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DePietro DM, Li X, Shamimi-Noori SM. Chemoembolization Beyond Hepatocellular Carcinoma: What Tumors Can We Treat and When? Semin Intervent Radiol 2024; 41:27-47. [PMID: 38495263 PMCID: PMC10940046 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1777716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Liver metastases are the most common malignancy found in the liver and are 20 to 40 times more common than primary hepatic tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma. Patients with liver metastases often present with advanced disease and are not eligible for curative-intent surgery or ablative techniques. The unique hepatic arterial blood supply of liver metastases allows interventional radiologists to target these tumors with transarterial therapies. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) has been studied in the treatment of liver metastases originating from a variety of primary malignancies and has demonstrated benefits in terms of hepatic progression-free survival, overall survival, and symptomatic relief, among other benefits. Depending on the primary tumor from which they originate, liver metastases may have different indications for TACE, may utilize different TACE regimens and techniques, and may result in different post-procedural outcomes. This review offers an overview of TACE techniques and specific considerations in the treatment of liver metastases, provides an in-depth review of TACE in the treatment of liver metastases originating from colorectal cancer, neuroendocrine tumor, and uveal melanoma, which represent some of the many tumors beyond hepatocellular carcinoma that can be treated by TACE, and summarizes data regarding when one should consider TACE in their treatment algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. DePietro
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan M. Shamimi-Noori
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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2
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Pereira PL, Iezzi R, Manfredi R, Carchesio F, Bánsághi Z, Brountzos E, Spiliopoulos S, Echevarria-Uraga JJ, Gonçalves B, Inchingolo R, Nardella M, Pellerin O, Sousa M, Arnold D, de Baère T, Gomez F, Helmberger T, Maleux G, Prenen H, Sangro B, Zeka B, Kaufmann N, Taieb J. The CIREL Cohort: A Prospective Controlled Registry Studying the Real-Life Use of Irinotecan-Loaded Chemoembolisation in Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases: Interim Analysis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2021; 44:50-62. [PMID: 32974773 PMCID: PMC7728640 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-020-02646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) using irinotecan-eluting beads is an additional treatment option for colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) patients that are not eligible for curative treatment approaches. This interim analysis focuses on feasibility of the planned statistical analysis regarding data distribution and completeness, treatment intention, safety and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of the first 50 patients prospectively enrolled in the CIrse REgistry for LifePearl™ microspheres (CIREL), an observational multicentre study conducted across Europe. METHODS In total, 50 patients ≥ 18 years diagnosed with CRLM and decided to be treated with irinotecan-eluting LifePearl™ microspheres TACE (LP-irinotecan TACE) by a multidisciplinary tumour board. There were no further inclusion or exclusion criteria. The primary endpoint is the categorisation of treatment intention, and secondary endpoints presented in this interim analysis are safety, treatment considerations and HRQOL. RESULTS LP-irinotecan TACE was conducted in 42% of patients as salvage therapy, 20% as an intensification treatment, 16% as a first-line treatment, 14% a consolidation treatment and 8% combination treatment with ablation with curative intent. Grade 3 and 4 adverse events were reported by 4% of patients during procedure and by 10% within 30 days. While 38% reported a worse, 62% reported a stable or better global health score, and 54% of patients with worse global health score were treated as salvage therapy patients. CONCLUSION This interim analysis confirms in a prospective analysis the feasibility of the study, with an acceptable toxicity profile. More patients reported a stable or improved HRQOL than deterioration. Deterioration of HRQOL was seen especially in salvage therapy patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03086096.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe L Pereira
- Zentrum für Radiologie, Minimal-Invasive Therapien und Nuklearmedizin, SLK-Kliniken Heilbronn GmbH, Am Gesundbrunnen 20-26, 74078, Heilbronn, Germany
| | - Roberto Iezzi
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, UOC di Radiologia Diagnostica ed Interventistica Generale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Manfredi
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, UOC di Radiologia Diagnostica ed Interventistica Generale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Carchesio
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, UOC di Radiologia Diagnostica ed Interventistica Generale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Zoltan Bánsághi
- Medical Imaging Center, Semmelweis University, Korányi Sándor u. 2, Budapest, 1082, Hungary
| | - Elias Brountzos
- Interventional Radiology Unit, 2nd Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 124 62, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Spiliopoulos
- Interventional Radiology Unit, 2nd Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 124 62, Athens, Greece
| | - Javier J Echevarria-Uraga
- Department of Radiology, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Galdakao-Usansolo Hospital, Barrio Labeaga s/n, 48960, Galdakao, Spain
| | - Belarmino Gonçalves
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Riccardo Inchingolo
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Madonna delle Grazie Hospital, Via Montescaglioso, 75100, Matera, Italy
| | - Michele Nardella
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Madonna delle Grazie Hospital, Via Montescaglioso, 75100, Matera, Italy
| | - Olivier Pellerin
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Radiologie Interventionnelle Vasculaire et Oncologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 20 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Maria Sousa
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dirk Arnold
- Asklepios Tumorzentrum Hamburg, AK Altona, Paul Ehrlich Str. 1, 22763, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thierry de Baère
- Service de Radiologie Interventionelle, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Fernando Gomez
- Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Calle Villarroel, 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Helmberger
- Institut für Radiologie, München Klinik Bogenhausen Neuroradiologie und minimal-invasive Therapie, Englschalkinger Str. 77, 81925, Munich, Germany
| | - Geert Maleux
- Radiologie, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Hans Prenen
- Oncology Department, UZ Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Bruno Sangro
- Liver Unit, Clinica Universidad de Navarra-IDISNA and CIBEREHD, Av. de Pío XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Bleranda Zeka
