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Chen CY, Lin MW, Xie XY, Lin CH, Yang CW, Wu PC, Liu DH, Wu CJ, Lin CS. Studying the Roles of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Accelerating the Disease of High-Fat-Diet-Induced Diabetic Nephropathy in a db/db and ACE2 Double-Gene-Knockout Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:329. [PMID: 38203500 PMCID: PMC10779113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a crucial metabolic health problem. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is well known to play an important role in DN. Abnormal RAS activity can cause the over-accumulation of angiotensin II (Ang II). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) administration has been proposed as a therapy, but previous studies have also indicated that chymase, the enzyme that hydrolyzes angiotensin I to Ang II in an ACE-independent pathway, may play an important role in the progression of DN. Therefore, this study established a model of severe DN progression in a db/db and ACE2 KO mouse model (db and ACE2 double-gene-knockout mice) to explore the roles of RAS factors in DNA and changes in their activity after short-term (only 4 weeks) feeding of a high-fat diet (HFD) to 8-week-old mice. The results indicate that FD-fed db/db and ACE2 KO mice fed an HFD represent a good model for investigating the role of RAS in DN. An HFD promotes the activation of MAPK, including p-JNK and p-p38, as well as the RAS signaling pathway, leading to renal damage in mice. Blocking Ang II/AT1R could alleviate the progression of DN after administration of ACEI or chymase inhibitor (CI). Both ACE and chymase are highly involved in Ang II generation in HFD-induced DN; therefore, ACEI and CI are potential treatments for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Wei Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (M.-W.L.); (X.-Y.X.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Xing-Yang Xie
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (M.-W.L.); (X.-Y.X.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Cheng-Han Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (M.-W.L.); (X.-Y.X.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Chung-Wei Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Ching Wu
- Doctoral Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (P.-C.W.); (D.-H.L.)
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Dung-Huan Liu
- Doctoral Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (P.-C.W.); (D.-H.L.)
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Division of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (M.-W.L.); (X.-Y.X.); (C.-H.L.)
- Doctoral Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (P.-C.W.); (D.-H.L.)
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Mast Cell–Tumor Interactions: Molecular Mechanisms of Recruitment, Intratumoral Communication and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Tumor Growth. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030349. [PMID: 35159157 PMCID: PMC8834237 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue-resident immune cells that are important players in diseases associated with chronic inflammation such as cancer. Since MCs can infiltrate solid tumors and promote or limit tumor growth, a possible polarization of MCs to pro-tumoral or anti-tumoral phenotypes has been proposed and remains as a challenging research field. Here, we review the recent evidence regarding the complex relationship between MCs and tumor cells. In particular, we consider: (1) the multifaceted role of MCs on tumor growth suggested by histological analysis of tumor biopsies and studies performed in MC-deficient animal models; (2) the signaling pathways triggered by tumor-derived chemotactic mediators and bioactive lipids that promote MC migration and modulate their function inside tumors; (3) the possible phenotypic changes on MCs triggered by prevalent conditions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) such as hypoxia; (4) the signaling pathways that specifically lead to the production of angiogenic factors, mainly VEGF; and (5) the possible role of MCs on tumor fibrosis and metastasis. Finally, we discuss the novel literature on the molecular mechanisms potentially related to phenotypic changes that MCs undergo into the TME and some therapeutic strategies targeting MC activation to limit tumor growth.
