1
|
Turner CD, Ramos CM, Curran SP. Disrupting the SKN-1 homeostat: mechanistic insights and phenotypic outcomes. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2024; 5:1369740. [PMID: 38501033 PMCID: PMC10944932 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2024.1369740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms that govern maintenance of cellular homeostasis are crucial to the lifespan and healthspan of all living systems. As an organism ages, there is a gradual decline in cellular homeostasis that leads to senescence and death. As an organism lives into advanced age, the cells within will attempt to abate age-related decline by enhancing the activity of cellular stress pathways. The regulation of cellular stress responses by transcription factors SKN-1/Nrf2 is a well characterized pathway in which cellular stress, particularly xenobiotic stress, is abated by SKN-1/Nrf2-mediated transcriptional activation of the Phase II detoxification pathway. However, SKN-1/Nrf2 also regulates a multitude of other processes including development, pathogenic stress responses, proteostasis, and lipid metabolism. While this process is typically tightly regulated, constitutive activation of SKN-1/Nrf2 is detrimental to organismal health, this raises interesting questions surrounding the tradeoff between SKN-1/Nrf2 cryoprotection and cellular health and the ability of cells to deactivate stress response pathways post stress. Recent work has determined that transcriptional programs of SKN-1 can be redirected or suppressed to abate negative health outcomes of constitutive activation. Here we will detail the mechanisms by which SKN-1 is controlled, which are important for our understanding of SKN-1/Nrf2 cytoprotection across the lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris D. Turner
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Carmen M. Ramos
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sean P. Curran
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Orbán-Bakk K, Witek M, Dubiec A, Heinze J, Markó B, Csata E. Infection with a non-lethal fungal parasite is associated with increased immune investment in the ant Myrmica scabrinodis. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 202:108027. [PMID: 38042446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Social insects, such as ants, are preferred host organisms of pathogens and parasites because colonies are densely populated, and the number of potential hosts is high in the same place and time. Within a colony, individuals are exposed differentially to risks according to their function and age. Thus, older individuals forage and are therefore the most exposed to infection, predation, or physical stress, while young workers mostly stay inside the sheltered nest being less exposed. Immune investment is considered to be dependent on an individual's age and pathogen pressure. Long-term exposure to a parasite could affect the immune activity of individuals in an intriguing way that interferes with the age-dependent decline in immunocompetence. However, there are only few cases in which such interferences can be studied. The myrmecopathogenic fungus Rickia wasmannii, which infects entire colonies without killing the workers, is a suitable candidate for such studies. We investigated the general immunocompetence of Myrmica scabrinodis ant workers associated with non-lethal fungal infection by measuring the levels of active phenoloxidase (PO) and total PO (PPO) (reflecting the amount of both active and inactive forms of the enzyme) in two age classes. The level of PO proved to be higher in infected workers than in uninfected ones, while the level of PPO increased with age but was not affected by infection. Overall, these results indicate that a long-term infection could go hand in hand with increased immune activity of ant workers, conferring them higher level of protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kincső Orbán-Bakk
- Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor st. 5-7, Romania; Center for Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Sociobiology and Insect Ecology Lab, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor st. 5-7, Romania.
| | - Magdalena Witek
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Anna Dubiec
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Jürgen Heinze
- Institute for Zoology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Bálint Markó
- Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor st. 5-7, Romania; Institute for Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, Fântânele 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Enikő Csata
- Institute for Zoology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Espejo LS, DeNicola D, Chang LM, Hofschneider V, Haskins AE, Balsa J, Freitas SS, Antenor A, Hamming S, Hull B, Castro-Portuguez R, Dang H, Sutphin GL. The Emerging Role of 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid on C. elegans Aging Immune Function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.07.574394. [PMID: 38260592 PMCID: PMC10802494 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.07.574394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3HAA) is considered to be a fleeting metabolic intermediate along tryptophan catabolism through the kynurenine pathway. 3HAA and the rest of the kynurenine pathway have been linked to immune response in mammals yet whether it is detrimental or advantageous is a point of contention. Recently we have shown that accumulation of this metabolite, either through supplementation or prevention of its degradation, extends healthy lifespan in C. elegans and mice, while the mechanism remained unknown. Utilizing C. elegans as a model we investigate how 3HAA and haao-1 inhibition impact the host and the potential pathogens. What we find is that 3HAA improves host immune function with aging and serves as an antimicrobial against gram-negative bacteria. Regulation of 3HAA's antimicrobial activity is accomplished via tissue separation. 3HAA is synthesized in the C. elegans hypodermal tissue, localized to the site of pathogen interaction within the gut granules, and degraded in the neuronal cells. This tissue separation creates a new possible function for 3HAA that may give insight to a larger evolutionarily conserved function within the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis S Espejo
- Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Destiny DeNicola
- Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Leah M Chang
- Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Anne E Haskins
- Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jonah Balsa
- Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Samuel S Freitas
- Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Angelo Antenor
- Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sage Hamming
- Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Bradford Hull
- Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Hope Dang
- Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - George L Sutphin
- Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yamamoto KK, Savage-Dunn C. TGF-β pathways in aging and immunity: lessons from Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Genet 2023; 14:1220068. [PMID: 37732316 PMCID: PMC10507863 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1220068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of signaling molecules plays critical roles in development, differentiation, homeostasis, and disease. Due to the conservation of these ligands and their signaling pathways, genetic studies in invertebrate systems including the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have been instrumental in identifying signaling mechanisms. C. elegans is also a premier organism for research in longevity and healthy aging. Here we summarize current knowledge on the roles of TGF-β signaling in aging and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cathy Savage-Dunn
- Department of Biology, Queens College, and PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York City, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang L, Wang Y, Wang D. Paeoniflorin increases the survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected Caenorhabditis elegans at the immunosuppression stage by activating PMK-1, BAR-1, and EGL-1 signals. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:616-628. [PMID: 37535304 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01459-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Paeoniflorin is the major active compound of total glycoside of paeony in Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Although several aspects of beneficial effects of paeoniflorin have been described, whether the paeoniflorin treatment is helpful for inhibiting the pathogen infection-induced immunosuppression remains largely unclear. Using the immunosuppression model in Caenorhabditis elegans induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, we here examined the beneficial effect of paeoniflorin treatment against the immunosuppression induced by bacterial pathogen infection. In this immunosuppression model, we observed that the survival rate of P. aeruginosa infected nematodes at the immunosuppression stage could be significantly increased by 25-100 mg/L paeoniflorin treatment. P. aeruginosa accumulation in intestinal lumen of nematodes at the immunosuppression stage was reduced by paeoniflorin treatment. Paeoniflorin could activate the expressions of antimicrobial genes (lys-1 and lys-8) in nematodes at the immunosuppression stage. Moreover, at the immunosuppression stage, paeoniflorin treatment increased the expressions of bar-1, pmk-1, and egl-1 required for the control of innate immunity against bacterial infection. Meanwhile, RNAi of bar-1, pmk-1, and egl-1 inhibited the beneficial effect of paeoniflorin treatment in increasing the survival, reducing the P. aeruginosa accumulation in intestinal lumen, and activating the expressions of antimicrobial genes (lys-1 and lys-8) in nematodes at the immunosuppression stage. Therefore, paeoniflorin treatment could effectively inhibit the immunosuppression induced by bacterial pathogen infection in the hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuxing Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu Y, Chen J, An L, Huang T, Wang W, Cheng Z, Wang L, Xu X, Zhao Z, Fu X, Ma J. Knockdown of phosphatases of regenerating liver-1 prolongs the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans via activating DAF-16/FOXO. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22844. [PMID: 36906287 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202202003r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRLs) are dual-specificity protein phosphatases. The aberrant expression of PRLs threatens human health, but their biological functions and pathogenic mechanisms are unclear yet. Herein, the structure and biological functions of PRLs were investigated using the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Structurally, this phosphatase in C. elegans, named PRL-1, consisted of a conserved signature sequence WPD loop and a single C(X)5 R domain. Besides, by Western blot, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining, PRL-1 was proved to mainly express in larval stages and express in intestinal tissues. Afterward, by feeding-based RNA-interference method, knockdown of prl-1 prolonged the lifespan of C. elegans but also improved their healthspan, such as locomotion, pharyngeal pumping frequency, and defecation interval time. Furthermore, the above effects of prl-1 appeared to be taken without acting on germline signaling, diet restriction pathway, insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling pathway, and SIR-2.1 but through a DAF-16-dependent pathway. Moreover, knockdown of prl-1 induced the nuclear translocation of DAF-16, and upregulated the expression of daf-16, sod-3, mtl-1, and ctl-2. Finally, suppression of prl-1 also reduced the ROS. In conclusion, suppression of prl-1 enhanced the lifespan and survival quality of C. elegans, which provides a theoretical basis for the pathogenesis of PRLs in related human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoru Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu An