- Clinical Research Department, Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe, Neutorgasse 9, 1010, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nathalie Kaufmann
- Clinical Research Department, Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe, Neutorgasse 9, 1010, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Julien Taieb
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'hepatogastroentérologie et d'oncologie digestive, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 20 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
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Gordon AC, White SB, Yang Y, Gates VL, Procissi D, Harris KR, Zhang Z, Lyu T, Huang X, Dreher MR, Omary RA, Salem R, Lewandowski RJ, Larson AC. Feasibility of Combination Intra-arterial Yttrium-90 and Irinotecan Microspheres in the VX2 Rabbit Model. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2020; 43:1528-1537. [PMID: 32533312 PMCID: PMC7529870 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-020-02538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the combination of 90Y radioembolization (Y90) and drug-eluting bead irinotecan (DEBIRI) microspheres in the VX2 rabbit model. MATERIALS AND METHODS An initial dose finding study was performed in 6 White New Zealand rabbits to identify a therapeutic but subcurative dose of Y90. In total, 29 rabbits were used in four groups: Y90 treatment (n = 8), DEBIRI treatment (n = 6), Y90 + DEBIRI treatment (n = 7), and an untreated control group (n = 8). Hepatic toxicity was evaluated at baseline, 24 h, 72 h, 1 week, and 2 weeks. MRI tumor volume (TV) and enhancing tumor volume were assessed baseline and 2 weeks. Tumor area and necrosis were evaluated on H&E for pathology. RESULTS Infused activities of 84.0-94.4 MBq (corresponding to 55.1-72.7 Gy) were selected based on the initial dose finding study. Infusion of DEBIRI after Y90 was technically feasible in all cases (7/7). Overall, 21/29 animals survived to 2 weeks, and the remaining animals had extrahepatic disease on necropsy. Liver transaminases were elevated with Y90, DEBIRI, and Y90 + DEBIRI compared to control at 24 h, 72 h, and 1 week post-treatment and returned to baseline by 2 weeks. By TV, Y90 + DEBIRI was the only treatment to show statistically significant reduction at 2 weeks compared to the control group (p = 0.012). The change in tumor volume (week 2-baseline) for both Y90 + DEBIRI versus control (p = 0.002) and Y90 versus control (p = 0.014) was significantly decreased. There were no statistically significant differences among groups on pathology. CONCLUSION Intra-arterial Y90 + DEBIRI was safe and demonstrated enhanced antitumor activity in rabbit VX2 tumors. This combined approach warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Gordon
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Sarah B White
- Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Yihe Yang
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Vanessa L Gates
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Daniel Procissi
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Kathleen R Harris
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Zhuoli Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Tianchu Lyu
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Xiaoke Huang
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | | | - Reed A Omary
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Riad Salem
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery-Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert J Lewandowski
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery-Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew C Larson
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 737 N. Michigan Ave, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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Pereira PL, Arnold D, de Baère T, Gomez F, Helmberger T, Iezzi R, Maleux G, Prenen H, Sangro B, Nordlund A, Zeka B, Bauer R, Kaufmann N, Pellerin O, Taieb J. A multicentre, international, observational study on transarterial chemoembolisation in colorectal cancer liver metastases: Design and rationale of CIREL. Dig Liver Dis 2020; 52:857-861. [PMID: 32620520 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 70-80% of patients with colorectal liver metastases appear as ineligible for a curative treatment approach. Transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) using irinotecan-eluting beads has emerged as a promising treatment option in cases with irresectable liver metastases. Despite being in clinical practice for years, little is known about the treatment characteristics and outcomes when used as per routine hospital practice. METHODS Patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer origin, admitted to contributing centres to receive TACE with drug-eluting LifePearl® Microspheres loaded with irinotecan, as part of their standard care, will be consecutively added to the registry. Data will be collected until the end of study, loss to follow-up or death. Primary endpoint is the characterisation of the treatment usage at the selected sites in Europe. Secondary endpoints include outcome parameters, safety and toxicity, as well as quality of life. CONCLUSION AND AIMS This multicentre, international, prospective observational study conducted in European centres plans to collect real-life data. This data will form an evidence-base from which conclusions can be drawn on how to improve patient selection and optimise treatment protocols when treating with TACE using irinotecan-eluting microspheres. Trial registration NCT03086096.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe L Pereira
- SLK-Kliniken Heilbronn GmbH, Klinik für Radiologie, Minimal-invasive Therapien und Nuklearmedizin, Am Gesundbrunnen 20-26, Heilbronn 74078, Germany
| | - Dirk Arnold
- Asklepios Tumorzentrum Hamburg, AK Altona, Oncology and Hematology, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 1, 22763 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thierry de Baère
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Radiologie Interventionnelle, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Fernando Gomez
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Calle Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Helmberger
- Städtische Klinikum München, Klinikum Bogenhausen, Institut für Radiologie, Neuroradiologie und minimal-invasive Therapie, Thalkirchner Straße 48, 80337 München, Germany
| | - Roberto Iezzi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, UOC di Radiologia, Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, 00168 Roma, Italia
| | - Geert Maleux
- UZ Leuven, Radiologie, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Prenen
- UZ Antwerp, Oncology Department, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Bruno Sangro
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra-IDISNA and CIBEREHD, Liver Unit, Av. de Pío XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Anders Nordlund
- TFS, Medicon Village, Scheeletorget 1, SE-223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bleranda Zeka
- Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe, Clinical Research, Neutorgasse 9, 1010 Wien, Austria
| | - Robert Bauer
- Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe, Clinical Research, Neutorgasse 9, 1010 Wien, Austria
| | - Nathalie Kaufmann
- Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe, Clinical Research, Neutorgasse 9, 1010 Wien, Austria.