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Stein R, Berger M, Santana de Cecco B, Mallmann LP, Terraciano PB, Driemeier D, Rodrigues E, Beys-da-Silva WO, Konrath EL. Chymase inhibition: A key factor in the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extracts and spilanthol isolated from Acmella oleracea. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113610. [PMID: 33246121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Acmella oleracea (L.) R. K. Jansen (Asteraceae), known as jambú in Brazil, is used in traditional medicine as analgesic and for inflammatory conditions, characterized by the presence of N-alkylamides, mainly spilanthol. This bioactive compound is responsible for the above-described pharmacological properties, including sialagogue and anesthetic. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to characterize the anti-inflammatory effects of A. oleracea leaves (AOEE-L) and flowers (AOEE-F) extracts, including an isolated alkylamide (spilanthol), using in vitro and in vivo models. The mechanism underlying this effect was also investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracts were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS in order to characterize the N-alkylamides content. AOEE-L, AOEE-F (25-100 μg/mL) and spilanthol (50-200 μM) were tested in vitro on VSMC after stimulation with hyperglycemic medium (25 mM glucose). Their effects over nitric oxide (NO) generation, chymase inhibition and expression, catalase (CAT), superoxide anion (SOD) radical activity were evaluated. After an acute administration of extracts (10-100 mg/mL) and spilanthol (6.2 mg/mL), the anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by applying the formalin test in rats. Blood was collected to measure serum aminotransferases activities, NO activity, creatinine and urea. RESULTS A number of distinct N-alkylamides were detected and quantified in AOEE-L and AOEE-F. Spilanthol was identified in both extracts and selected for experimental tests. Hyperglycemic stimulation in VSMC promoted the expression of inflammatory parameters, including chymase, NO, CAT and SOD activity and chymase expression, all of them attenuated by the presence of the extracts and spilanthol. The administration of extracts or spilanthol significantly inhibited edema formation, NO production and cell tissue infiltration in the formalin test, without causing kidney and liver toxicity. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results provide evidence for the anti-inflammatory activity of leaves and flowers extracts of jambú associated distinctly with their chemical profile. The effects appear to be associated with the inhibition of chymase activity, suppression of the proinflammatory cytokine NO and antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Stein
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), CEP, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Markus Berger
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA-UFRGS), CEP, 90035-007, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bianca Santana de Cecco
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), CEP, 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luana Peixoto Mallmann
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), CEP, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paula Barros Terraciano
- Laboratório de Embriologia e Diferenciação Celular, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA-UFRGS), CEP, 90035-007, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), CEP, 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eliseu Rodrigues
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), CEP, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Walter Orlando Beys-da-Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul- UFRGS, CEP, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luis Konrath
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), CEP, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Biological Evaluation of Azetidine-2-One Derivatives of Ferulic Acid as Promising Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8111401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vivo biological potential of new azetidine-2-one derivatives of ferulic acid (6a–f). First, the in vivo acute toxicity of azetidine-2-one derivatives of ferulic acid on Swiss white mice was investigated and, based on the obtained results, it can be stated that the studied derivatives belong to compounds with moderate toxicity. The in vivo anti-inflammatory potential of these derivatives was determined in a model of acute inflammation induced by carrageenan in rats and in a chronic inflammation model induced in rats using the granuloma test. In the acute inflammation model, all the studied compounds had a maximum anti-inflammatory effect 24 h after administration, which suggests that these compounds may be classified, from a pharmacokinetic point of view, in the category of long-acting compounds. The most active compound in the series was found to be compound 6b. In the case of the chronic inflammation model, it was observed that the studied compounds (6a–f) reduced the formation of granulation tissue compared to the control group, having an intense effect of inhibiting the proliferative component. The most important inhibitory effect of inhibiting the proliferative component was recorded for compound 6b. Additionally, the investigation of liver function was performed by determining the serum levels of liver enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and bilirubin (total and direct). The results showed that, in the series of azetidin-2-one derivatives, the liver enzymes concentration values were close to those recorded for the reference anti-inflammatories (diclofenac sodium and indomethacin) and slightly higher compared to the values for the healthy control group. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized and fragments of liver, lung, and kidney tissue were taken from all groups in the study. These were processed for histopathological examination, and we noticed no major changes in the groups treated with the azetidine 2-one derivatives of ferulic acid compared to the healthy groups.
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Ren Y, Lyu Y, Mereness JA, Wang S, Pang J, Mariani TJ. Rare Pulmonary Connective Tissue Type Mast Cells Regulate Lung Endothelial Cell Angiogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1763-1773. [PMID: 32450152 PMCID: PMC9808505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Within the human lung, mast cells typically reside adjacent to the conducting airway and assume a mucosal phenotype (MCT). In rare pathologic conditions, connective tissue phenotype mast cells (MCTCs) can be found in the lung parenchyma. MCTCs accumulate in the lungs of infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a chronic lung disease associated with preterm birth, which is characterized by pulmonary vascular dysmorphia. The human mast cell line (LUVA) was used to model MCTCs or MCTs. The ability of MCTCs to affect vascular organization during fetal lung development was tested in mouse lung explant cultures. The effect of MCTCs on in vitro tube formation and barrier function was studied using primary fetal human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. The mechanistic role of MCTC proteases was tested using inhibitors. MCTCLUVA but not MCTLUVA was associated with vascular dysmorphia in lung explants. In vitro, the addition of MCTCLUVA potentiated fetal human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell interactions, inhibited tube stability, and disrupted endothelial cell junctions. Protease inhibitors ameliorated the ability of MCTCLUVA to alter endothelial cell angiogenic activities in vitro and ex vivo. These data indicate that MCTCs may directly contribute to disrupted angiogenesis in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. A better understanding of factors that regulate mast cell subtype and their different effector functions is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ren
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York,Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Yuyan Lyu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Jared A. Mereness
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Shumin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York,Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Jinjiang Pang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York,Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Thomas J. Mariani
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York,Address correspondence to Thomas J. Mariani, Ph.D., Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, Division of Neonatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 850, Rochester, NY 14642.
