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Naftaly JP, Feldman ECH, Greenley RN. Perceived Stigma in Patients with Autoimmune Hepatitis. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2024; 31:455-464. [PMID: 38127091 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-023-09983-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Perceived stigma (PS) adversely impacts psychosocial and disease outcomes in patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD), and those with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) may be at risk for PS given inaccurate assumptions about the origin of their diagnosis. The aims of the current study are to describe the frequency of PS in patients with AIH, compare rates of PS in AIH to rates of PS in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and CLD, and examine demographic correlates of PS. 262 adults with AIH (95% female, Mage = 51.53 years) completed online questionnaires on demographics, disease information, and PS. 54-68% reported PS with themes of selective disclosure, non-disclosure, or hiding diagnosis. PS was higher in those with AIH compared to those with PBC, but lower than those with various CLD. Age was inversely related to PS. Given the results, provider screening of PS and integration of clinical health psychologists may be helpful for identifying PS in patients with AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Naftaly
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Floor 3, Reception D, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Estée C H Feldman
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Rachel N Greenley
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
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2
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Liu Y, Sun Z, Sun Q, Wang L, Wang C, Li Y, Ma C, Shi W, Zhang G, Dong Y, Zhang X, Cong B. The effects of restraint stress on ceramide metabolism disorders in the rat liver: the role of CerS6 in hepatocyte injury. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:68. [PMID: 38431645 PMCID: PMC10908211 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress is implicated in various pathological conditions leading to liver injury. Existing evidence suggests that excessive stress can induce mitochondrial damage in hepatocytes, yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Ceramide synthase 6 (CerS6)-derived C16:0 ceramide is recognised as a lipotoxic substance capable of causing mitochondrial damage. However, the role of CerS6 in stress has received insufficient attention. This study aimed to explore the involvement of CerS6 in stress-induced hepatic damage and its associated mechanisms. METHODS The rat restraint stress model and a corticosterone (CORT)-induced hepatocyte stress model were employed for in vivo and in vitro experimental analyses, respectively. Changes in mitochondrial damage and ceramide metabolism in hepatocytes induced by stress were evaluated. The impact of CORT on mitochondrial damage and ceramide metabolism in hepatocytes was assessed following CerS6 knockdown. Mitochondria were isolated using a commercial kit, and ceramides in liver tissue and hepatocytes were detected by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS In comparison to the control group, rats subjected to one week of restraint exhibited elevated serum CORT levels. The liver displayed significant signs of mitochondrial damage, accompanied by increased CerS6 and mitochondrial C16:0 ceramide, along with activation of the AMPK/p38 MAPK pathway. In vitro studies demonstrated that CORT treatment of hepatocytes resulted in mitochondrial damage, concomitant with elevated CerS6 and mitochondrial C16:0 ceramide. Furthermore, CORT induced sequential phosphorylation of AMPK and p38 MAPK proteins, and inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway using SB203580 mitigated the CORT-induced elevation in CerS6 protein. Knocking down CerS6 in hepatocytes inhibited both the increase in C16:0 ceramide and the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c induced by CORT. CONCLUSIONS CerS6-associated C16:0 ceramide plays a mediating role in stress-induced mitochondrial damage in hepatocytes. The molecular mechanism is linked to CORT-induced activation of the AMPK/p38 MAPK pathway, leading to upregulated CerS6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichang Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhong Shan Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China
- Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226000, China
| | - Zhaoling Sun
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhong Shan Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Qiuli Sun
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhong Shan Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhong Shan Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhong Shan Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Yingmin Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhong Shan Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhong Shan Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Weibo Shi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhong Shan Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhong Shan Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China
- Hebei Province Laboratory of Experimental Animal, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yiming Dong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhong Shan Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhong Shan Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China.
| | - Bin Cong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhong Shan Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China.
- Hainan Tropical Forensic Medicine Academician Workstation, Haikou, 571199, China.