| | - Olivier Pellerin
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris Service de Radiologie Interventionnelle Vasculaire et Oncologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 20 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Julien Taieb
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'hepatogastroentérologie et d'oncologie digestive, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 20 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
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5
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Lee RM, Cardona K, Russell MC. Historical perspective: Two decades of progress in treating metastatic colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 2019; 119:549-563. [PMID: 30806493 DOI: 10.1002/jso.25431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States. While screening methods strive to improve rates of early stage detection, 25% of patients have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis, with the most common sites being the liver, lung, and peritoneum. While once perceived as hopeless, the last two decades have seen substantial strides in the medical, surgical, and regional therapies to treat metastatic disease offering significant improvements in survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Lee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kenneth Cardona
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maria C Russell
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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6
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Fiorentini G, Carandina R, Sarti D, Nardella M, Zoras O, Guadagni S, Inchingolo R, Nestola M, Felicioli A, Barnes Navarro D, Munos Gomez F, Aliberti C. Polyethylene glycol microspheres loaded with irinotecan for arterially directed embolic therapy of metastatic liver cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2017; 9:379-384. [PMID: 28979720 PMCID: PMC5605338 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v9.i9.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study tumor response, and tolerability of arterially directed embolic therapy (ADET) with polyethylene glycol embolics loaded with irinotecan for the treatment of colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRC-LM). Secondary objectives were to monitor quality of life, time to progression and survival of patients.
METHODS Patients were included in the study if they were affected by CRC-LM, refractory to systemic chemotherapy, treated with ADET using polyethylene glycol embolics, and had liver involvement < 50%. Tumor response, performance status (PS), tumor marker antigens, and quality of life (QoL) were monitored at 1, 3 and 6 mo after ADET. QoL was assessed with the Palliative Performance Scale (PPS).
RESULTS We treated 50 consecutive CRC-LM patients with ADET using polyethylene glycol embolics. Their tumor response one month after ADET was: 28% of complete response (CR), 48% of partial response (PR), 8% stable disease (SD), and 16% of progression. Tumor response 3 mo after ADET was CR 24%, PR 38%, SD 19% and progression disease (PD) 19%. Tumor response 6 mo after ADET was CR 18%, PR 44%, SD 21% and PD 18%. QoL was 90% PPS at each time point. Median time to progression for patients who progressed was 2.5 mo (range 0.8-6). Median follow-up was 14 mo (0.8-25 range). ADETs were performed with no complications. Observed side effects (mild or moderate intensity) were: Pain in 32% of patients, increase of transaminase levels in 20% and fever in 14%, whereas 30% of patients did not complain any adverse event.
CONCLUSION The treatment of unresectable CRC-LM with ADET using polyethylene glycol microspheres loaded with irinotecan was effective in tumor response and resulted in mild toxicity, and good QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giammaria Fiorentini
- Onco-Hematology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera “Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord”, 61122 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Riccardo Carandina
- Oncology Radiodiagnostics Department, Oncology Institute of Veneto, Institute for the Research and Treatment of Cancer, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Donatella Sarti
- Onco-Hematology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera “Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord”, 61122 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Michele Nardella
- Diagnostic and Interventtional Radiology Department, Ospedale Madonna delle Grazie, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Odysseas Zoras
- Surgical Oncology University of Crete, ESSO Board of Directors Member, Rector of the University, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - Stefano Guadagni
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of General Surgery, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Riccardo Inchingolo
- Diagnostic and Interventtional Radiology Department, Ospedale Madonna delle Grazie, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Nestola
- Diagnostic and Interventtional Radiology Department, Ospedale Madonna delle Grazie, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Alessandro Felicioli
- Diagnostic and Interventtional Radiology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera “Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord”, 61122 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Daniel Barnes Navarro
- Interventional Radiology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Camillo Aliberti
- Oncology Radiodiagnostics Department, Oncology Institute of Veneto, Institute for the Research and Treatment of Cancer, 35128 Padova, Italy
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Abstract
Liver metastases are the most common cause of death in colorectal cancer patients. Nowadays, complete resection is considered to be the only curative treatment but only approximately 25% of patients are suitable candidates for surgery; therefore, many different interventional oncology techniques have been developed in recent years for the treatment of secondary liver metastases. The aim of interventional oncological procedures is either to provide a potentially curative treatment option for locally limited metastases with local ablative techniques, to enable nonresectable tumors to become accessible to surgical or local ablative techniques using transarterial procedures or to achieve improved survival in a palliative setting. These interventional therapies include transarterial approaches, such as chemoembolization and radioembolization as well as a multitude of different ablative techniques, such as radiofrequency and microwave ablation as well as irreversible electroporation (IRE). This article describes the indications for the various procedures and the clinical results of each of these techniques are reviewed based on the currently available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-T Hoffmann
- Institut und Poliklinik für Radiologische Diagnostik, Klinikum Carl-Gustav-Carus der TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland.