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Varney VA, Nicholas A, Warner A, Sumar N. IgE-Mediated Systemic Anaphylaxis And Its Association With Gene Polymorphisms Of ACE, Angiotensinogen And Chymase. J Asthma Allergy 2019; 12:343-361. [PMID: 31632094 PMCID: PMC6790349 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s213016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) protects the circulation against sudden falls in systemic blood pressure via generation of angiotensin II (AII). Previously, we demonstrated that patients with anaphylaxis involving airway angioedema and cardiovascular collapse (AACVS) had significantly increased "I" gene polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting-enzymes (ACE). This is associated with lower serum ACE and AII levels and was not seen in anaphylaxis without collapse nor atopics and healthy controls. OBJECTIVES To examine the angiotensinogen (AGT-M235T) and chymase gene (CMA-1 A1903G) polymorphisms in these original subjects. METHOD 122 patients with IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, 119 healthy controls and 52 atopics had polymorphisms of the AGT gene and chymase gene examined by polymerase chain reactions and gel electrophoresis. Their previous ACE genotypes were included for the analysis. RESULTS AGT-MM genes (associated with low AGT levels) were significantly increased in anaphylaxis (Terr's classification). When combined with ACE, anaphylaxis showed increased MM/II gene pairing (p<0.0013) consistent with lower RAS activity. For chymase, there was increased pairing of MM/AG (p<0.005) and AG/II and AG/ID (p<0.0073) for anaphylaxis consistent with lower RAS activity. A tri-allelic ensemble of the 6 commonest gene combinations for the healthy controls and anaphylaxis confirmed this difference (p=0.0001); for anaphylaxis, genes were predominately MM/AG/II or ID, while healthy controls were DD/MT/AG or GG patterns. CONCLUSION Our gene polymorphisms show lower RAS activity for anaphylaxis especially AACVS. Animal models of anaphylaxis are focused on endothelial nitric oxide (eNO) which is shown to be the mediator of fatal shock and prevented by eNO-blockade. The interaction of AII and eNO controls the microcirculation in man. High serum AII levels reduce eNO activity, so higher RAS-activity could protect against shock. Our data shows low RAS activity in anaphylaxis especially AACVS, suggesting the influence of these genes on shock are via AII levels and its effects on eNO.
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Affiliation(s)
- VA Varney
- Department of Medicine, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, SurreySM5 1AA, UK
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, SurreySM5 1AA, UK
| | - A Nicholas
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, SurreySM5 1AA, UK
| | - A Warner
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, SurreySM5 1AA, UK
| | - N Sumar
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, SurreySM5 1AA, UK
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Ahmad S, Ferrario CM. Chymase inhibitors for the treatment of cardiac diseases: a patent review (2010-2018). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:755-764. [PMID: 30278800 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1531848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chymase is primarily found in mast cells (MCs), fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells. MC chymase is released into the extracellular interstitium in response to inflammatory signals, tissue injury, and cellular stress. Among many functions, chymase is a major extravascular source for angiotensin II (Ang II) generation. Several recent pre-clinical and a few clinical studies point to the relatively unrecognized fact that chymase inhibition may have significant therapeutic advantages over other treatments in halting progression of cardiac and vascular disease. AREAS COVERED The present review covers patent literature on chymase inhibitors for the treatment of cardiac diseases registered between 2010 and 2018. EXPERT OPINION Increase in cardiac MC number in various cardiac diseases has been found in pathological tissues of human and experimental animals. Meta-analysis data from large clinical trials employing angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors show a relatively small risk reduction of clinical cardiovascular endpoints. The disconnect between the expected benefit associated with Ang II blockade of synthesis or activity underscores a greater participation of chymase compared to ACE in forming Ang II in humans. Emerging literature and a reconsideration of previous studies provide lucid arguments to reconsider chymase as a primary Ang II forming enzyme in human heart and vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Ahmad
- a Department of Surgery , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , USA
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- a Department of Surgery , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , USA.,b Department of Physiology-Pharmacology , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , USA.,c Department of Social Sciences, Division of Public Health , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem , NC , USA