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianci Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziqi Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuesong Xu
- Clinical Laboratory of China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhizhuang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Xueqi Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junfeng Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Y, Zhang L, Yuan X, Wang D. Treatment with paeoniflorin increases lifespan of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected Caenorhabditis elegans by inhibiting bacterial accumulation in intestinal lumen and biofilm formation. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1114219. [PMID: 37050896 PMCID: PMC10083309 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1114219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin is one of the important components in Paeoniaceae plants. In this study, we used Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a bacterial pathogen to investigate the possible role of paeoniflorin treatment against P. aeruginosa infection in the host and the underlying mechanisms. Posttreatment with 1.25–10 mg/L paeoniflorin could significantly increase the lifespan of P. aeruginosa infected nematodes. After the infection, the P. aeruginosa colony-forming unit (CFU) and P. aeruginosa accumulation in intestinal lumen were also obviously reduced by 1.25–10 mg/L paeoniflorin treatment. The beneficial effects of paeoniflorin treatment in increasing lifespan in P. aeruginosa infected nematodes and in reducing P. aeruginosa accumulation in intestinal lumen could be inhibited by RNAi of pmk-1, egl-1, and bar-1. In addition, paeoniflorin treatment suppressed the inhibition in expressions of pmk-1, egl-1, and bar-1 caused by P. aeruginosa infection in nematodes, suggesting that paeoniflorin could increase lifespan of P. aeruginosa infected nematode by activating PMK-1, EGL-1, and BAR-1. Moreover, although treatment with 1.25–10 mg/L paeoniflorin did not show obvious anti-P. aeruginosa activity, the P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and expressions of related virulence genes (pelA, pelB, phzA, lasB, lasR, rhlA, and rhlC) were significantly inhibited by paeoniflorin treatment. Treatment with 1.25–10 mg/L paeoniflorin could further decrease the levels of related virulence factors of pyocyanin, elastase, and rhamnolipid. In addition, 2.5–10 mg/L paeoniflorin treatment could inhibit the swimming, swarming, and twitching motility of P. aeruginosa, and treatment with 2.5–10 mg/L paeoniflorin reduced the cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) level. Therefore, paeoniflorin treatment has the potential to extend lifespan of P. aeruginosa infected hosts by reducing bacterial accumulation in intestinal lumen and inhibiting bacterial biofilm formation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Chu X, Jiang D, Yu L, Li M, Wu S, Zhang F, Hu X. Heterologous Expression and Bioactivity Determination of Monochamus alternatus Antibacterial Peptide Gene in Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065421. [PMID: 36982491 PMCID: PMC10049621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects have evolved to form a variety of complex natural compounds to prevent pathogen infection in the process of a long-term attack and defense game with various pathogens in nature. Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) are important effector molecules of the insect immune response to the pathogen invasion involved in bacteria, fungi, viruses and nematodes. The discovery and creation of new nematicides from these natural compounds is a key path to pest control. A total of 11 AMPs from Monochamus alternatus were classified into 3 categories, including Attacin, Cecropin and Defensin. Four AMP genes were successfully expressed by Komagataella phaffii KM71. The bioassay results showed that the exogenous expressed AMPs represented antimicrobial activity against Serratia (G−), Bacillus thuringiensis (G+) and Beauveria bassiana and high nematicide activity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. All four purified AMPs’ protein against B. xylophilus reached LC50 at 3 h (LC50 = 0.19 mg·mL−1 of MaltAtt-1, LC50 = 0.20 mg·mL−1 of MaltAtt-2 and MaltCec-2, LC50 = 0.25 mg·mL−1 of MaltDef-1). Furthermore, the AMPs could cause significant reduction of the thrashing frequency and egg hatching rate, and the deformation or fracture of the body wall of B. xylophilus. Therefore, this study is a foundation for further study of insect biological control and provides a theoretical basis for the research and development of new insecticidal pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chu
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- International Joint Laboratory of Forest Symbiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Di Jiang
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- International Joint Laboratory of Forest Symbiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ming Li
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Songqing Wu
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Feiping Zhang
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xia Hu
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- International Joint Laboratory of Forest Symbiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18350068276
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang L, Wang Y, Cao C, Zhu Y, Huang W, Yang Y, Qiu H, Liu S, Wang D. Beneficial effect of Xuebijing against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:949608. [PMID: 36120363 PMCID: PMC9470999 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.949608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the clinical intensive care units (ICU), the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation of Xuebijing has been frequently used for treating sepsis. Nevertheless, the underlying pharmacological mechanisms of Xuebijing remain largely unclear. Caenorhabditis elegans is an important experimental host for bacterial infections. Using C. elegans as an animal model, we here examined the potential of Xuebijing treatment against bacterial infection and the underlying mechanisms. Xuebijing treatment could inhibit the reduction tendency of lifespan caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. For the cellular mechanisms of this antibacterial infection property, we found that Xuebijing treatment rescued C. elegans lifespan to be against P. aeruginosa infection by inhibiting Pseudomonas colonization in the intestinal lumen. Meanwhile, the increase in the expression of antimicrobial genes induced by Pseudomonas infection was also suppressed by Xuebijing treatment. Moreover, the beneficial effect of Xuebijing against Pseudomonas infection depended on insulin, p38 MAPK, Wnt, DBL-1/TGF-β, ELT-2, and programmed cell death (PCD)-related signals. Although Xuebijing did not show obvious antibacterial activity, Xuebijing (100%) treatment could inhibit the Pseudomonas biofilm formation and decrease the expression of virulence genes (lasA, lasB, rhlA, rhlC, phzA, phzM, phzH, and phzS) and quorum sensing (QS)-related genes (lasI, lasR, rhlI, rhlR, pqsA, and pqsR). Our results support the potential role of Xuebijing treatment against bacterial infection in hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxing Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chang Cao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yike Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibo Qiu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Songqiao Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Songqiao Liu, ; Dayong Wang,
| | - Dayong Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Songqiao Liu, ; Dayong Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Remofuscin induces xenobiotic detoxification via a lysosome-to-nucleus signaling pathway to extend the Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7161. [PMID: 35504961 PMCID: PMC9064964 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipofuscin is a representative biomarker of aging that is generated naturally over time. Remofuscin (soraprazan) improves age-related eye diseases by removing lipofuscin from retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. In this study, the effect of remofuscin on longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans and the underlying mechanism were investigated. The results showed that remofuscin significantly (p < 0.05) extended the lifespan of C. elegans (N2) compared with the negative control. Aging biomarkers were improved in remofuscin-treated worms. The expression levels of genes related to lysosomes (lipl-1 and lbp-8), a nuclear hormone receptor (nhr-234), fatty acid beta-oxidation (ech-9), and xenobiotic detoxification (cyp-34A1, cyp-35A1, cyp-35A2, cyp-35A3, cyp-35A4, cyp-35A5, cyp-35C1, gst-28, and gst-5) were increased in remofuscin-treated worms. Moreover, remofuscin failed to extend the lives of C. elegans with loss-of-function mutations (lipl-1, lbp-8, nhr-234, nhr-49, nhr-8, cyp-35A1, cyp-35A2, cyp-35A3, cyp-35A5, and gst-5), suggesting that these genes are associated with lifespan extension in remofuscin-treated C. elegans. In conclusion, remofuscin activates the lysosome-to-nucleus pathway in C. elegans, thereby increasing the expression levels of xenobiotic detoxification genes resulted in extending their lifespan.