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8
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Fairchild AH, White SB. Decision Making in Interventional Oncology: Intra-arterial Therapies for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer-Y90 and Chemoembolization. Semin Intervent Radiol 2017; 34:87-91. [PMID: 28579675 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1601854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the United States and the liver is the most common site of metastatic disease. The presence and extent of hepatic metastases are a major prognostic indicator. Although surgical resection is the accepted first-line therapy for colorectal liver metastasis, only 20 to 25% of patients are eligible for resection due to the extent and location of disease. This article discusses the current role of transarterial therapies in the treatment of colorectal liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H Fairchild
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Sarah B White
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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9
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Shamimi-Noori S, Gonsalves CF, Shaw CM. Metastatic Liver Disease: Indications for Locoregional Therapy and Supporting Data. Semin Intervent Radiol 2017; 34:145-166. [PMID: 28579683 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1602712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic liver disease is a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Surgical resection is considered the only curative treatment, yet only a minority is eligible. Patients who present with unresectable disease are treated with systemic agents and/or locoregional therapies. The latter include thermal ablation and catheter-based transarterial interventions. Thermal ablation is reserved for those with limited tumor burden. It is used to downstage the disease to enable curative surgical resection, as an adjunct to surgery, or in select patients it is potentially curative. Transarterial therapies are indicated in those with more diffuse disease. The goals of care are to palliate symptoms and prolong survival. The indications and supporting data for thermal ablation and transarterial interventions are reviewed, technical and tumor factors that need to be considered prior to intervention are outlined, and finally several cases are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Shamimi-Noori
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carin F Gonsalves
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Colette M Shaw
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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10
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Bhutiani N, Akinwande O, Martin RCG. Efficacy and Toxicity of Hepatic Intra-Arterial Drug-Eluting (Irinotecan) Bead (DEBIRI) Therapy in Irinotecan-Refractory Unresectable Colorectal Liver Metastases. World J Surg 2016; 40:1178-90. [PMID: 26711640 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-015-3386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Response rates to systemic chemotherapy for patients who have failed irinotecan-based chemotherapy for liver-dominant metastatic colorectal cancer range between 10 and 18 % with overall survival between 7 and 9 months. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of hepatic arterial irinotecan therapy in patients with hepatic-dominant metastatic colorectal cancer who had failed systemic irinotecan. METHODS This was a multi-institutional, multi-national, analysis of patients who received DEBIRI in the setting of unresectable liver-dominant metastatic colorectal cancer. Patients had received between 1 and 4 lines of prior chemotherapy, the majority of which included systemic irinotecan. Primary endpoints were toxicity profile and tumor response rate. RESULTS 296 patients with unresectable liver metastases who had undergone 666 DEBIRI treatments were reviewed. 192 treatments were performed in patients who had received prior systemic irinotecan. 222 treatments were performed in irinotecan-naïve patients. The median number of DEBIRI treatments was 1 (range 1-8); median treatment dose was 100 mg (range 50-200 mg), with total hepatic treatment of approximately 100 mg (range 20/30-200/300 mg). All-grade adverse events occurred in 18 % of patients receiving prior systemic irinotecan compared with 15 % of patients receiving no prior systemic irinotecan (including chemo-naïve patients). Response rates in patients with prior systemic irinotecan were 44 % at 3 months, 43 % at 6 months, and 44 % at 12 months, compared with 45, 40, and 35 % during the same time point in patients without prior systemic irinotecan. All-grade adverse events occurred in 10, 20, 10, and 37 % of patients receiving 0, 1, 2, and 3+ lines of systemic chemotherapy, respectively. Overall survival was 90 %, 93 %, 90 %, 90 % at 6 months and 76 %, 71 %, 77 %, 87 % at 12 months in patients undergoing DEBIRI therapy after receiving 0, 1, 2, and 3+ lines of systemic chemotherapy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The safety and efficacy of hepatic arterial drug-eluting irinotecan bead (DEBIRI) therapy are not affected by non-response to prior systemic irinotecan. While DEBIRI complete response rates are greatest and overall adverse events are least in chemotherapy-naïve individuals, it retains its respectable efficacy and low rate of serious adverse events even in the setting of previous administration of systemic chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Bhutiani
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Upper Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Clinic, 315 E. Broadway - #311, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Olaguoke Akinwande
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Upper Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Clinic, 315 E. Broadway - #311, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Robert C G Martin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Upper Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Clinic, 315 E. Broadway - #311, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Transarterial chemoembolization using drug eluting microspheres in refractory colorectal liver metastases with 18F-FDG PET/CT follow-up to assess therapeutic response. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrnm.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Cho M, Gong J, Fakih M. The state of regional therapy in the management of metastatic colorectal cancer to the liver. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2016; 16:229-45. [PMID: 26652741 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2016.1129277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Most colorectal cancer patients die from advanced disease, and two-thirds of CRC deaths are due to liver metastases. Liver resection provides the best curative option for patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM), yet only 20% of those patients are eligible for liver metastases resection for curative intent. Loco-regional treatment of CRLM may provide additional benefits in terms of down-staging for resection and prolonged hepatic disease control. This review focusses on hepatic arterial infusion, radioembolization and chemoembolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Cho
- a Department of Medical Oncology , City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte , CA , USA
| | - Jun Gong
- a Department of Medical Oncology , City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte , CA , USA
| | - Marwan Fakih
- a Department of Medical Oncology , City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte , CA , USA
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Lewis AL, Dreher MR, O'Byrne V, Grey D, Caine M, Dunn A, Tang Y, Hall B, Fowers KD, Johnson CG, Sharma KV, Wood BJ. DC BeadM1™: towards an optimal transcatheter hepatic tumour therapy. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:13. [PMID: 26676859 PMCID: PMC4681748 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Clinical use of DC Bead™ loaded with doxorubicin (DEBDOX™) or irinotecan (DEBIRI™), for the treatment of primary and secondary tumours of the liver respectively, is showing great promise. Recently there has been a tendency to select smaller bead size ranges to treat tumours in an effort to allow more drug dose to be administered, improve tumoural penetration and resultant drug delivery and tumour coverage. Herein we describe the development and performance characterisation of a new DC Bead size range (DC BeadM1 (TM), 70-150 μm) capable of an increased bead delivery in the distal vasculature, corresponding to greater tumour coverage and drug dose delivered. Both unloaded and drug loaded DC BeadM1 were shown to have a greater density of distal volume of penetration although the ultimate distal level of penetration was the same as that of the 100-300 µm beads in an in vitro penetration model. Elution of doxorubicin was slower than irinotecan elution, but it was similar when comparing the same drug elution from 70 to 150 µm compared to 100-300 µm beads. Radiopaque versions of 70-150 and 100-300 µm beads were prepared in order to evaluate distribution ex vivo using µ-CT and doxorubicin distribution using epifluorescent microscopy. Liver distribution of the radiopaque versions of the beads was shown to be more distal and efficient at filling smaller vessels with the DC BeadM1 and correspondingly more beads were found per vessel histologically with a larger area of drug coverage with the smaller size range. This study indicates that the smaller (70-150 μm) beads should permit an increased dose of drug to be administered to both hypervascular and hypovascular tumours as compared to 100-300 µm beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Lewis
- Biocompatibles UK Ltd, a BTG International Group Company, Lakeview, Riverside Way, Watchmoor Park, Camberley, GU15 3YL, UK.