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Kanefendt F, Thuß U, Becka M, Boxnick S, Berse M, Schultz A, Otto C. Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of the Novel Chymase Inhibitor BAY 1142524 in Healthy Male Volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2018; 8:467-479. [PMID: 29878583 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The orally available chymase inhibitor BAY 1142524 is currently being developed as a first-in-class treatment for left-ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results from 3 randomized, single-center, phase 1 studies in healthy male volunteers examining the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of BAY 1142524 are summarized. In this first-in-human study, single oral doses of 1-200 mg were administered in fasted state as liquid service formulation or immediate release (IR) tablets. The relative bioavailability and the effect of a high-fat/high-calorie meal were investigated at the 5-mg dose. In a multiple-dose escalation study, doses of 5-50 mg twice daily and 100 mg once daily were given for 5 consecutive days. BAY 1142524 was safe and well tolerated and had no effects on heart rate or blood pressure compared with placebo. BAY 1142524 was absorbed with peak concentration 1-3 hours after administration for IR tablets; it was eliminated from plasma with a terminal half-life of 6.84-12.0 hours after administration of liquid service formulation or IR tablets. Plasma exposures appeared to be dose-linear, with a negligible food effect. There was only low accumulation of BAY 1142524 after multiple dosing. BAY 1142524 exhibited a pharmacokinetic profile allowing for once-daily dosing. The absence of blood pressure effects after administration of BAY 1142524 supports the combination of this novel anti-remodeling drug with existing standard of care in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uwe Thuß
- Bioanalytics, BAYER AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael Becka
- Research and Clinical Sciences Statistics, BAYER AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stefanie Boxnick
- CRS Clinical Research Services, Wuppertal GmbH, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Matthias Berse
- CRS Clinical Research Services, Berlin GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Armin Schultz
- CRS Clinical Research Services, Mannheim GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christiane Otto
- Experimental Medicine Cardiovascular and Hematology, BAYER AG, Wuppertal, Germany
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Mast cell-nerve interaction in the colon of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected individuals with chagasic megacolon. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1147-1158. [PMID: 29470711 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is an infection caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi that affects millions of people worldwide and is endemic in Latin America. Megacolon is the most frequent complication of the digestive chronic form and happens due to lesions of the enteric nervous system. The neuronal lesions seem to initiate in the acute phase and persist during the chronic phase, albeit the mechanisms involved in this process are still debated. Among the cells of the immune system possibly involved in this pathological process is the mast cell (MC) due to its well-known role in the bi-directional communication between the immune and nervous systems. Using ultrastructural analysis, we found an increased number of degranulated MCs in close proximity to nerve fibers in infected patients when compared with uninfected controls. We also immunostained MCs for the two pro-inflammatory molecules tryptase and chymase, the first being also important in neuronal death. The number of MCs immunostained for tryptase or chymase was increased in patients with megacolon, whereas increased tryptase staining was additionally observed in patients without megacolon. Moreover, we detected the expression of the tryptase receptor PAR2 in neurons of the enteric nervous system, which correlated to the tryptase staining results. Altogether, the data presented herein point to the participation of MCs on the denervation process that occurs in the development of T. cruzi-induced megacolon.
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Significant Contribution of Mouse Mast Cell Protease 4 in Early Phases of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:9797021. [PMID: 27610007 PMCID: PMC5005578 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9797021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a mouse model that reproduces cardinal signs of clinical, histopathological, and immunological features found in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Mast cells are suggested to be involved in the main inflammatory phases occurring during EAE development, possibly by secreting several autacoids and proteases. Among the latter, the chymase mouse mast cell protease 4 (mMCP-4) can contribute to the inflammatory response by producing endothelin-1 (ET-1). The aim of this study was to determine the impact of mMCP-4 on acute inflammatory stages in EAE. C57BL/6 wild type (WT) or mMCP-4 knockout (KO) mice were immunized with MOG35–55 plus complete Freund's adjuvant followed by pertussis toxin. Immunized WT mice presented an initial acute phase characterized by progressive increases in clinical score, which were significantly reduced in mMCP-4 KO mice. In addition, higher levels of spinal myelin were found in mMCP-4 KO as compared with WT mice. Finally, whereas EAE triggered significant increases in brain levels of mMCP-4 mRNA and immunoreactive ET-1 in WT mice, the latter peptide was reduced to basal levels in mMCP-4 KO congeners. Together, the present study supports a role for mMCP-4 in the early inflammatory phases of the disease in a mouse model of MS.
