other reviews have focused on podocyte biology, mesangial cells, and the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). However, since all components of the glomerular membrane are important for its function, proteinuria will occur regardless of which layer is affected by disease. We review the properties of endothelial cells and their surface layer, the GBM, and podocytes, discuss various methods of studying glomerular permeability, and analyze data concerning the restriction of solutes by size, charge, and shape. We also review the physical principles of transport across biological or artificial membranes and various theoretical models used to predict the fluxes of solutes and water. The glomerular barrier is highly size and charge selective, in qualitative agreement with the classical studies performed 30 years ago. The small amounts of albumin filtered will be reabsorbed by the megalin-cubulin complex and degraded by the proximal tubular cells. At present, there is no unequivocal evidence for reuptake of intact albumin from urine. The cellular components are the key players in restricting solute transport, while the GBM is responsible for most of the resistance to water flow across the glomerular barrier.
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Abstract
In the last 10-15 years, interest in the physiological role of P2 receptors has grown rapidly. Cellular, tissue, and organ responses to P2 receptor activation have been described in numerous in vivo and in vitro models. The purpose of this review is to provide an update of the recent advances made in determining the involvement of P2 receptors in the control of renal hemodynamics and the renal microcirculation. Special attention will be paid to work published in the last 5-6 years directed at understanding the role of P2 receptors in the physiological control of renal microvascular function. Several investigators have begun to evaluate the effects of P2 receptor activation on renal microvascular function across several species. In vivo and in vitro evidence consistently supports the hypothesis that P2 receptor activation by locally released extracellular nucleotides influences microvascular function. Extracellular nucleotides selectively influence preglomerular resistance without having an effect on postglomerular tone. P2 receptor inactivation blocks autoregulatory behavior whereas responsiveness to other vasoconstrictor agonists is retained. P2 receptor stimulation activates multiple intracellular signal transduction pathways in preglomerular smooth muscle cells and mesangial cells. Renal microvascular cells and mesangial cells express multiple subtypes of P2 receptors; however, the specific role each plays in regulating vascular and mesangial cell function remains unclear. Accordingly, the results of studies performed to date provide strong support for the hypothesis that P2 receptors are important contributors to the physiological regulation of renal microvascular and/or glomerular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Inscho
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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