Collapse
|
11
|
Li S, Li N, Wang C, Zhao Y, Cao J, Li X, Zhang Z, Li Y, Yang X, Wang X, Che C, Zhao Y, Wang L, Zhao L, Shen J. Gut Microbiota and Immune Modulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk Streptococcus salivarius and S. parasanguinis Strains. Front Nutr 2022; 9:798403. [PMID: 35273986 PMCID: PMC8901577 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.798403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk Streptococcus spp. are transferred to infant guts via breast feeding, but their effects on the gut microbiota and immunity remain unclear. In this study, we characterized gut microbiota and immune modulatory properties of human breast milk S. salivarius F286 and S. parasanguinis F278 that had been shown to be able to colonize gut. The two Streptococcus strains were orally administered to mouse pups individually at 1 × 107 cells/day from postnatal Days 1 to 21. At postnatal week 3 (the weaning period), S. salivarius F286 reduced the colonic microbiota α-diversity, increased 21 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), including bacteria from Akkermansia, Intestinimonas, and Lachnospiraceae, and decreased 52 ASVs, including bacteria from Eubacterium, Bifidobacterium, Escherichia-Shigella, and Turicibacter; however, S. parasanguinis F278 didn't change the colonic microbiota. Both Streptococcus strains reduced the ileal mRNA expression of cytokine/transcription factor representatives of T helper (Th) cells, including IFN-γ (Th1), Gata3 (Th2), and TGF-β (Treg) in 2-week-old suckling mice, and promoted the ileal expression of Foxp3 and TGF-β, which are representatives of anti-inflammatory Treg cells, in 3-week-old weaning mice. The two Streptococcus strains exhibited anti-inflammatory potential when incubated in vitro with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and TNF-α-treated gut epithelial HT29 cells. In C. elegans, both strains activated immune response genes, which was associated with their lifespan-prolonging effects. Our results suggest that S. salivarius F286 and S. parasanguinis F278 may exert regulatory (anti-inflammatory) roles in gut immunity and S. salivarius F286 can modulate gut microbiota, and highlight the probiotic potential of milk S. salivarius and S. parasanguinis strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanyan Che
- Department of Animal Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu B, Yan J, Yang J, Xia Y, Li D, Zhang F, Cao H. Extension of the Life Span by Acarbose: Is It Mediated by the Gut Microbiota? Aging Dis 2022; 13:1005-1014. [PMID: 35855337 PMCID: PMC9286917 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acarbose can extend the life span of mice through a process involving the gut microbiota. Several factors affect the life span, including mitochondrial function, cellular senescence, telomere length, immune function, and expression of longevity-related genes. In this review, the effects of acarbose-regulated gut microbiota on the life span-influencing factors have been discussed. In addition, a novel theoretical basis for improving our understanding of the mechanisms by which acarbose extends the life span of mice has been suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baiyun Wu
- Nutritional Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Jiai Yan
- Nutritional Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
- Clinical Assessment Center of Functional Food, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Ju Yang
- Nutritional Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
- Clinical Assessment Center of Functional Food, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Yanping Xia
- Nutritional Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
- Clinical Assessment Center of Functional Food, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Dan Li
- Nutritional Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
- Clinical Assessment Center of Functional Food, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Nutritional Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
- Clinical Assessment Center of Functional Food, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Hong Cao, () and Dr. Feng Zhang (), Nutritional Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hong Cao
- Nutritional Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
- Clinical Assessment Center of Functional Food, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Hong Cao, () and Dr. Feng Zhang (), Nutritional Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Desaka N, Ota C, Nishikawa H, Yasuda K, Ishii N, Bito T, Kishinaga Y, Naito Y, Higashimura Y. Streptococcus thermophilus extends lifespan through activation of DAF-16-mediated antioxidant pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2022; 70:7-13. [PMID: 35068675 PMCID: PMC8764109 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.21-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Desaka
- Department of Food Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University
| | - Chinatsu Ota
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University
| | | | - Kayo Yasuda
- Department of Health Management, Tokai University Undergraduate School of Health Studies
| | - Naoaki Ishii
- Department of Health Management, Tokai University Undergraduate School of Health Studies
| | - Tomohiro Bito
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University
| | - Yukio Kishinaga
- Research and Development Group, Mill Souhonsha Company Limited
| | - Yuji Naito
- Department of Human Immunology and Nutrition Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The evolutionary theory of aging has set the foundations for a comprehensive understanding of aging. The biology of aging has listed and described the "hallmarks of aging," i.e., cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in human aging. The present paper is the first to infer the order of appearance of the hallmarks of bilaterian and thereby human aging throughout evolution from their presence in progressively narrower clades. Its first result is that all organisms, even non-senescent, have to deal with at least one mechanism of aging - the progressive accumulation of misfolded or unstable proteins. Due to their cumulation, these mechanisms are called "layers of aging." A difference should be made between the first four layers of unicellular aging, present in some unicellular organisms and in all multicellular opisthokonts, that stem and strike "from the inside" of individual cells and span from increasingly abnormal protein folding to deregulated nutrient sensing, and the last four layers of metacellular aging, progressively appearing in metazoans, that strike the cells of a multicellular organism "from the outside," i.e., because of other cells, and span from transcriptional alterations to the disruption of intercellular communication. The evolution of metazoans and eumetazoans probably solved the problem of aging along with the problem of unicellular aging. However, metacellular aging originates in the mechanisms by which the effects of unicellular aging are kept under control - e.g., the exhaustion of stem cells that contribute to replace damaged somatic cells. In bilaterians, additional functions have taken a toll on generally useless potentially limited lifespan to increase the fitness of organisms at the price of a progressively less efficient containment of the damage of unicellular aging. In the end, this picture suggests that geroscience should be more efficient in targeting conditions of metacellular aging rather than unicellular aging itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maël Lemoine
- CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
De Mandal S, Panda AK, Murugan C, Xu X, Senthil Kumar N, Jin F. Antimicrobial Peptides: Novel Source and Biological Function With a Special Focus on Entomopathogenic Nematode/Bacterium Symbiotic Complex. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:555022. [PMID: 34335484 PMCID: PMC8318700 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.555022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of multidrug resistant microorganisms has become one of the most critical threats to public health. A decrease in the effectiveness of available antibiotics has led to the failure of infection control, resulting in a high risk of death. Among several alternatives, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) serve as potential alternatives to antibiotics to resolve the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens. These small proteins exhibit potent antimicrobial activity and are also an essential component of the immune system. Although several AMPs have been reported and characterized, studies associated with their potential medical applications are limited. This review highlights the novel sources of AMPs with high antimicrobial activities, including the entomopathogenic nematode/bacterium (EPN/EPB) symbiotic complex. Additionally, the AMPs derived from insects, nematodes, and marine organisms and the design of peptidomimetic antimicrobial agents that can complement the defects of therapeutic peptides have been used as a template.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surajit De Mandal
- Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Chandran Murugan
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Fengliang Jin
- Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang W, Li S, Heng X, Chu W. Weissella confusa CGMCC 19,308 Strain Protects Against Oxidative Stress, Increases Lifespan, and Bacterial Disease Resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 14:121-129. [PMID: 34037943 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09799-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of Weissella confusa CGMCC 19,308 and its influence on longevity and host defense against Salmonella Typhimurium of Caenorhabditis elegans. The CFCS (cell-free culture supernatant) of W. confusa CGMCC 19,308 possessed DPPH radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anion scavenging activity. The lifespan of the C. elegans fed W. confusa CGMCC 19,308 was significantly (p < 0.001) longer than that of worms fed Escherichia coli OP50. Moreover, worms fed W. confusa CGMCC 19,308 were more resistant to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide and S. Typhimurium infection. RNA-seq analysis showed that the most significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in C. elegans fed with W. confusa CGMCC 19,308 were mainly col genes (col-43, col-2, col-40, col-155, col-37), glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-related genes (gst-44, gst-9, gst-17, gst-18, gstk-2), cnc-9 (immune-related gene), and sod-5 (superoxide dismutase). These results indicated that cuticle collagen synthesis, immunity, and antioxidant defense (AOD) system of C. elegans were affected after being fed with W. confusa CGMCC 19,308 instead of E. coli OP50. Our study suggested W. confusa CGMCC 19,308 had the antioxidant activity and could prolong lifespan and enhance the host defense against S. Typhimurium of C. elegans. This study provided new evidences for the W. confusa CGMCC 19,308 as a potential probiotic candidate for anti-aging and anti-bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shipo Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xing Heng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Weihua Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Immunomodulatory effect of pentagalloyl glucose in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and PAO1-induced Caenorhabditis elegans. Exp Gerontol 2021; 150:111388. [PMID: 33957261 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) is a valuable natural compound with an array of biological activities, but the immunomodulatory effect and mechanism have not been fully validated yet. In this study, to elucidate comprehensively the function of immunomodulation and its underlying mechanism of PGG in vitro and in vivo, two model systems were conducted, which including lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages cells and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1)-induced Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Current results showed that PGG significantly inhibited secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and mediator nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, the expression of genes nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in LPS- stimulated RAW264.7 cells was reduced by PGG. In vivo assay showed that lifespan of PAO1-induced C. elegans was enhanced significantly by 14.1% under the pre-treatment of PGG, which was abrogated in toxin sensitive mdt-15 mutant. Similarly, the PGG showed a benefit on 41.2% significant extension longevity in C. elegans under pathogenic PA14. And the nuclear localization of DAF-16 of strain TJ356 was significantly increased in PAO1-induced C. elegans by PGG. Further, PGG modulated several signaling pathways to enhance immunomodulation in C. elegans including DBL-1, DAF-2/DAF-16, and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. Furthermore, other genes involved in immunomodulatory response in C. elegans were remarkably regulated such as lys-1, lys-2, spp-18, egl-9, and hif-1. Our study suggested that PGG have potential to develop into novel immunomodulatory nutraceutical.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ding X, Kakanj P, Leptin M, Eming SA. Regulation of the Wound Healing Response during Aging. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:1063-1070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
19
|
Ma W, Yue J, Liang S, Gao M, Wang X, Cui N, Li H, Zhi D. Realgar increases defenses against infection by Enterococcus faecalis in Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113559. [PMID: 33159994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Realgar has been used in traditional remedies for a long history in China and India. It is clinically used to treat diverse cancers, especially acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in China. However, paradoxic roles of realgar to increase or decrease immunity are reported. It is urgent to address this question, due to immune depression can be strongly benefit to cancer development, but detrimental to patients. AIM OF THE STUDY This present work is to explore whether realgar promote or suppress immune responses, and shed light on its mode of action. Our results should provide cues for rational strategy to explore realgar for clinical use. MATERIAL AND METHODS Infection model in vivo was established by using Enterococcus faecalis to attack Caenorhabditis elegans, then realgar was used to treat the infected worms to investigate its effects on infectivity and the underlying mechanism. Killing analysis was carried out to test whether realgar can mitigate worm infection. Thermotolerance resistance analysis was used to evaluate if realgar functions hormetic effect. Quantification of live E. faecalis in nematode intestine was employed to ascertain if realgar alleviate the bacterial load in worm gut. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to test the expression of antibacterial effectors. Western blot was used to test the effect of realgar on the expressions of p38 and phospho-p38 in worms infected by E. faecalis. RESULTS Realgar alleviated the infected worms in strains of N2, glp-4, and daf-2, but failed in sek-1, glp-4; sek-1, and daf-2; daf-16 when p38 MAPK or daf-16 was blocked or inactivated. Western blot assay demonstrated that realgar increased the expression of phosph-p38. Thermotolerance assay showed that realgar played a hormetic role on nemtodes, triggered protective response and reduced bacterial load after realgar treatment for 120 h qRT-PCR demonstrated that realgar significantly increased antibacterial effectors, thus leading to pathogen elimination. CONCLUSION Realgar increased defenses against E. faecalis in C. elegans by inducing both immune responses and protective responses. It was regulated by p38 MAPK pathway and DAF-16.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Juan Yue
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Shu Liang
- Gansu Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Meng Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Na Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Hongyu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China.