| | - Matthew R Dreher
- Biocompatibles UK Ltd, a BTG International Group Company, Lakeview, Riverside Way, Watchmoor Park, Camberley, GU15 3YL, UK
| | - Vincent O'Byrne
- Biocompatibles UK Ltd, a BTG International Group Company, Lakeview, Riverside Way, Watchmoor Park, Camberley, GU15 3YL, UK
| | - David Grey
- Biocompatibles UK Ltd, a BTG International Group Company, Lakeview, Riverside Way, Watchmoor Park, Camberley, GU15 3YL, UK
| | - Marcus Caine
- Biocompatibles UK Ltd, a BTG International Group Company, Lakeview, Riverside Way, Watchmoor Park, Camberley, GU15 3YL, UK
| | - Anthony Dunn
- Biocompatibles UK Ltd, a BTG International Group Company, Lakeview, Riverside Way, Watchmoor Park, Camberley, GU15 3YL, UK
| | - Yiqing Tang
- Biocompatibles UK Ltd, a BTG International Group Company, Lakeview, Riverside Way, Watchmoor Park, Camberley, GU15 3YL, UK
| | - Brenda Hall
- Biocompatibles UK Ltd, a BTG International Group Company, Lakeview, Riverside Way, Watchmoor Park, Camberley, GU15 3YL, UK
| | - Kirk D Fowers
- Biocompatibles UK Ltd, a BTG International Group Company, Lakeview, Riverside Way, Watchmoor Park, Camberley, GU15 3YL, UK
| | - Carmen Gacchina Johnson
- Center for Interventional Oncology, Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karun V Sharma
- Center for Interventional Oncology, Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Children's National Medical Center, 1630 Euclid Street NW#1, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bradford J Wood
- Center for Interventional Oncology, Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Safety and Efficacy Compared between Irinotecan-Loaded Microspheres HepaSphere and DC Bead in a Model of VX2 Liver Metastases in the Rabbit. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2015; 26:1067-1075.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Fiorentini G, Aliberti C, Sarti D, Coschiera P, Tilli M, Mulazzani L, Giordani P, Graziano F, Gonzalez AM, Marcos RG, Mugnoz FG, Cantore M, Ricci S, Catalano V, Mambrini A. Locoregional therapy and systemic cetuximab to treat colorectal liver metastases. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 7:47-54. [PMID: 26090075 PMCID: PMC4468842 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v7.i6.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate efficacy and safety of second-line treatment with irinotecan-loaded drug-eluting beads (DEBIRI) and cetuximab (DEBIRITUX) of unresectable colorectal liver metastases.
METHODS: Patients with the following characteristics were included in the study: unresectable hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma (CRC-LM), progression after first line chemotherapy (any type of chemotherapeutic drug and combination was allowed), second line treatment (mandatory), which included for each patient (unregarding the KRas status) two cycles of DEBIRI (using 100-300 μm beads loaded with irinotecan at a total dose 200 mg) followed by 12 cycles of cetuximab that was administered weekly at a first dose of 400 mg/m2 and then 250 mg/m2; good performance status (0-2) and liver functionality (alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase not exceeding three times the upper limit of normal, total bilirubin not exceeding 2.5 mg/mL). Data were collected retrospectively and included: tumor response (evaluated monthly for 6 mo then every 3 mo), overall response rate (ORR), KRas status, type and intensity of adverse events (G according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v3.0, CTCAE), overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS).
RESULTS: Forty consecutive cases of CRC hepatic metastases were included in the study. Median duration of DEBIRITUX was 4.4 mo (range, 4.0-6.5). Sixteen patients (40%) received the planned 2 cycles of DEBIRI and an average of 10 cetuximab cycles. ORR of the whole sample was 50%, in particular 4 patients were complete responders (10%) and 16 (40%) partial responders. The most observed side effects (G2) were: post-embolization syndrome (30%), diarrhea (25%), skin rushes (38%) and asthenia (35%). The retrospective evaluation of KRas status (24 wild type, 16 mutated) showed that the group of patients with wild type KRas had ORR significantly higher than mutant KRas. Median follow-up was 29 mo (8-48 range); median PFS was 9.8 mo and OS was 20.4 mo. Future randomized trials are required in this setting to establish a role for DEBIRITUX compared with systemic chemotherapy.
CONCLUSION: DEBIRITUX seems to be efficacious after first line chemotherapy for the treatment of unresectable CRC-LM.
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Liu DM, Thakor AS, Baerlocher M, Alshammari MT, Lim H, Kos S, Kennedy AS, Wasan H. A review of conventional and drug-eluting chemoembolization in the treatment of colorectal liver metastases: principles and proof. Future Oncol 2015; 11:1421-8. [PMID: 25602287 DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Real-Life Report on Chemoembolization Using DEBIRI for Liver Metastases from Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2015:715102. [PMID: 25815009 PMCID: PMC4357048 DOI: 10.1155/2015/715102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) has been investigated in patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer (LMCRC). Limited experience and available data suggest that TACE can achieve disease stabilization or improvement, even in heavily pretreated patients. Methods. Patients with LMCRC, ECOG 0–2, who failed at least 1 line of systemic chemotherapy, received embolizations with 2 mL of microspheres preloaded with 100 mg of irinotecan. Beads were delivered selectively into hepatic arteries. Primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Secondary endpoint was safety, assessed using CTCAE version 4.0. Results. 27 patients were treated using DEBIRI. Patient median age was 57 years (range was 45–82 years). The median number of total embolizations was 1.3 (range 1–3). The median OS was 5.4 months (95% CI; 1.1–22.7 months). The most reported postembolization events were nausea (8/27), vomiting (6/27), right upper quadrant pain (16/27), fatigue (9/27), and the development of ascites (6/27). 5/26 patients required hospitalization after TACE for severe pain. Hospitalization was also required for 1 case of allergic reaction and 1 case of infection. Conclusion. Our data suggest that TACE with DEBIRI could be efficacious in a palliative setting for patients with LMCRC, but they do not necessarily support routine use in clinical practice.