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Khanthiyong B, Arun S, Bunsueb S, Thongbuakaew T, Suwannakhan A, Wu ATH, Iamsaard S, Chaiyamoon A. Alterations of serum biochemical parameters and tyrosine phosphorylation in kidney and liver of chronic stress-induced rats. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e254646. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.254646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Chronic stress (CS) can contribute to dysfunction in several organs including liver and kidney. This study was performed to investigate the changes in serum biochemistry, histological structure, as well as in localization of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins (TyrPho) and Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp-70) in liver and kidney tissues of CS rats induced by two stressors (restrained and force swimming) for 60 consecutive days. Samples of blood, liver, and kidney were collected from adult male Sprague–Dawley rats in each group. Our results showed that serum biochemical parameters including corticosterone, blood sugar, urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-C, LDL-C, ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase in CS group were significantly different from that in normal group in both liver and kidney tissues. Although histological structure was not changed. TyrPho expression was significantly increased in liver lysate but significantly decreased in kidney. Hsp-70 expression in liver increased whereas in kidney decreased. In conclusion, CS can induce changes in liver and kidney functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Arun
- Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | - S. Iamsaard
- Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Khon Kaen University, Thailand
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KASL clinical practice guidelines for management of autoimmune hepatitis 2022. Clin Mol Hepatol 2023; 29:542-592. [PMID: 37137334 PMCID: PMC10366804 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2023.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
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Kim JK. [Treatment of Autoimmune Hepatitis]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = TAEHAN SOHWAGI HAKHOE CHI 2023; 81:72-85. [PMID: 36824035 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2023.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disease, characterized by elevated levels of transaminases, immunoglobulin G, and positive autoantibodies. The disease course is dynamic and presents heterogeneous disease manifestations at diagnosis. This review summarizes the issues regarding the treatment and monitoring of AIH in adult patients. Glucocorticoids and azathioprine are the first line of treatment. Alternative first-line treatments include budesonide or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Although no randomized controlled trials have been performed, MMF, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, allopurinol, sirolimus, everolimus, infliximab, or rituximab have been attempted in patients not responding to or intolerant to first-line treatments. Most patients require life-long special monitoring, with or without maintenance treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Korea
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Chang X, Ma M, Chen L, Song Z, Zhao Z, Shen W, Jiang H, Wu Y, Fan M, Wu H. Identification and Characterization of Elevated Expression of Transferrin and Its Receptor TfR1 in Mouse Models of Depression. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12101267. [PMID: 36291201 PMCID: PMC9599150 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12101267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression has become one of the severe mental disorders threatening global human health. In this study, we first used the proteomics approach to obtain the differentially expressed proteins in the liver between naive control and chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) induced depressed mice. We have identified the upregulation of iron binding protein transferrin (TF) in the liver, the peripheral blood, and the brain in CSDS-exposed mice. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database from various mouse models of depression revealed the significantly upregulated transcripts of TF and its receptor TfR1 in multiple brain regions in depressed mice. We also used the recombinant TF administration via the tail vein to detect its permeability through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We demonstrated the permeability of peripheral TF into the brain through the BBB. Together, these results identified the elevated expression of TF and its receptor TfR1 in both peripheral liver and the central brain in CSDS-induced depressed mice, and peripheral administration of TF can be transported into the brain through the BBB. Therefore, our data provide a compelling information for understanding the potential role and mechanisms of the cross-talk between the liver and the brain in stress-induced depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Mengxin Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhihong Song
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Huihui Jiang
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Information Science & Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haitao Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-66931363
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Noverati N, Bashir-Hamidu R, Halegoua-DeMarzio D, Hann HW. Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Chronic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073917. [PMID: 35409275 PMCID: PMC8999024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hepatitis B virus is one of the most significant hepatocarcinogens globally. The carcinogenic mechanisms of this virus are complex, and may include interactions with the host’s immune system. Certain factors, such as stress on the body, can also potentiate these mechanisms. Stress, although adaptive in an acute form, is deleterious to health when chronic and can both suppress and activate the host’s defense system. In hepatocellular carcinoma, this can lead to tumor initiation and progression. Those that are more prone to stress, or exposed to situations that incite stress, may be at higher risk of developing cancer. Racial disparities, for example, are a source of chronic psychosocial stress in America and predispose minorities to poorer outcomes. As it remains perplexing why some individuals with chronic hepatitis B develop feared complications while others do not, it is important to recognize as many risk factors as possible, including those often overlooked such as chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Noverati
- Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (N.N.); (R.B.-H.); (D.H.-D.)
| | - Rukaiya Bashir-Hamidu
- Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (N.N.); (R.B.-H.); (D.H.-D.)
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Dina Halegoua-DeMarzio
- Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (N.N.); (R.B.-H.); (D.H.-D.)
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Hie-Won Hann
- Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (N.N.); (R.B.-H.); (D.H.-D.)