| | - Dejuan Zhi
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee Y, Jung Y, Jeong DE, Hwang W, Ham S, Park HEH, Kwon S, Ashraf JM, Murphy CT, Lee SJV. Reduced insulin/IGF1 signaling prevents immune aging via ZIP-10/bZIP-mediated feedforward loop. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211856. [PMID: 33666644 PMCID: PMC7941181 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202006174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of aging is immunosenescence, a decline in immune functions, which appeared to be inevitable in living organisms, including Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we show that genetic inhibition of the DAF-2/insulin/IGF-1 receptor drastically enhances immunocompetence in old age in C. elegans. We demonstrate that longevity-promoting DAF-16/FOXO and heat-shock transcription factor 1 (HSF-1) increase immunocompetence in old daf-2(−) animals. In contrast, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (PMK-1), a key determinant of immunity, is only partially required for this rejuvenated immunity. The up-regulation of DAF-16/FOXO and HSF-1 decreases the expression of the zip-10/bZIP transcription factor, which in turn down-regulates INS-7, an agonistic insulin-like peptide, resulting in further reduction of insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS). Thus, reduced IIS prevents immune aging via the up-regulation of anti-aging transcription factors that modulate an endocrine insulin-like peptide through a feedforward mechanism. Because many functions of IIS are conserved across phyla, our study may lead to the development of strategies against immune aging in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yoonji Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dae-Eun Jeong
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Wooseon Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Seokjin Ham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hae-Eun H Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sujeong Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jasmine M Ashraf
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
| | - Coleen T Murphy
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
| | - Seung-Jae V Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jiang W, Wang Y, Wargo JA, Lang FF, Kim BYS. Considerations for designing preclinical cancer immune nanomedicine studies. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:6-15. [PMID: 33349682 PMCID: PMC8103921 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-00817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is known to be clinically beneficial for cancer patients and in many cases represents the new standard of care. Because of this success, the interest in integrating nanomedicine with cancer immunotherapy to further improve clinical response and toxicity profiles has grown. However, unlike conventional systemic therapies, which are directly cytotoxic to tumour cells, cancer immunotherapy relies on the host's immune system to generate tumouricidal effects. As such, proper design of cancer immune nanomedicine requires scrutiny of tumours' intrinsic and extrinsic factors that may impact host antitumour immunity. Here, we highlight key parameters that differentiate cancer immunotherapy from conventional cytotoxic agents, and we discuss their implications for designing preclinical cancer immune nanomedicine studies. We emphasize that these factors, including intratumoural genomic heterogeneity, commensal diversity, sexual dimorphism and biological ageing, which were largely ignored in traditional cancer nanomedicine experiments, should be carefully considered and incorporated into cancer immune nanomedicine investigations given their critical involvement in shaping the body's antitumour immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frederick F Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Betty Y S Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The antimicrobial peptide Brevinin-2ISb enhances the innate immune response against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by activating DAF-2/DAF-16 signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans, as determined by in vivo imaging. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
23
|
Prigot-Maurice C, de Cerqueira De Araujo A, Beltran-Bech S, Braquart-Varnier C. Immune priming depends on age, sex and Wolbachia in the interaction between Armadillidium vulgare and Salmonella. J Evol Biol 2020; 34:256-269. [PMID: 33108676 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The protection conferred by a first infection upon a second pathogenic exposure (i.e. immune priming) is an emergent research topic in the field of invertebrate immunity. Immune priming has been demonstrated in various species, but little is known about the intrinsic factors that may influence this immune process. In this study, we tested whether age, gender and the symbiotic bacterium Wolbachia affect the protection resulting from immune priming in A. vulgare against S. enterica. We firstly primed young and old, symbiotic and asymbiotic males and females, either with a non-lethal low dose of S. enterica, LB broth or without injection (control). Seven days post-injection, we performed a LD50 injection of S. enterica in all individuals and we monitored their survival rates. We demonstrated that survival capacities depend on these three factors: young and old asymbiotic individuals (males and females) expressed immune priming (S. enterica-primed individuals survived better than LB-primed and non-primed), with a general decline in the strength of protection in old females, but not in old males, compared to young. When Wolbachia is present, the immune priming protection was observed in old, but not in young symbiotic individuals, even if the Wolbachia load on entire individuals is equivalent regardless to age. Our overall results showed that the immune priming protection in A. vulgare depends on individuals' states, highlighting the need to consider these factors both in mechanistical and evolutionary studies focusing on invertebrate's immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cybèle Prigot-Maurice
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Alexandra de Cerqueira De Araujo
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte - UMR CNRS 7261, Université François-Rabelais - UFR Sciences et Techniques, Tours, France
| | - Sophie Beltran-Bech
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Christine Braquart-Varnier
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lu M, Tan L, Zhou XG, Yang ZL, Zhu Q, Chen JN, Luo HR, Wu GS. Tectochrysin increases stress resistance and extends the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans via FOXO/DAF-16. Biogerontology 2020; 21:669-682. [PMID: 32506187 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-020-09884-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aging is related to the lowered overall functioning and increased risk for various age-related diseases in humans. Tectochrysin is a flavonoid compound and rich in a traditional Chinese Medicine Alpinia oxyphylla Miq., which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-diarrhea, hepatoprotective, and neuro-protective effects. Therefore, we tested if tectochrysin had an effect on aging in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Our results showed that tectochrysin could extend the lifespan of C. elegans by up to 21.0%, delay the age-related decline of body movement, improve high temperature-stress resistance and anti-infection capacity, and protected worms against Aβ1-42-induced toxicity. Tectochrysin could not extend the lifespan of the mutants from genes daf-2, daf-16, eat-2, aak-2, skn-1, and hsf-1. Tectochrysin could increase the expression of DAF-16 regulated genes. The extension of lifespan by tectochrysin requires FOXO/DAF-16 and HSF-1. Overall, our findings suggest that tectochrysin may have a potential effect on extending lifespan and age-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Tan
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhong-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian-Ning Chen
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Huai-Rong Luo
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Gui-Sheng Wu
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Turner MJ, Cox JK, Spellman AC, Stahl C, Bavari S. Avoidance behavior independent of innate-immune signaling seen in Caenorhabditis elegans challenged with Bacillus anthracis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:103453. [PMID: 31326564 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Small organisms, like the nematode C. elegans, are emerging as insightful models in which to study host/pathogen interactions and the evolving interplay between host defenses and microbial offenses. In C. elegans the innate immune response has been shown to be connected to the DAF-2 insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signal pathway, a critical transduction pathway that mediates stress response in the worms via the DAF-16 FOXO/forkhead transcription factor. Our studies of the C. elegans' phenotypes that are associated with behavioral innate immune response (avoidance behavior) and IGF-1 signaling perturbations (lifespan effects) led us to question the cause of the avoidance behavior observed when C. elegans are challenged with B. anthracis. While worms indeed avoid B. anthracis, and this behavior seems to be partly tied to IGF-1 signaling, the bacteria have neither nematocidal nor visible pathogenic effects on the worms. In fact, worms fed B. anthracis alone exhibit extended lifespans. We demonstrate that the extended lifespan phenotype seen in worms fed B. anthracis is likely the result of calorie restriction, and that worms do not eat B. anthracis even when avoidance behaviors have been suppressed. We further demonstrate a large time lag between the onset of avoidance behavior (which occurs upon contact with B. anthracis), and the induction of IGF-1 signaling (which occurs much later) in worms fed B. anthracis. Taken together, our data demonstrate behavioral avoidance that does not appear to be linked to a measurable immune response. We propose that, in some situations, avoidance behaviors categorized as immunological might be more accurately described as broad foraging behaviors induced in worms presented with a non-preferred food choice, or with a food choice that is either difficult or impossible for the worms to ingest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Turner
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Science, Mount St. Mary's University, 16300 Old Emmitsburg Rd, Emmitsburg, MD, 21727, USA; Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Justin K Cox
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Science, Mount St. Mary's University, 16300 Old Emmitsburg Rd, Emmitsburg, MD, 21727, USA.