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Liu WX, Wang Y, Sang LX, Zhang S, Wang T, Zhou F, Gu SZ. Chymase inhibitor TY-51469 in therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:1826-1833. [PMID: 26855541 PMCID: PMC4724613 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i5.1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of chymase inhibitor TY-51469 in the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease and the underlying mechanism.
METHODS: Seventy-five healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of the three groups (control group, model group and TY-51469 experiment group) and each group had twenty-five rats. The rats of the model group and experiment group were subjected to treatment with 3.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) 10 mg/kg to induce colitis. The control group and model group were subjected to intraperitoneal injection of saline, while the experiment group was subjected to intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg TY-51469 each day. Five rats of each group were sacrificed on 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 d, respectively. The degree of inflammation was assessed by histopathological scoring; flow cytometry was performed to detect the proportion of CD4+CD25+ Tregs in peripheral blood; colon tissues of rats were collected to measure mRNA and protein expression by PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry; serum levels of interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and IL-17A were detected by ELISA.
RESULTS: The rats in the experiment group and model group had significantly more severe colitis than the ones in the control group (P < 0.05) before treatment on day 0; no significant difference was observed between the experiment group and model group (P > 0.05). After treatment with TY-51469, the rats in the experiment group had significantly less severe colitis compared with the model group on 7, 14, 21 and 28 d (P < 0.05). The proportion of CD4+CD25+ Tregs was lower in the model group and experiment group than in the control group; the experiment group had a significantly higher proportion of CD4+CD25+ Tregs than that in the model group (P < 0.05). The model group and experiment group demonstrated lower expression of Foxp3 than the control group; the experiment group had higher Foxp3 expression than the model group (P < 0.05). Cytokines IL-10, TGF-β1 and IL-17A were lower in the model group and experiment group than in the control group; the experiment group had higher expression than the model group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: After treatment with chymase inhibitor TY-51469, the experiment group demonstrated more significantly reduced intestinal inflammation and higher expression of immune tolerance related cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β1, IL-17A) and Foxp3 which is specifically expressed in Tregs compared with the model group. Therefore, chymase inhibitor TY-51469 might ameliorate the progression of DSS-induced colitis possibly by increasing the expression of Tregs and cytokines.
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Moloney RD, Johnson AC, O'Mahony SM, Dinan TG, Greenwood‐Van Meerveld B, Cryan JF. Stress and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Visceral Pain: Relevance to Irritable Bowel Syndrome. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:102-17. [PMID: 26662472 PMCID: PMC6492884 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral pain is a global term used to describe pain originating from the internal organs of the body, which affects a significant proportion of the population and is a common feature of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). While IBS is multifactorial, with no single etiology to completely explain the disorder, many patients also experience comorbid behavioral disorders, such as anxiety or depression; thus, IBS is described as a disorder of the gut-brain axis. Stress is implicated in the development and exacerbation of visceral pain disorders. Chronic stress can modify central pain circuitry, as well as change motility and permeability throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. More recently, the role of the gut microbiota in the bidirectional communication along the gut-brain axis, and subsequent changes in behavior, has emerged. Thus, stress and the gut microbiota can interact through complementary or opposing factors to influence visceral nociceptive behaviors. This review will highlight the evidence by which stress and the gut microbiota interact in the regulation of visceral nociception. We will focus on the influence of stress on the microbiota and the mechanisms by which microbiota can affect the stress response and behavioral outcomes with an emphasis on visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D. Moloney
- Laboratory of NeurogastroenterologyAPC Microbiome InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Present address:
Oklahoma Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Oklahoma Health Science CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Anthony C. Johnson
- Oklahoma Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Oklahoma Health Science CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Siobhain M. O'Mahony
- Laboratory of NeurogastroenterologyAPC Microbiome InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- Laboratory of NeurogastroenterologyAPC Microbiome InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural ScienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Beverley Greenwood‐Van Meerveld
- Oklahoma Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Oklahoma Health Science CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
- V.A. Medical CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - John F. Cryan
- Laboratory of NeurogastroenterologyAPC Microbiome InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
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Effect of oil palm phenolics on gastrointestinal transit, contractility and motility in the rat. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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