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Miura JT, Gamblin TC. Transarterial chemoembolization for primary liver malignancies and colorectal liver metastasis. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2014; 24:149-66. [PMID: 25444473 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Management of liver malignancies, both primary and metastatic, requires a host of treatment modalities when attempting to prolong survival. Although surgical resection and transplantation continue to offer the best chance for a cure, most patients are not amenable to these therapies because of their advanced disease at presentation. Taking advantage of the unique blood supply of the liver, transarterial chemoembolization has emerged as an alternative and effective therapy for unresectable tumors. In this article, the current role along with future perspectives of transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and colorectal liver metastasis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Miura
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - T Clark Gamblin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Macedo FIB, Makarawo T. Colorectal hepatic metastasis: Evolving therapies. World J Hepatol 2014; 6:453-463. [PMID: 25067997 PMCID: PMC4110537 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v6.i7.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The approach for colorectal hepatic metastasis has advanced tremendously over the past decade. Multidrug chemotherapy regimens have been successfully introduced with improved outcomes. Concurrently, adjunct multimodal therapies have improved survival rates, and increased the number of patients eligible for curative liver resection. Herein, we described major advancements of surgical and oncologic management of such lesions, thereby discussing modern chemotherapeutic regimens, adjunct therapies and surgical aspects of liver resection.
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Abstract
Liver-directed intra-arterial therapies are palliative treatment options for patients with unresectable liver cancer; their use has also resulted in patients being downstaged leading to curative resection and transplantation. These intra-arterial therapies include transarterial embolization, conventional transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), drug-eluting bead TACE and radioembolization. Assessment of imaging response following these liver-directed intra-arterial therapies is challenging but pivotal for patient management. Size measurements based on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been traditionally used to assess tumor response to therapy. However, these anatomic changes lag behind functional changes and may require months to occur. Further, these intra-arterial therapies cause acute tumor necrosis, which may result in a paradoxical increase in tumor size on early follow-up imaging despite complete cell death or necrosis. This concept is unique comparing to changes seen following systemic chemotherapy. The recent development of functional imaging techniques including diffusion-weighted MRI (DW MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) allow for early assessment of treatment response and even prediction of overall tumor response to intra-arterial therapies. Although the results of DW MRI and PET studies are promising, the impact of these imaging modalities to assess treatment response has been limited without standardized protocols. The aim of this review article is to delineate the best practice for assessing tumor response in patients with primary or secondary hepatic malignancies undergoing intra-arterial therapies.
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Xing M, Kooby DA, El-Rayes BF, Kokabi N, Camacho JC, Kim HS. Locoregional therapies for metastatic colorectal carcinoma to the liver--an evidence-based review. J Surg Oncol 2014; 110:182-96. [PMID: 24760444 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the most common visceral site of colorectal cancer metastasis and recurrence. Given that only 25% of patients with colorectal liver metastases are amenable to curative surgical resection at initial diagnosis, locoregional intra-arterial therapies including hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy, conventional transarterial chemoembolization, drug-eluting-bead transarterial chemoembolization, and radioembolization have increasingly developed as viable treatment options. The rationale, efficacy, safety, and toxicity of each of these therapies are reviewed and stratified based on current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minzhi Xing
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Interventional Radiology and Image-Guided Medicine, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Richardson AJ, Laurence JM, Lam VWT. Transarterial chemoembolization with irinotecan beads in the treatment of colorectal liver metastases: systematic review. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2014; 24:1209-17. [PMID: 23885916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2013.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE For patients with unresectable colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM), transarterial embolization with the use of drug-eluting beads with irinotecan (DEBIRI) represents a novel alternative to systemic chemotherapy or local treatments alone. The present systematic review evaluates available data on the efficacy and safety of DEBIRI embolization. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive search of medical literature identified studies describing the use of DEBIRI in the treatment of CRLM. Data describing adverse events, pharmacokinetics, tumor response, and overall survival were collected. RESULTS Five observational studies and one randomized controlled trial (RCT) were reviewed. A total of 235 patients were included in the descriptive analysis of observational studies. Postembolization syndrome was the most common adverse event. Peak plasma levels of irinotecan were observed at 1-2 hours after administration. Wide variations in tumor response were observed. The median survival time ranged from 15.2 months to 25 months. In the RCT, treatment with DEBIRI was superior to systemic chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin/irinotecan in terms of quality of life and progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS For patients with unresectable CRLM, particularly after failure to respond to first-line regimens, DEBIRI represents a novel alternative to systemic chemotherapy alone, transarterial embolization with other agents, or other local treatments (eg, microwave or radiofrequency ablation). In these reports, DEBIRI was safe and effective in the in the treatment of unresectable CRLM. Further RCTs comparing DEBIRI with alternative management strategies are required to define the optimal role for this treatment.