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Correspondence:
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Alrabadi LS, Dutton A, Rabiee A, Roberts SJ, Deng Y, Cusack L, Silveira MG, Ciarleglio M, Bucala R, Sinha R, Boyer JL, Assis DN. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction May Improve Stress, Disease Activity and Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in Autoimmune Hepatitis Patients. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100450. [PMID: 35434588 PMCID: PMC9011026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Psychological and life stressors may impact autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) disease activity and increase relapse risk. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a validated course that reduces stress reactivity, and improves stress and emotion regulation. This single-arm exploratory pilot study of adult patients with AIH aimed to define the impact of an 8-week MBSR program on quality of life, disease activity, and cytokine mediators. Methods The perceived stress survey-10 (PSS) and the brief self-control scale (BSCS) measured subjective distress and self-control. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and cytokine levels were measured, and immunosuppressant doses recorded. Results Seventeen patients completed the MBSR program. Post-MBSR, 71% (n = 12) showed PSS score improvement at 8 weeks vs. baseline (median 15 vs. 21, p = 0.02). At 12 months, PSS improvement persisted vs. baseline (median 15 vs. 21, p = 0.02). Post-MBSR, 71% (n = 12) showed BSCS score improvement at 8 weeks vs. baseline (median 4.1 vs. 3.8, p = 0.03). At 12 months, the median BSCS score remained significant (3.9 vs. 3.8, p = 0.03). After the 8-week MBSR, the 35% of patients with ALT >34 U/L had a median ALT reduction (44.5 vs. 71.5 U/L, p = 0.06), whereas the 71% of patients on prednisone had significant dose reductions (5.75 vs. 10 mg, p = 0.02) which persisted at 12 months vs. baseline (3.75 vs. 10 mg, p = 0.02) without a compensatory increase in steroid-sparing dosing. Significant improvement was noted in peripheral blood cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-23, and sCD74/MIF ratio) from baseline to 8 weeks. Conclusions MBSR significantly improved perceived stress and self-control scores while decreasing ALT levels, steroid requirements, and inflammatory cytokine levels in this pilot study in adult AIH. Stress modification may impact quality of life and disease activity, and should be further evaluated as an intervention in AIH. Clinical Trials registration This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02950077). Lay summary Autoimmune hepatitis can reduce quality of life and mental health, while stress may impact autoimmune hepatitis itself. We piloted mindfulness-based stress reduction as a strategy to reduce stress in adult patients with autoimmune hepatitis and found that the intervention reduced perceived stress and may have also impacted the disease by improving inflammation and medication needs. Stress reduction should be further studied to improve quality of life and possibly to impact disease activity in autoimmune hepatitis. Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) reduces quality of life and mental health; psychological stress may also impact AIH activity. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a strategy to reduce stress and improve quality of life. A pilot study of MBSR in adult patients with AIH evaluated its effect on stress, disease activity, and cytokines. MBSR reduced perceived stress, which persisted after the study; ALT, medication doses, and cytokines also improved. Stress reduction should be further studied in AIH to improve quality of life and possibly to impact disease activity.
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Abdel-Aty A, Kombo N. The Association Between Mental Health Disorders and Non-Infectious Scleritis: A Prevalence Study and Review of the Literature. Eur J Ophthalmol 2021; 32:1850-1856. [PMID: 34913750 DOI: 10.1177/11206721211067652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases can cause significant psychosocial stress in affected patients. Few studies have examined the psychological effects of ocular inflammatory disease and no studies have examined the psychological effects of scleritis. In this study we evaluate the prevalence of mental health disorders in scleritis patients and we conduct a comprehensive review of the literature on the mental health effects of ocular inflammatory diseases. 162 patients (195 eyes) presenting to a tertiary care center with scleritis were identified. At least one comorbid mental health disorder was diagnosed in 35 patients (21.6%), most commonly major depression in 11.7%, generalized anxiety disorder in 9.3%, and substance use disorder in 6.2%. There were no significant differences in the length of an episode of scleritis or in the probability of symptom resolution between patients with a mental health disorder and other patients. In a review of the literature, 30 manuscripts met the inclusion criteria. The majority of manuscripts (83.3%) were focused on uveitis patients. Eight of these studies were focused on patients with uveitis in the context of systemic disease. The most commonly reported mental health disorders reported were anxiety and depression. An average of 31.3% of patients with ocular inflammatory disease had depression and 35.0% had anxiety. Similar to other chronic illnesses, ocular inflammatory disease may be a significant psychosocial stressor. Future studies will further elucidate the relationship between these diseases and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Abdel-Aty