| | - Anthony C Spellman
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Science, Mount St. Mary's University, 16300 Old Emmitsburg Rd, Emmitsburg, MD, 21727, USA.
| | - Craig Stahl
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Sina Bavari
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Glucose negatively affects Nrf2/SKN-1-mediated innate immunity in C. elegans. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3089-3103. [PMID: 30442878 PMCID: PMC6286829 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High glucose levels negatively affect immune response. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Upon infection, the round worm C. elegans induces multiple gene transcription programs, including the Nrf2/SKN-1-mediated detoxification program, to activate the innate immunity. In this study, we find that high glucose conditions inhibit the SKN-1-mediated immune response to Salmonella typhimurium, exacerbate the infection and greatly decrease survival. The effect of glucose shows specificity to SKN-1 pathway, as UPRmit and UPRER that are known to be induced by infection, are not affected. Hyper-activation of SKN-1 by wdr-23 RNAi restores partly the immune response and increases the survival rate in response to S. typhimurium. In all, our study reveals a molecular pathway responsible for glucose’s negative effect on innate immunity, which could help to better understand diseases associated with hyperglycemia.
Collapse
|
27
|
The Hyaluronidase, TMEM2, Promotes ER Homeostasis and Longevity Independent of the UPR ER. Cell 2019; 179:1306-1318.e18. [PMID: 31761535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cells have evolved complex mechanisms to maintain protein homeostasis, such as the UPRER, which are strongly associated with several diseases and the aging process. We performed a whole-genome CRISPR-based knockout (KO) screen to identify genes important for cells to survive ER-based protein misfolding stress. We identified the cell-surface hyaluronidase (HAase), Transmembrane Protein 2 (TMEM2), as a potent modulator of ER stress resistance. The breakdown of the glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan (HA), by TMEM2 within the extracellular matrix (ECM) altered ER stress resistance independent of canonical UPRER pathways but dependent upon the cell-surface receptor, CD44, a putative HA receptor, and the MAPK cell-signaling components, ERK and p38. Last, and most surprisingly, ectopic expression of human TMEM2 in C. elegans protected animals from ER stress and increased both longevity and pathogen resistance independent of canonical UPRER activation but dependent on the ERK ortholog mpk-1 and the p38 ortholog pmk-1.
Collapse
|
28
|
Tan Z, Chekabab SM, Yu H, Yin X, Diarra MS, Yang C, Gong J. Growth and Virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium Mutants Deficient in Iron Uptake. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:13218-13230. [PMID: 31460449 PMCID: PMC6705229 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of iron, iron chelators, and mutations of tonB or iroN fepA genes on the growth and virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium. Results indicated that organic iron (ferric citrate and ferrous-l-ascorbate) supported better growth of Salmonella compared to inorganic iron. Among tested chelators, 2,2'-bipyridyl at 500 μM showed the highest inhibition of Salmonella growth with 5 μM ferrous sulfate. Deletion of genes (tonB- and iroN- fepA- ) in the iron uptake system attenuated Salmonella invasion of Caco-2 cells and its ability to damage the epithelial monolayer. The expression of all tested host genes in Caco-2 was not affected under the iron-poor condition. However, claudin 3, tight junction protein 1, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were altered under the iron-rich condition depending on individual mutations. In Caenorhabditis elegans, a significant down-regulation of ferritin 1 expression was observed when the nematode was infected by the wild-type (WT) strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Tan
- Guelph Research
and Development Centre, Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Samuel M. Chekabab
- Guelph Research
and Development Centre, Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Hai Yu
- Guelph Research
and Development Centre, Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Xianhua Yin
- Guelph Research
and Development Centre, Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Moussa S. Diarra
- Guelph Research
and Development Centre, Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research
and Development Centre, Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen W, Wang J, Shi J, Yang X, Yang P, Wang N, Yang S, Xie T, Yang H, Zhang M, Wang H, Fei J. Longevity Effect of Liuwei Dihuang in Both Caenorhabditis Elegans and Aged Mice. Aging Dis 2019; 10:578-591. [PMID: 31165002 PMCID: PMC6538212 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Liuwei Dihuang (LWDH), a famous traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used in the clinical treatment of aging-related diseases in China. However, its pharmacological mechanisms are not clear. In the present study, we evaluated the lifespan extension effect of LWDH in C. elegans and mice and revealed its underlying mechanisms. The results showed that LWDH significantly extended the lifespan of C. elegans in a dose-dependent manner. LWDH also conferred protection to nematodes against oxidative stress and reduced their fat storage. Genetics analysis and microarray data showed that the longevity effect of LWDH was attributed to the regulation of the innate immune response, proteolysis, lipid metabolism, and the oxidation-reduction process and was dependent on daf-16. Among the six herbs in the formula, Radix Rehmanniae Preparata and Fructus Macrocarpii contributed most to the longevity effect of this medicine, while the other four components had a synergistic effect on the longevity effect of the prescription. The lack of any single herb reduced the efficacy of the complete formula. LWDH also extended the lifespan and reduced both the weight and oxidant stress status in aged mice. Taken together, these results suggested that LWDH might function in a multi-target manner to extend the lifespan in both C. elegans and aged mice, and the best effect was achieved with the complete formula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Chen
- 1School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jinzeng Wang
- 1School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jiahao Shi
- 1School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xu Yang
- 3School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ping Yang
- 4Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SRMOC/SMOC, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ning Wang
- 1School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Sai Yang
- 1School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tianpei Xie
- 5Standard Testing Lab (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hua Yang
- 1School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- 1School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Haiyun Wang
- 1School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jian Fei
- 1School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,2Shenqi Institute for Ethnomedicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Davoodi S, Galenza A, Panteluk A, Deshpande R, Ferguson M, Grewal S, Foley E. The Immune Deficiency Pathway Regulates Metabolic Homeostasis in Drosophila. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2747-2759. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
31
|
Fabian DK, Garschall K, Klepsatel P, Santos‐Matos G, Sucena É, Kapun M, Lemaitre B, Schlötterer C, Arking R, Flatt T. Evolution of longevity improves immunity in Drosophila. Evol Lett 2018; 2:567-579. [PMID: 30564440 PMCID: PMC6292704 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Much has been learned about the genetics of aging from studies in model organisms, but still little is known about naturally occurring alleles that contribute to variation in longevity. For example, analysis of mutants and transgenes has identified insulin signaling as a major regulator of longevity, yet whether standing variation in this pathway underlies microevolutionary changes in lifespan and correlated fitness traits remains largely unclear. Here, we have analyzed the genomes of a set of Drosophila melanogaster lines that have been maintained under direct selection for postponed reproduction and indirect selection for longevity, relative to unselected control lines, for over 35 years. We identified many candidate loci shaped by selection for longevity and late-life fertility, but - contrary to expectation - we did not find overrepresentation of canonical longevity genes. Instead, we found an enrichment of immunity genes, particularly in the Toll pathway, suggesting that evolutionary changes in immune function might underpin - in part - the evolution of late-life fertility and longevity. To test whether this genomic signature is causative, we performed functional experiments. In contrast to control flies, long-lived flies tended to downregulate the expression of antimicrobial peptides upon infection with age yet survived fungal, bacterial, and viral infections significantly better, consistent with alleviated immunosenescence. To examine whether genes of the Toll pathway directly affect longevity, we employed conditional knockdown using in vivo RNAi. In adults, RNAi against the Toll receptor extended lifespan, whereas silencing the pathway antagonist cactus--causing immune hyperactivation - dramatically shortened lifespan. Together, our results suggest that genetic changes in the age-dependent regulation of immune homeostasis might contribute to the evolution of longer life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Fabian
- Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Institut für PopulationsgenetikVetmeduni ViennaViennaAustria
- Vienna Graduate School of Population GeneticsViennaAustria
| | - Kathrin Garschall
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Peter Klepsatel
- Institut für PopulationsgenetikVetmeduni ViennaViennaAustria
- Institute of ZoologySlovak Academy of Sciences845 06 BratislavaSlovakia
| | | | - Élio Sucena
- Instituto Gulbenkian de CiênciaOeirasPortugal
- Departamento de Biologia AnimalFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Martin Kapun
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health InstituteSchool of Life Sciences, EPFLLausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - Robert Arking
- Department of Biological SciencesWayne State UniversityDetroitMichigan
| | - Thomas Flatt
- Institut für PopulationsgenetikVetmeduni ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cuong VT, Chen W, Shi J, Zhang M, Yang H, Wang N, Yang S, Li J, Yang P, Fei J. The anti-oxidation and anti-aging effects of Ganoderma lucidum in Caenorhabditis elegans. Exp Gerontol 2018; 117:99-105. [PMID: 30476533 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As a traditional herbal medicine, the clinical efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum, also known as Lingzhi in China) has been proved by clinical research and a large number of animal experiments. However, its pharmacological mechanism is not clear. Here, we used the Caenorhabditis elegans as an animal model to study the anti-oxidative stress and anti-aging effects of G. lucidum water extract. Our results showed that G. lucidum effectively promoted the nematodes to resist the oxidative stress of paraquat and heavy metal Cr6+, and significantly prolonged the lifespan of the nematodes. The underlining mechanisms were further investigated by focusing on the signaling pathways that regulate the stress responses and the lifespan. We found that G. lucidum protected the nematode against the insults of paraquat and heavy metals through the diet restriction pathway and the mTOR/S6K signaling pathway, respectively. Whereas, the effect of G. lucidum on the longevity of the nematode mainly depended on the germline signaling pathway. Microarray assays were conducted to reveal the gene expression profiles. The expression levels of 2746 genes were significantly changed during the aging process, of which 34 genes were reversed in their expression by the treatment of G. lucidum in aged nematodes. These results suggest that G. lucidum regulates the biophysiological processes in the nematodes through multiple signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thi Cuong
- School of Life Science and Techonology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- School of Life Science and Techonology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jiahao Shi
- School of Life Science and Techonology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- School of Life Science and Techonology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hua Yang
- School of Life Science and Techonology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Life Science and Techonology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Sai Yang
- School of Life Science and Techonology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- School of Life Science and Techonology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SRCMO/SMOC, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jian Fei
- School of Life Science and Techonology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
A novel gene-diet pair modulates C. elegans aging. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007608. [PMID: 30125273 PMCID: PMC6117094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet profoundly affects metabolism and incidences of age-related diseases. Animals adapt their physiology to different food-types, modulating complex life-history traits like aging. The molecular mechanisms linking adaptive capacity to diet with aging are less known. We identify FLR-4 kinase as a novel modulator of aging in C. elegans, depending on bacterial diet. FLR-4 functions to prevent differential activation of the p38MAPK pathway in response to diverse food-types, thereby maintaining normal life span. In a kinase-dead flr-4 mutant, E. coli HT115 (K12 strain), but not the standard diet OP50 (B strain), is able to activate p38MAPK, elevate expression of cytoprotective genes through the nuclear hormone receptor NHR-8 and enhance life span. Interestingly, flr-4 and dietary restriction utilize similar pathways for longevity assurance, suggesting cross-talks between cellular modules that respond to diet quality and quantity. Together, our study discovers a new C. elegans gene-diet pair that controls the plasticity of aging. For animals living in the wild, being able to utilize a wide range of diet is evolutionarily advantageous as they can survive even when their optimal diet is depleted. Since diet is known to influence the rate of aging, animals seem to have evolved intricate mechanisms to maintain homeostasis and normal life span, but the molecular mechanisms are less understood. Using a small nematode, C. elegans as a model, we show that the adaptive capacity to different diet is maintained by a kinase gene. When this gene is mutated, worms start living longer on one strain of bacterial diet but not on the other. We identify the molecular cascade required for this food-type-dependent longevity. We show that this cascade of events significantly overlaps with the pathway that determine food quantity-dependent life span enhancement. Our study thus elucidates a part of the molecular monitoring system that regulates longevity dependent on the available quality and quantity of diet.
Collapse
|
34
|
Kamaladevi A, Balamurugan K. Lactobacillus casei triggers a TLR mediated RACK-1 dependent p38 MAPK pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans to resist Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Food Funct 2018; 7:3211-23. [PMID: 27338631 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00510a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) was investigated at the molecular level using the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Out of the 13 LAB screened, Lactobacillus casei displayed excellent protective efficacy by prolonging the survival of K. pneumoniae-infected nematodes. Pretreatment with L. casei significantly decreased bacterial colonization and rescued K. pneumoniae-infected C. elegans from various physiological impairments. The concomitant upregulation of key immune genes that regulate the TLR, RACK-1 as well as the p38 MAPK pathway rather than the IIS and ERK pathway suggested that the plausible immunomodulatory mechanism of L. casei could be by triggering the TLR, RACK-1 and p38 MAPK pathway. Furthermore, the hyper-susceptibility of L. casei treated loss-of-function mutants of the tol-1, RACK-1 and p38 MAPK pathway (sek-1 and pmk-1) to K. pneumoniae infection and gene expression analysis suggested that L. casei triggered a TLR mediated RACK-1 dependent p38 MAPK pathway to increase host resistance and protect nematodes against K. pneumoniae infection.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kwon G, Lee J, Koh JH, Lim YH. Lifespan Extension of Caenorhabditis elegans by Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum and Megasphaera elsdenii with Probiotic Potential. Curr Microbiol 2017; 75:557-564. [PMID: 29222621 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum and Megasphaera elsdenii inhabit the human intestine and have probiotic potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of B. pullicaecorum and M. elsdenii on the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. They significantly (P < 0.05) extended the lifespan of C. elegans compared with Escherichia coli OP50, a standard food for the worm. Analysis of age-related biomarkers such as lipofuscin, body size, and locomotory activity showed that they retarded aging. They all failed to extend the lifespan of daf-12 or dbl-1 loss-of-function C. elegans mutants compared with E. coli OP50-fed worms. However, the increase in lifespan was observed in daf-16, jnk-1, pmk-1, and skn-1 mutants. Moreover, they increased the resistance of C. elegans to a human pathogen, Salmonella typhimurium. In conclusion, B. pullicaecorum and M. elsdenii extend the lifespan of C. elegans via the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathway associated with anti-inflammatory processes in the innate immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayeung Kwon
- Department of Public Health Science (Brain Korea 21 PLUS Program), Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Lee
- Department of Public Health Science (Brain Korea 21 PLUS Program), Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Koh
- Department of Bio-Food Analysis and Processing, Bio-Campus Korea Polytechnic College, Nonsan, Chungnam, 32943, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hee Lim
- Department of Public Health Science (Brain Korea 21 PLUS Program), Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea.
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
UPR mt coordinates immunity to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis and animal fitness. Mitochondrion 2017; 41:9-13. [PMID: 29180055 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Proper function of mitochondria is often challenged by intrinsic factors and extrinsic stimuli. To cope with mitochondrial stress, organisms evolve mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) to monitor mitochondrial function and induce the transcription of mitochondrial chaperones and proteases to restore mitochondrial proteostasis and alleviate stress. Interestingly, UPRmt also induces immune response genes and improves animals' fitness against pathogen infection. In this review, we will summarize progresses of UPRmt studies and discuss the relationship between UPRmt and the induction of innate immunity.