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Lencioni R, Aliberti C, de Baere T, Garcia-Monaco R, Narayanan G, O’Grady E, Rilling WS, Walker D, Martin RC. Transarterial Treatment of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases with Irinotecan-Loaded Drug-Eluting Beads: Technical Recommendations. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2014; 25:365-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Philips P, Farmer RW, Scoggins CR, McMasters KM, Martin RCG. Caudate lobe resections: a single-center experience and evaluation of factors predictive of outcomes. World J Surg Oncol 2013; 11:220. [PMID: 24010947 PMCID: PMC3848559 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-11-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the increasing frequency of liver resection for multiple types of disease, caudate lobe resection remains a rare surgical event. The goal of this study is to review our experience and evaluate possible predictors of adverse outcomes in patients undergoing caudate lobectomy. Methods We reviewed a 1,900-patient prospective hepato-pancreatico-biliary database from January 2000 to December 2011, identifying 36 hepatectomy patients undergoing caudate lobe resection. Clinicopathologic characteristic and outcome data were compared using chi-square, T-test, ANOVA, Kaplan-Meier, and Cox regression analysis. Primary endpoints were the incidence and severity of complications, and secondary endpoints were blood loss, hospital stay, and transfusion requirements. Patients were also divided in two groups with group A being patients operated on before December 2007 and group B after 2007. We compared the demographics, risk factors, complication rates, and operative details between the two groups. Results Thirty-six patients underwent caudate lobe resection for cholangiocarcinoma (47.2%), metastatic colorectal cancer (36.1%), hepatocellular carcinoma (8.3%), or benign disease (8.3%). Nine patients (29%) had additional liver resection. Median overall survival (OS) was 21 months. Complications occurred in 52.7% (19/36) of patients with a median grade of 2. Tobacco abuse was associated with an increased risk of operative complications (73.3% vs. 38.9%, p = 0.03). Prior history of cardiac disease was associated with a higher complication rate (87% vs. 42%, p = 0.03). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, biliary procedures, hepatitis, and prior major abdominal surgery were not predictive of complications. Major complication was also predicted by the volume of RBC transfusion (2.7 vs. 4.1 units, p = 0.003). In our subgroup analysis of the patients undergoing surgery before and after 2007, the two groups were well matched based on age, comorbidities, and risk factors. The complication rates and rates of high-grade complications were similar, but blood loss (600 ml vs. 400 ml, p = 0.03), inflow occlusion time (Pringle time 12.6 vs. 6, p = 0.00), and hospital stay (9.5 vs. 7 days, p = 0.01) were significantly lower in group B. Conclusions With appropriate patient selection, caudate lobe resection is an effective component of surgery for hepatic disease. Tobacco use and prior cardiac history increase the risk of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prejesh Philips
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Louisville, 315 E Broadway, Suite# 311, Louisville KY 40202, USA.
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Martin RCG, Salem R, Adam R, Dixon E. Locoregional surgical and interventional therapies for advanced colorectal liver metastasis: expert consensus statement. HPB (Oxford) 2013; 15:131-3. [PMID: 23297724 PMCID: PMC3719919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-2574.2012.00565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C G Martin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Louisville School of MedicineLouisville, KY, USA
| | - Riad Salem
- Section of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Northwestern Memorial HospitalChicago, IL, USA
| | - Rene Adam
- Hepatobiliary Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) Hôpital Paul Brousse (Paul Brousse Hospital, Public Service Paris Hospitals)Villejuif, France
| | - Elijah Dixon
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
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Martin RCG, Scoggins CR, Tomalty D, Schreeder M, Metzger T, Tatum C, Sharma V. Irinotecan drug-eluting beads in the treatment of chemo-naive unresectable colorectal liver metastasis with concomitant systemic fluorouracil and oxaliplatin: results of pharmacokinetics and phase I trial. J Gastrointest Surg 2012; 16:1531-8. [PMID: 22528576 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-012-1892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetic profile of liver-directed therapy with drug-eluting beads irinotecan (DEBIRI) in combination with systemic modified FOLFOX in the treatment of unresectable liver metastases in chemotherapy-naive patients with colorectal cancer. DESIGN DEBIRI, loaded with 100 mg irinotecan (100-300 μm beads), was administered via hepatic artery during the off week of FOLFOX therapy. Primary endpoints were safety, tolerance, systemic dose-limiting toxicities, and pharmacokinetics of systemic irinotecan and its active metabolite SN-38 at each infusion at 1-, 4-, and 24-h post-DEBIRI. Secondary endpoints were response rate and survival. RESULTS The ten patients have undergone at least 12 cycles of FOLFOX in combination with at least two DEBIRI bead treatments during the patients' off week. Pharmacokinetic data has demonstrated minimal detectable levels of irinotecan (18.6, 21, and 18.6 ng/ml) and SN-38 (1.06, 1.47, and 1.55 ng/ml) after the first, second, and third DEBIRI treatments, respectively. Currently, there has been only one severe device-related adverse event, a grade 3 hypertensive episode that required 1 day of observation in the hospital. The initial 9- and 12-month response rates have been 100 % (2 CR, 8 PR). Four (40 %) patients were successfully downstaged to resection and/or ablation with a median overall survival of 15.2 months. CONCLUSION Concomitant DEBIRI and FOLFOX±bevacizumab is safe, with a minimal adverse event rate, no dose-limiting toxicities, and enhanced overall response rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C G Martin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Lewis AL, Dreher MR. Locoregional drug delivery using image-guided intra-arterial drug eluting bead therapy. J Control Release 2012; 161:338-50. [PMID: 22285550 PMCID: PMC3351580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipiodol-based transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) has been performed for over 3 decades for the treatment of solid tumors and describes the infusion of chemotherapeutic agents followed by embolization with particles. TACE is an effective treatment for inoperable hepatic tumors, especially hypervascular tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently, drug eluting beads (DEBs), in which a uniform embolic material is loaded with a drug and delivered in a single image-guided step, have been developed to reduce the variability in a TACE procedure. DEB-TACE results in localization of drug to targeted tumors while minimizing systemic exposure to chemotherapeutics. Once localized in the tissue, drug is eluted from the DEB in a controlled manner and penetrates hundreds of microns of tissue from the DEB surface. Necrosis is evident surrounding a DEB in tissue days to months after therapy; however, the contribution of drug and ischemia is currently unknown. Future advances in DEB technology may include image-ability, DEB size tailored to tumor anatomy and drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Lewis
- Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham Business Park, Weydon Lane, Farnham, Surrey, GU9 8QL, UK.