- 12228Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ninani Kombo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 12228Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Snijders RJALM, Milkiewicz P, Schramm C, Gevers TJG. Health-related quality of life in autoimmune hepatitis. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:1642-1652. [PMID: 34904034 PMCID: PMC8637685 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i11.1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a severe chronic autoimmune disease and has a significant impact on the patient’s quality of life, in particular regarding psychological problems such as anxiety and depression. Consistent evidence on which patient-related, disease-related or physician-related factors cause health-related quality of life (HRQoL) impairment in patients with AIH is lacking. Current studies on HRQoL in AIH are mainly single-centered, comprising small numbers of patients, and difficult to compare because of the use of different questionnaires, patient populations, and cutoff values. Literature in the pediatric field is sparse, but suggests that children/adolescents with AIH have a lower HRQoL. Knowledge of HRQoL and cohesive factors in AIH are important to improve healthcare for AIH patients, for example by developing an AIH-specific chronic healthcare model. By recognizing the importance of quality of life beyond the concept of biochemical and histological remission, clinicians allow us to seek enhancements and possible interventions in the management of AIH, aiming at improved health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romée JALM Snijders
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen 6525GA, The Netherlands
- European Reference Network RARE-LIVER, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-091, Poland
- Translational Medicine Group, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 70-204, Poland
- European Reference Network RARE-LIVER, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
- Martin Zeitz Center for Rare Diseases and Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
- European Reference Network RARE-LIVER, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tom JG Gevers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen 6525GA, The Netherlands
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6229HX, The Netherlands
- European Reference Network RARE-LIVER, Hamburg, Germany
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Lammert C, Chalasani SN, Atkinson EJ, McCauley BM, Lazaridis KN. Environmental risk factors are associated with autoimmune hepatitis. Liver Int 2021; 41:2396-2403. [PMID: 33978301 PMCID: PMC8496440 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Failure of immunologic homeostasis and resultant hepatocyte destruction in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is likely the result of environmental triggers within a permissive genetic architecture. AIMS We aimed to identify risk factors associated with AIH in a well-phenotyped AIH cohort. METHODS We prospectively collected environmental questionnaires from 358 AIH cases and 563 healthy controls. Response frequencies were compared using logistic regression, adjusting for age at recruitment, sex and education. RESULTS AIH cases were more likely to ever have a urinary tract infection (UTI) (53.6% vs 33.9%, P < .001) and recurrent UTI (more than 1 per year) (23.5% vs 15.9%, P = .002) compared to controls. Female cases more frequently had ever used oral contraceptives (83.0% vs 73.7%, P = .006), fewer pregnancies (median = 1 vs 3, P < .001) and less often used hormone replacement therapy compared to controls (28.5% vs 60.1%, P < .001). Current smoking was more prevalent in cases (18.9% vs 7.4%, P = .022), yet no difference according to historical smoking behaviours was observed. Finally, cases were less likely to have history of mumps (32.4% vs 53.1%, P = .011) and rheumatic fever (1.1% vs 4.4%, P = .028), but reported higher vaccination frequency to chicken pox (38% vs 28.1%), measles (66.5% vs 39.3%), mumps (58.7% vs 34.6%), rubella (55.3% vs 32.7%), pertussis (59.8% vs 40.1%) and pneumococcus (47.2% VS 39.4%) (P < .002). CONCLUSIONS Environmental factors are important in AIH pathogenesis. Replication of these findings and prospective examination may provide new insight into AIH onset and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Lammert
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Sai N. Chalasani
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Elizabeth J. Atkinson
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMNUSA
| | - Bryan M. McCauley
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMNUSA
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González-Fernández R, Grigoruţă M, Chávez-Martínez S, Ruiz-May E, Elizalde-Contreras JM, Valero-Galván J, Martínez-Martínez A. Liver proteome alterations in psychologically distressed rats and a nootropic drug. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11483. [PMID: 34055494 PMCID: PMC8140599 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic psychological distress is considered today a pandemic due to the modern lifestyle and has been associated with various neurodegenerative, autoimmune, or systemic inflammation-related diseases. Stress is closely related to liver disease exacerbation through the high activity of the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems, and the connection between the development of these pathologies and the physiological effects induced by oxidative stress is not yet completely understood. The use of nootropics, as the cognitive enhancer and antioxidant piracetam, is attractive to repair the oxidative damage. A proteomic approach provides the possibility to obtain an in-depth comprehension of the affected cellular processes and the possible consequences for the body. Therefore, we considered to describe the effect of distress and piracetam on the liver proteome. Methods We used a murine model of psychological stress by predatory odor as a distress paradigm. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were distributed into four experimental groups (n = 6 − 7/group) and were exposed or not to the stressor for five days and treated or not with piracetam (600 mg/kg) for six days. We evaluated the liver proteome by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D-SDS-PAGE) followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GeLC-MS/MS). Besides, we analyzed the activity of liver antioxidant enzymes, the biochemical parameters in plasma and rat behavior. Results Our results showed that distress altered a wide range of proteins involved in amino acids metabolism, glucose, and fatty acid mobilization and degradation on the way to produce energy, protein folding, trafficking and degradation, redox metabolism, and its implications in the development of the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Piracetam reverted the changes in metabolism caused by distress exposure, and, under physiological conditions, it increased catabolism rate directed towards energy production. These results confirm the possible relationship between chronic psychological stress and the progression of NAFLD, as well as we newly evidenced the controversial beneficial effects of piracetam. Finally, we propose new distress biomarkers in the liver as the protein DJ-1 (PARK7), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX), peroxiredoxin-5 (PRDX5), glutaredoxin 5 (GLRX5), and thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNDR1), and in plasma as biochemical parameters related to kidney function such as urea and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel González-Fernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Mariana Grigoruţă
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Sarahi Chávez-Martínez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Eliel Ruiz-May
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | | | - José Valero-Galván
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Martínez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico
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Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an immunoinflammatory chronic liver disease with dynamic and rather heterogeneous disease manifestations. A trend of increasing prevalence of AIH has been observed worldwide, along with a relative increase in the percentage of male patients. AIH is characterized and diagnosed based on serum biochemistry and liver histology: elevated aminotransferases and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), the presence of serum anti-nuclear antibody or anti-smooth muscle antibody, and interface lympho-plasmacytic hepatitis. Clinical manifestations differ among disease subtypes with distinct time-frames, i.e., AIH with a chronic insidious onset, and acute-onset AIH (the diagnosis of which is often challenging due to the lack of typical serum findings). The absence of disease-specific biomarkers or histological findings may expand the disease phenotype into drug-induced AIH-like liver injury. Corticosteroids and azathioprine are recommended first-line treatments for AIH. The complete normalization of aminotransferases and serum IgG is an essential treatment response to ensure long-term overall survival. An incomplete response or intolerance to these drugs is considered an indication for second-line treatment, especially with mycophenolate mofetil. Life-long maintenance treatment is required for the majority of patients, but the few who achieve prolonged and stringent biochemical remission with lower alanine aminotransferase and IgG within the normal range may be able to discontinue the medications. In the future, the quality of life of AIH patients should be managed by personalized medicine, including the appropriate selection and dosing of first-line therapy and perhaps alternating with potential therapeutics, and the prediction of the success of treatment withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsumasa Komori
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan.,Department of Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Omura, Japan
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14
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Mack CL, Adams D, Assis DN, Kerkar N, Manns MP, Mayo MJ, Vierling JM, Alsawas M, Murad MH, Czaja AJ. Diagnosis and Management of Autoimmune Hepatitis in Adults and Children: 2019 Practice Guidance and Guidelines From the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2020; 72:671-722. [PMID: 31863477 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Mack
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - David Adams
- Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David N Assis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Nanda Kerkar
- Golisano Children's Hospital at Strong, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Michael P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marlyn J Mayo
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Texas SW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - John M Vierling
- Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Mohammad H Murad
- Mayo Knowledge and Encounter Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Albert J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
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15
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Berlinberg EJ, Gonzales JA, Doan T, Acharya NR. Association Between Noninfectious Uveitis and Psychological Stress. JAMA Ophthalmol 2019; 137:199-205. [PMID: 30520957 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.5893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Importance Uveitis involves dysregulation of the ocular immune system. Stress has been shown to affect immune function, but it is unclear whether there is an association between stress and uveitis. Objective To determine whether having uveitis is associated with psychological stress. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional, case-control study including a self-administered survey, medical records review, and diurnal salivary cortisol test was conducted at a university-based uveitis clinic and comprehensive eye clinic. Participants included 146 consecutive adults with noninfectious uveitis and age-matched controls with no eye disease. The study was conducted from December 1, 2017, to March 14, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Participants completed the self-administered, Cohen 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), a demographics questionnaire. Responses to each question were categorized on a 5-point Likert scale, with total scores ranging from 0 (no stress) to 40 (high stress). In addition, participants submitted 3 salivary cortisol samples. Those with uveitis were classified as having recently active or controlled disease through medical records review. The prespecified primary analysis was a linear regression of PSS-10 score and uveitis correcting for age, sex, educational level, employment, and median income. Secondary analyses included comparing PSS-10 scores in patients with recently active and controlled uveitis, determining predictors of stress, and comparing diurnal salivary cortisol between uveitis and control groups. Results Of 146 eligible patients, 17 declined participation and 9 consented but were excluded because they did not complete both questionnaires, resulting in 120 patients (80 uveitis; 40 controls) in the final analysis. Eighty participants (66.7%) were women, and 70 (58.3%) were white. Median age was 40 years (interquartile range, 29-59 years). Having uveitis was associated with a 4.3-point increase in PSS-10 score (95% CI, 1.8 to 6.9; P = .002). There was no significant difference in PSS-10 scores between patients with recently active and controlled uveitis (1.0 point greater for patients with active uveitis; 95% CI, -2.0 to 3.9; P = .52). Factors associated with increased PSS-10 score in patients with uveitis included female sex (coefficient, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.6 to 6.5; P = .002), current immunomodulatory therapy (coefficient, 2.5; 95% CI, -0.3 to 5.2; P = .08), history of depression (coefficient, 3.8; 95% CI, 0.8 to 6.8; P = .02), and having posterior or panuveitis (coefficient, 2.6; 95% CI, 0.8 to 4.4; P = .006). Of the 70 participants (58.3%) who had testable samples for cortisol analysis, diurnal salivary cortisol levels did not significantly differ between uveitis and nonuveitis groups. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that patients with uveitis have higher levels of psychological stress compared with controls, yet no significant difference was identified in the stress of patients with active vs controlled uveitis. Consequently, comprehensive treatment for noninfectious uveitis may be able to address the psychological results of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John A Gonzales
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Thuy Doan
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Nisha R Acharya
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
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16
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Harrison L, Gleeson D. Stopping immunosuppressive treatment in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH): Is it justified (and in whom and when)? Liver Int 2019; 39:610-620. [PMID: 30667576 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Initial treatment of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) with prednisolone ± azathioprine is based on randomised controlled trials. Many patients receive long-term immunosuppressive treatment to prevent disease relapse; this strategy has a weaker evidence base. AIM To consider whether immunosuppressive treatment (IST) withdrawal in AIH is justified and to develop a rationale for patient selection. METHODS We reviewed published papers between 1972 and 2018, which addressed the outcomes of IST withdrawal and/or complications of IST in AIH. RESULTS (1) AIH relapse rates after withdrawal of IST vary between 25% and 100%. There is heterogeneity in these studies regarding relapse definition, IST duration prior to withdrawal and criteria for biochemical and histological remission prior to withdrawal. (2) Factors associated with relapse following IST withdrawal include: (a) absence of an identifiable initial disease trigger, (b) presence of other autoimmune diseases, (c) longer time to biochemical remission and (d) elevated serum transaminases on treatment withdrawal. Reports of associations between relapse and age, IST duration and failure of histological remission have been inconsistent. (3) Continued IST reduces risk of AIH relapse over at least 5 years. However, there is no evidence that routine (as opposed to selective) long-term IST improves disease outcome. (4) Patients with AIH have an increased risk of extrahepatic cancer, notably non-melanoma skin cancer, to which long-term IST may contribute. Long-term corticosteroid therapy is associated with weight gain, low-trauma fractures, diabetes and possibly vascular disease. CONCLUSIONS While further studies are needed, evidence supports a strategy of IST withdrawal in some patients with AIH who have achieved remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Harrison
- Liver Unit, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospital's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - Dermot Gleeson
- Liver Unit, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospital's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
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17