Collapse
|
37
|
Xiao Y, Liu F, Zhao PJ, Zou CG, Zhang KQ. PKA/KIN-1 mediates innate immune responses to bacterial pathogens in Caenorhabditis elegans. Innate Immun 2017; 23:656-666. [PMID: 28958206 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917732822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetically tractable organism Caenorhabditis elegans is a powerful model animal for the study of host innate immunity. Although the intestine and the epidermis of C. elegans that is in contact with pathogens are likely to function as sites for the immune function, recent studies indicate that the nervous system could control innate immunity in C. elegans. In this report, we demonstrated that protein kinase A (PKA)/KIN-1 in the neurons contributes to resistance against Salmonella enterica infection in C. elegans. Microarray analysis revealed that PKA/KIN-1 regulates the expression of a set of antimicrobial effectors in the non-neuron tissues, which are required for innate immune responses to S. enterica. Furthermore, PKA/KIN-1 regulated the expression of lysosomal genes during S. enterica infection. Our results suggest that the lysosomal signaling molecules are involved in autophagy by controlling autophagic flux, rather than formation of autophagosomes. As autophagy is crucial for host defense against S. enterica infection in a metazoan, the lysosomal pathway also acts as a downstream effector of the PKA/KIN-1 signaling for innate immunity. Our data indicate that the PKA pathway contributes to innate immunity in C. elegans by signaling from the nervous system to periphery tissues to protect the host against pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiao
- State Key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, 12635 Yunnan University , Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, 12635 Yunnan University , Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Pei-Ji Zhao
- State Key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, 12635 Yunnan University , Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Cheng-Gang Zou
- State Key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, 12635 Yunnan University , Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, 12635 Yunnan University , Kunming, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kubiak M, Tinsley MC. Sex-Specific Routes To Immune Senescence In Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10417. [PMID: 28874758 PMCID: PMC5585412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal immune systems change dramatically during the ageing process, often accompanied by major increases in pathogen susceptibility. However, the extent to which senescent elevations in infection mortality are causally driven by deteriorations in canonical systemic immune processes is unclear. We studied Drosophila melanogaster and compared the relative contributions of impaired systemic immune defences and deteriorating barrier defences to increased pathogen susceptibility in aged flies. To assess senescent changes in systemic immune response efficacy we injected one and four-week old flies with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and studied subsequent mortality; whereas to include the role of barrier defences we infected flies by dusting the cuticle with fungal spores. We show that the processes underlying pathogen defence senescence differ between males and females. Both sexes became more susceptible to infection as they aged. However, we conclude that for males, this was principally due to deterioration in barrier defences, whereas for females systemic immune defence senescence was mainly responsible. We discuss the potential roles of sex-specific selection on the immune system and behavioural variation between males and females in driving these different senescent trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Kubiak
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew C Tinsley
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Azat R, Liu Y, Li W, Kayir A, Lin DB, Zhou WW, Zheng XD. Probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditionally fermented Xinjiang cheese. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 17:597-609. [PMID: 27487805 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Six lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strains were isolated from traditionally fermented Xinjiang cheese and evaluated for functional and probiotic properties and potentials as starter cultures. The isolated six LAB strains comprised Lactobacillus rhamnosus (one strain), Lactobacillus helveticus (one strain), and Enterococcus hirae (four strains). All of the six strains were tolerant to acidic and bile salt conditions. Among which, the L. rhamnosus R4 strain showed more desirable antimicrobial, auto-aggregation, and hydrophobic activity. In addition, the strain L. rhamnosus R4 exhibited the highest level of free radical scavenging activity (53.78% of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals and 45.79% of hydroxyl radicals). L. rhamnosus R4 also demonstrated cholesterol and triglyceride degradation by 50.97% and 28.92%, respectively. To further examine the health-promoting effects of these LAB strains on host lifespan, Caenorhabditis elegans was used as an in vivo model. Worms fed LAB as a food source had significant differences in lifespan compared to those fed Escherichia coli OP50 (as a negative control). Feeding of L. rhamnosus R4 extended the mean lifespan of C. elegans by up to 36.1% compared to that of the control. The results suggest that the strains isolated from Xinjiang fermented dairy products have high potential as starter cultures in the cheese industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramila Azat
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Abdurihim Kayir
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ding-Bo Lin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 419 Human Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Wen-Wen Zhou
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li X, Yang D, Niu J, Zhao J, Jian H. De Novo Analysis of the Transcriptome of Meloidogyne enterolobii to Uncover Potential Target Genes for Biological Control. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1442. [PMID: 27598122 PMCID: PMC5037721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Meloidogyne enterolobii is one of the obligate biotrophic root-knot nematodes that has the ability to reproduce on many economically-important crops. We carried out de novo sequencing of the transcriptome of M. enterolobii using Roche GS FLX and obtained 408,663 good quality reads that were assembled into 8193 contigs and 31,860 singletons. We compared the transcripts in different nematodes that were potential targets for biological control. These included the transcripts that putatively coded for CAZymes, kinases, neuropeptide genes and secretory proteins and those that were involved in the RNAi pathway and immune signaling. Typically, 75 non-membrane secretory proteins with signal peptides secreted from esophageal gland cells were identified as putative effectors, three of which were preliminarily examined using a PVX (pGR107)-based high-throughput transient plant expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana). Results showed that these candidate proteins suppressed the programmed cell death (PCD) triggered by the pro-apoptosis protein BAX, and one protein also caused necrosis, suggesting that they might suppress plant immune responses to promote pathogenicity. In conclusion, the current study provides comprehensive insight into the transcriptome of M. enterolobii for the first time and lays a foundation for further investigation and biological control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Junhai Niu
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou 571737, China.
- Hainan Engineering Technology Research Center for Tropical Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Danzhou 571737, China.
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Heng Jian
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Dairy Propionibacterium extends the mean lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans via activation of the innate immune system. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31713. [PMID: 27531646 PMCID: PMC4987649 DOI: 10.1038/srep31713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy Propionibacterium freudenreichii is a candidate non-lactic acid probiotic. However, little information is available on the effect of P. freudenreichii on lifespan extension in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of P. freudenreichii on lifespan extension and to elucidate the mechanism of P. freudenreichii-dependent lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans. The results showed that P. freudenreichii significantly (p < 0.05) extended the lifespan of C. elegans compared with Escherichia coli OP50, a standard food for the worm. Analysis of age-related biomarkers showed that P. freudenreichii retards ageing. Moreover, P. freudenreichii increased resistance against a human pathogen, Salmonella typhimurium, through the activation of skn-1, which is involved in pathogen resistance in C. elegans. Furthermore, P. freudenreichii-fed daf-16, jnk-1, skn-1 or daf-7 loss-of-function mutants showed an extended mean lifespan compared with E. coli OP50-fed worms. However, the increase in lifespan was not observed in pmk-1, sek-1, mek-1, dbl-1, daf-12 or daf-2 mutants, which suggests potential roles for these genes in P. freudenreichii-induced longevity in C. elegans. In conclusion, P. freudenreichii extends the lifespan of C. elegans via the p38 MAPK pathway involved in stress response and the TGF-β pathways associated with anti-inflammation processes in the immune system.