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Memon K, Lewandowski RJ, Riaz A, Salem R. Chemoembolization and Radioembolization for Metastatic Disease to the Liver: Available Data and Future Studies. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2012; 13:403-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s11864-012-0200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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de Baere T, Deschamps F. Arterial therapies of colorectal cancer metastases to the liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 36:661-70. [PMID: 21681492 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-011-9768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intra-arterial therapies directed to the liver take advantage that liver tumors are fed by the hepatic artery while the liver vascularization is 30% arterial. Most common techniques of intra-arterial therapies for colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) include intra-arterial hepatic chemotherapy (IAHC), transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), and radioembolization. Such treatments are used as salvage therapies because they provide response when systemic therapies are inefficient. They are also used as a first line therapy to produce maximal response in order to convert the patient from non-surgical to surgical. IAHC with FUDR or oxaliplatinum allow 90% response rate and conversion to surgery of 40% to 50% of initially inoperable patients. TACE is used in CRLM with promising response rate, namely due to the use of drug eluting beads that can be loaded with irinotecan which can elute the drug they contain after embolization in liver tumor. Radioembolization is a unique way of delivering a high tumoricidal dose of radiation (>100 Gy) to liver tumor without harming the healthy liver, and provided interesting results in salvage therapy, enough to be evaluated today in a randomized control trial in first line therapy where FOLFOX is proposed with and without additional radioembolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry de Baere
- Interventional Radiology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
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Irinotecan Loaded in Eluting Beads: Preclinical Assessment in a Rabbit VX2 Liver Tumor Model. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2012; 35:1448-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00270-012-0343-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Pellerin O, Geschwind JF. [Intra-arterial treatment of liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 92:835-41. [PMID: 21944243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jradio.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma is a major public health concern with its yearly mondial incidence of about one million cases and yearly mortality of 500,000 cases. The liver is the organ most frequently affected by metastases with a frequency of 40 to 60% (contemporaneous in 25% of cases). While surgical resection is the only curative therapy, many patients are not such candidates due to the infiltrative nature of the liver metastases. Systemic chemotherapy and biotherapy regimens are the conventional treatment options for patients with multiple liver metastases. Under such circumstances, intra-arterial therapy may play a major role. We will review the main types of endovascular therapies for liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma including indications, results and potential complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Pellerin
- Faculté de médecine, université Paris Descartes, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France.
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Boutros C, Espat NJ. What, how, and when to offer nonresectional therapy for colorectal cancer liver metastases. J Gastrointest Surg 2011; 15:420-2. [PMID: 21264686 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-011-1428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cherif Boutros
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology, Roger Williams Medical Center, 825 Chalkstone Ave., Prior 4, Providence, RI 02908, USA
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Lewis AL, Holden RR. DC Bead embolic drug-eluting bead: clinical application in the locoregional treatment of tumours. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:153-69. [PMID: 21222553 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.545388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DC Bead is an embolic drug-eluting bead designed to be loaded with chemotherapeutic agents (such as doxorubicin and irinotecan), delivered intra-arterially into tumor blood vessels to block nutrient flow and then to deliver the drug locally in a sustained fashion. This product is finding increasing use in the treatment of patients with both primary and secondary liver cancers. AREAS COVERED This review positions DC Bead in the field of targeted embolic drug delivery and with respect to other competitive technologies in the treatment of liver cancer. An overview of the studies that demonstrate the product's performance, safety and efficacy is presented. The clinical application of the doxorubicin loaded DC Bead is firstly reviewed, in the context of treatment of patients with various stages of hepatocellular carcinoma. Its combination with other therapies is also discussed, together with consideration of the treatment of other liver tumors. Secondly, the use of irinotecan loaded DC Bead, primarily for the treatment of colorectal cancer metastases to the liver, but also some additional rare metastases, is summarized. EXPERT OPINION An opinion is proffered as to how this technology and its application is evolving, illustrating a move towards synergistic combination therapies and into other cancer indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Lewis
- Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham Business Park, Weydon Lane, Farnham, Surrey, UK.
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Martin RCG, Joshi J, Robbins K, Tomalty D, Bosnjakovik P, Derner M, Padr R, Rocek M, Scupchenko A, Tatum C. Hepatic intra-arterial injection of drug-eluting bead, irinotecan (DEBIRI) in unresectable colorectal liver metastases refractory to systemic chemotherapy: results of multi-institutional study. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 18:192-8. [PMID: 20740319 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-010-1288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Response rates and overall outcome for patients who have failed first-line and in some cases second-line chemotherapy are as low as 12% and 7 months, respectively. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of hepatic arterial sulfonate hydrogel microsphere (drug-eluting beads), irinotecan preloaded therapy (DEBIRI) in metastatic colorectal cancer refractory to systemic chemotherapy. METHODS This was a multicenter multinational single-arm study of metastatic colorectal cancer patients who received DEBIRI after failing systemic chemotherapy from 10/2006 to 8/2008. Primary endpoints were safety, tolerance, tumor response rates, and overall survival. RESULTS Fifty-five patients who had received prior systemic chemotherapy and who underwent a total of 99 DEBIRI treatments were reviewed. The median number of DEBIRI treatments was 2 (range 1-5), median treatment dose was 100 mg (range 100-200 mg), with total hepatic treatment of 200 mg (range 200-650 mg), with 86% of treatments performed as lobar infusion and 30% of patients treated with concurrent simultaneous chemotherapy. Adverse events occurred in 28% of patients with median grade of 2 (range 1-3) with no deaths at 30 days post procedure. Response rates were 66% at 6 months and 75% at 12 months. Overall survival in these patients was 19 months, with progression-free survival of 11 months. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic arterial drug-eluting bead, irinotecan (DEBIRI) was safe and effective in treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (MCC) refractory to multiple lines of systemic chemotherapy. DEBIRI is an acceptable therapy for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C G Martin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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