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Joung JY, Cho JH, Kim YH, Choi SH, Son CG. A literature review for the mechanisms of stress-induced liver injury. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01235. [PMID: 30761781 PMCID: PMC6422711 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experimental studies and clinical observations have shown that stress can damage hepatic tissue both directly and indirectly. Many studies have partially revealed the contributors of stress-induced liver injury; however, the whole process has not yet been uncovered. This review aims to summarize the mechanisms that have been proposed to be involved. METHODS A literature search was conducted using PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) in its entirety up to March 2018, and analyzed the animal-derived mechanistic studies on stress-induced liver injury. RESULTS The liver is the organ that meets and filters a mass of alien material, and then maintains immune tolerance under physiological conditions. Under stress conditions, however, immune tolerance is interrupted, which results in the induction of inflammation in the liver. Contributors to this process can be categorized as follows: hypoxia-reoxygenation, over-activation of Kupffer cells and oxidative stress, influx of gut-derived lipopolysaccharide and norepinephrine, and over-production of stress hormones and activation of the sympathetic nerve. CONCLUSIONS Psychological stress is associated with a variety of pathological conditions resulting in liver injury through multiple systems, including the sympathetic nervous and adrenocortical system. Mechanistic understanding of this phenomenon is important for the clinical practice of managing patients with hepatic disorders and should be explored further in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yong Joung
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyo Cho
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Convergence, Graduate School of Dankook University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
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18
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Sebode M, Lohse AW. Autoimmune hepatitis: Is the autoimmunity in the family? Liver Int 2019; 39:42-44. [PMID: 30576081 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcial Sebode
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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19
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Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D, Czaja AJ, Manns MP, Krawitt EL, Vierling JM, Lohse AW, Montano-Loza AJ. Autoimmune hepatitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2018; 4:18017. [PMID: 29644994 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2018.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a severe liver disease that affects children and adults worldwide. The diagnosis of AIH relies on increased serum transaminase and immunoglobulin G levels, presence of autoantibodies and interface hepatitis on liver histology. AIH arises in genetically predisposed individuals when a trigger, such as exposure to a virus, leads to a T cell-mediated autoimmune response directed against liver autoantigens; this immune response is permitted by inadequate regulatory immune control leading to a loss of tolerance. AIH responds favourably to immunosuppressive treatment, which should be started as soon as the diagnosis is made. Standard regimens include fairly high initial doses of corticosteroids (prednisone or prednisolone), which are tapered gradually as azathioprine is introduced. For those patients who do not respond to standard treatment, second-line drugs should be considered, including mycophenolate mofetil, calcineurin inhibitors, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors and biologic agents, which should be administered only in specialized hepatology centres. Liver transplantation is a life-saving option for those who progress to end-stage liver disease, although AIH can recur or develop de novo after transplantation. In-depth investigation of immune pathways and analysis of changes to the intestinal microbiota should advance our knowledge of the pathogenesis of AIH and lead to novel, tailored and better tolerated therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgina Mieli-Vergani
- Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, MowatLabs, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, SE5 9RS London, UK
| | - Diego Vergani
- Institute of Liver Studies, MowatLabs, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, SE5 9RS London, UK
| | - Albert J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Edward L Krawitt
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - John M Vierling
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aldo J Montano-Loza
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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20
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Is being homeless or having worries on housing associated with stomach, liver, bowel, and bladder problems? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 26:491-2. [PMID: 24598383 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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21
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Kamimura D, Yamada M, Harada M, Sabharwal L, Meng J, Bando H, Ogura H, Atsumi T, Arima Y, Murakami M. The gateway theory: bridging neural and immune interactions in the CNS. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:204. [PMID: 24194696 PMCID: PMC3810779 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is considered an immune-privileged tissue protected by a specific vessel structure, the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Upon infection or traumatic injury in the CNS, the BBB is breached, and various immune cells are recruited to the affected area. In the case of autoimmune diseases in the CNS like multiple sclerosis (MS), autoreactive T cells against some CNS-specific antigens can theoretically attack neurons throughout the CNS. The affected CNS regions in MS patients can be detected as multiple focal plaques in the cerebrum, thoracic cord, and other regions. Vision problems are often associated with the initial phase of MS, suggesting a disturbance in the optic nerves. These observations raise the possibility that there exist specific signals that direct autoreactive T cells past the BBB and into particular sites of the CNS. Using a mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we recently defined the mechanism of the pathogenesis in which regional neural stimulations modulate the status of the blood vessel endothelium to allow the invasion of autoreactive T cells into specific sites of the CNS via the fifth lumbar cord. This gate for autoreactive T cells can be artificially manipulated by removing gravity forces on the hind legs or by electric pulses to the soleus muscles, quadriceps, and triceps of mice, resulting in an accumulation of autoreactive T cells in the intended regions via the activation of regional neurons. Gating blood vessels by regional neural stimulations, a phenomenon we call the gateway theory, has potential therapeutic value not only in preventing autoimmunity, but also in augmenting the effects of cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kamimura