Collapse
|
42
|
Sánchez-Blanco A, Rodríguez-Matellán A, González-Paramás A, González-Manzano S, Kim SK, Mollinedo F. Dietary and microbiome factors determine longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 8:1513-39. [PMID: 27510225 PMCID: PMC4993345 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diet composition affects organismal health. Nutrient uptake depends on the microbiome. Caenorhabditis elegans fed a Bacillus subtilis diet live longer than those fed the standard Escherichia coli diet. Here we report that this longevity difference is primarily caused by dietary coQ, an antioxidant synthesized by E. coli but not by B. subtilis. CoQ-supplemented E. coli fed worms have a lower oxidation state yet live shorter than coQ-less B. subtilis fed worms. We showed that mutations affecting longevity for E. coli fed worms do not always lead to similar effects when worms are fed B. subtilis. We propose that coQ supplementation by the E. coli diet alters the worm cellular REDOX homeostasis, thus decreasing longevity. Our results highlight the importance of microbiome factors in longevity, argue that antioxidant supplementation can be detrimental, and suggest that the C. elegans standard E. coli diet can alter the effect of signaling pathways on longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Sánchez-Blanco
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Current address: Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA
| | - Alberto Rodríguez-Matellán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Current address: Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), E‐28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana González-Paramás
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Facultad de Farmacia, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Susana González-Manzano
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Facultad de Farmacia, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Stuart K. Kim
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Faustino Mollinedo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Current address: Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ding W, Smulan LJ, Hou NS, Taubert S, Watts JL, Walker AK. s-Adenosylmethionine Levels Govern Innate Immunity through Distinct Methylation-Dependent Pathways. Cell Metab 2015; 22:633-45. [PMID: 26321661 PMCID: PMC4598287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
s-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is the sole methyl donor modifying histones, nucleic acids, and phospholipids. Its fluctuation affects hepatic phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis or may be linked to variations in DNA or histone methylation. Physiologically, low SAM is associated with lipid accumulation, tissue injury, and immune responses in fatty liver disease. However, molecular connections among SAM limitation, methyltransferases, and disease-associated phenotypes are unclear. We find that low SAM can activate or attenuate Caenorhabditis elegans immune responses. Immune pathways are stimulated downstream of PC production on a non-pathogenic diet. In contrast, distinct SAM-dependent mechanisms limit survival on pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa. C. elegans undertakes a broad transcriptional response to pathogens and we find that low SAM restricts H3K4me3 at Pseudomonas-responsive promoters, limiting their expression. Furthermore, this response depends on the H3K4 methyltransferase set-16/MLL. Thus, our studies provide molecular links between SAM and innate immune functions and suggest that SAM depletion may limit stress-induced gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Worcester, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Lorissa J Smulan
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Worcester, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nicole S Hou
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (CMMT) and Child & Family Research Institute (CFRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Stefan Taubert
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (CMMT) and Child & Family Research Institute (CFRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Watts
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - Amy K Walker
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Worcester, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jansen G, Crummenerl LL, Gilbert F, Mohr T, Pfefferkorn R, Thänert R, Rosenstiel P, Schulenburg H. Evolutionary Transition from Pathogenicity to Commensalism: Global Regulator Mutations Mediate Fitness Gains through Virulence Attenuation. Mol Biol Evol 2015. [PMID: 26199376 PMCID: PMC4651237 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic interactions are indispensable for metazoan function, but their origin and evolution remain elusive. We use a controlled evolution experiment to demonstrate the emergence of novel commensal interactions between Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an initially pathogenic bacterium, and a metazoan host, Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that commensalism evolves through loss of virulence, because it provides bacteria with a double fitness advantage: Increased within-host fitness and a larger host population to infect. Commensalism arises irrespective of host immune status, as the adaptive path in immunocompromised C. elegans knockouts does not differ from that in wild type. Dissection of temporal dynamics of genomic adaptation for 125 bacterial populations reveals highly parallel evolution of incipient commensalism across independent biological replicates. Adaptation is mainly achieved through frame shift mutations in the global regulator lasR and nonsynonymous point mutations in the polymerase gene rpoB that arise early in evolution. Genetic knockouts of lasR not only corroborate its role in virulence attenuation but also show that further mutations are necessary for the fully commensal phenotype. The evolutionary transition from pathogenicity to commensalism as we observe here is facilitated by mutations in global regulators such as lasR, because few genetic changes cause pleiotropic effects across the genome with large phenotypic effects. Finally, we found that nucleotide diversity increased more quickly in bacteria adapting to immunocompromised hosts than in those adapting to immunocompetent hosts. Nevertheless, the outcome of evolution was comparable across host types. Commensalism can thus evolve independently of host immune state solely as a side-effect of bacterial adaptation to novel hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Jansen
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lena L Crummenerl
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Felix Gilbert
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Timm Mohr
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Roxana Pfefferkorn
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Thänert
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hinrich Schulenburg
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Febus R, Lee SK, Ahnn J. Calcineurin differentially functions in innate immune response ofCaenorhabditis elegansfed with gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2014.972981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
46
|
Hung WL, Wang Y, Chitturi J, Zhen M. A Caenorhabditis elegans developmental decision requires insulin signaling-mediated neuron-intestine communication. Development 2014; 141:1767-79. [PMID: 24671950 PMCID: PMC3978837 DOI: 10.1242/dev.103846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adverse environmental conditions trigger C. elegans larvae to activate an alternative developmental program, termed dauer diapause, which renders them stress resistant. High-level insulin signaling prevents constitutive dauer formation. However, it is not fully understood how animals assess conditions to choose the optimal developmental program. Here, we show that insulin-like peptide (ILP)-mediated neuron-intestine communication plays a role in this developmental decision. Consistent with, and extending, previous findings, we show that the simultaneous removal of INS-4, INS-6 and DAF-28 leads to fully penetrant constitutive dauer formation, whereas the removal of INS-1 and INS-18 significantly inhibits constitutive dauer formation. These ligands are processed by the proprotein convertases PC1/KPC-1 and/or PC2/EGL-3. The agonistic and antagonistic ligands are expressed by, and function in, neurons to prevent or promote dauer formation. By contrast, the insulin receptor DAF-2 and its effector, the FOXO transcription factor DAF-16, function solely in the intestine to regulate the decision to enter diapause. These results suggest that the nervous system normally establishes an agonistic ILP-dominant paradigm to inhibit intestinal DAF-16 activation and allow reproductive development. Under adverse conditions, a switch in the agonistic-antagonistic ILP balance activates intestinal DAF-16, which commits animals to diapause.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley L Hung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Levine M, Crimmins E. Not all smokers die young: a model for hidden heterogeneity within the human population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87403. [PMID: 24520332 PMCID: PMC3919713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of some individuals to reach extreme old age in the presence of clearly high exposure to damaging factors may signal an innate biological advantage. For this study we used data on 4,655 current and never smokers, ages 50 and above, from NHANES III to examine whether long-lived smokers represent a biologically resilient phenotype that could facilitate our understanding of heterogeneity in the aging process. Using a proportional hazards model, our results showed that while smoking significantly increased mortality in most age groups, it did not increase the mortality risk for those who were age 80 and over at baseline. Additionally when comparing the adjusted means of biomarkers between never and current smokers, we found that long-lived smokers (80+) had similar inflammation, HDL, and lung function levels to never smokers. Given that factors which allow some individuals to withstand smoking may also enable others to cope with everyday biological stressors, the investigation of long-lived smokers may eventually allow us to identify molecular and genetic mechanisms which enable longevity extension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Levine
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Eileen Crimmins
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sahu SN, Anriany Y, Grim CJ, Kim S, Chang Z, Joseph SW, Cinar HN. Identification of virulence properties in Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 using Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76673. [PMID: 24124587 PMCID: PMC3790755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serover Typhimurium definitive phage type DT104, resistant to multiple antibiotics, is one of the most widespread Salmonella species in human infection worldwide. Although several cohort studies indicate that DT104 carrying the multidrug resistance (MDR) locus on salmonella genomic island 1 is a possible hyper-virulent strain compared to DT104 strains without MDR, or other Salmonella enterica serotypes, existing experimental evidence regarding virulence properties associated with the MDR region is controversial. To address this question, we constructed an isogenic MDR deletion (∆MDR) mutant strain of DT104, SNS12, by allelic exchange and used Caenorhabditis elegans as a host model to assess differences in virulence between these two strains. SNS12 exhibited decreased virulence in C. elegans, and we observed increased colonization and proliferation of the intestine of C. elegans by DT104. The immune response against MDR-carrying DT104 appears to function through a non-canonical Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathway, namely prion-like-(QN-rich)-domain-bearing protein pathway (PQN), in a ced-1 dependent manner in C. elegans. Further, we also demonstrate that genes of the PQN pathway and antimicrobial peptide gene abf-2, are expressed at higher transcriptional levels in worms immediately following exposure to DT104, in comparison with worms exposed to SNS12. Altogether, our results suggest that the MDR region of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 has a direct role in virulence against Caenorhabditis elegans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surasri N. Sahu
- Division of Virulence Assessment, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuda Anriany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Prince George’s Community College, Laurel, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Grim
- Division of Virulence Assessment, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sungji Kim
- Kyungpook National University (KNU), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Zenas Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sam W. Joseph
- Kyungpook National University (KNU), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hediye N. Cinar
- Division of Virulence Assessment, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
He S, Qian Z, Yang J, Wang X, Mi X, Liu Y, Hou F, Liu Q, Liu X. Molecular characterization of a p38 MAPK from Litopenaeus vannamei and its expression during the molt cycle and following pathogen infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:217-221. [PMID: 23707783 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, has been reported to be involved in innate immunity, development and muscle differentiation. To explore the function of p38 in shrimp, partial cDNA sequence of p38 in Litopenaeus vannamei (designated as Lv-p38) was characterized and the expression of Lv-p38 in hepatopancreas of the shrimp after being infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus and in muscle of the shrimp at different molt stages was detected by quantitative RT-PCR in this study. The results showed that the open reading frame of Lv-p38 was 1098 bp and encoded a protein of 365 amino acids. The protein of Lv-p38 which showed close phylogenetic relationship to Marsupenaeus japonicus p38 had a conserved TGY motif and serine/threonine protein kinase (S_TKc) domain. The expression of Lv-p38 was detected in all tested tissues, especially in the hepatopancreas and muscle. The expression of Lv-p38 in the hepatopancreas was different from that of the control at the 24th hour after the injection of V. parahaemolyticus and in the muscle significantly increased at stage C but decreased at other stages during molt, illustrating that Lv-p38 could be involved in pathogen infection and the molt cycle of shrimp. In conclusion, we identified Lv-p38 and studied its role in pathogen infection and molting, which might facilitate our understanding of the function of p38 in innate immunity and growth during molt of shrimp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shulin He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily ligands regulate many aspects of cell identity, function, and survival in multicellular animals. Genes encoding five TGF-β family members are present in the genome of C. elegans. Two of the ligands, DBL-1 and DAF-7, signal through a canonical receptor-Smad signaling pathway; while a third ligand, UNC-129, interacts with a noncanonical signaling pathway. No function has yet been associated with the remaining two ligands. Here we summarize these signaling pathways and their biological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina L Gumienny
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|