- JST-CREST, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Suita, Osaka, Japan
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22
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Identifying opportunities to improve management of autoimmune hepatitis: evaluation of drug adherence and psychosocial factors. J Hepatol 2012; 57:1299-304. [PMID: 22871503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Recognizing the importance of adherence to therapy in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is critical for patient care and avoidance of unnecessary intervention. The influence of psychosocial factors on treatment adherence needs better understanding and prominence. We sought to determine the association between anxiety, depressive symptoms, and avoidant relationship style on self-reported immunosuppressant medication adherence and treatment response in patients with AIH. METHODS Fifty two patients with AIH were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR) and a visual analogue scale to measure self-reported adherence. Laboratory markers of adherence and immunosuppressant treatment response were recorded. Chi-square Fisher's exact or Wilcox rank sum tests were used for comparison between groups. RESULTS Treatment responders compared to non-responders were older (p=0.035), had normal or mild score ranges for anxiety and depression (p=0.025) and were significantly more likely to report >80% treatment adherence (p=0.007). Non-responders had higher anxiety symptoms (p=0.025), and significantly higher ECR-avoidance scores (p=0.023), suggestive of a tendency towards a more avoidant relationship style. CONCLUSIONS We formally document that patients with AIH who have higher depressive and anxiety symptoms and avoidant relationship styles are more likely to be non-adherent to AIH therapy. We reiterate the need for early recognition and treatment of anxiety and depression in patients with AIH, stress the need for treatment adherence and highlight the need for formal evaluation of these factors in trials of therapy targeting apparent treatment non-responders.
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23
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Biegler KA, Anderson AKL, Wenzel LB, Osann K, Nelson EL. Longitudinal change in telomere length and the chronic stress response in a randomized pilot biobehavioral clinical study: implications for cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012; 5:1173-82. [PMID: 22827974 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-12-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Shortened telomere length is associated with increased cancer incidence and mortality. Populations experiencing chronic stress have accelerated telomere shortening. In this exploratory study, we examined associations between longitudinal changes in patient reported outcomes (PRO) of psychologic distress and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) telomere length to test the hypothesis that modulation of the chronic stress response would also modulate telomere dynamics. Archived PBMC specimens (N = 22) were analyzed from a completed and reported randomized, longitudinal trial that showed a psychosocial telephone counseling intervention improved quality of life (QOL) and modulated stress-associated biomarkers in cervical cancer survivors. PROs and biospecimens were collected at baseline and 4 months postenrollment. Telomere length of archived PBMCs was evaluated using the flow-FISH assay. Longitudinal changes in psychologic distress, measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory-18, were significantly associated with increased telomere length within the CD14(+) (monocyte) population (r = -0.46, P = 0.043); a similar trend was observed for the CD14(-) population. Longitudinal changes in telomere length of the CD14(-) subset, primarily T lymphocytes, were associated with longitudinal increases in the naive T-cell population (r = 0.49, P = 0.052). Alterations in the chronic stress response were associated with modulation of telomere length in PBMCs, with evidence for mobilization of "younger" cells from progenitor populations. These data provide preliminary support for the (i) capacity to modulate the chronic stress response and the associated accelerated telomere shortening, (ii) inclusion of telomere length in the biobehavioral paradigm, and (iii) potential link between the chronic stress response and biologic mechanisms responsible for genomic integrity and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Biegler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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24
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Faisal-Cury A, Savoia MG, Menezes PR. Coping style and depressive symptomatology during pregnancy in a private setting sample. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 15:295-305. [PMID: 22379719 DOI: 10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n1.37336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the association of antenatal depressive symptomatology (AD) with life events and coping styles, the hypothesis was that certain coping strategies are associated to depressive symptomatology. METHODS We performed a cross sectional study of 312 women attending a private clinic in the city of Osasco, São Paulo from 27/05/1998 to 13/05/2002. The following instruments were used: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Holmes and Rahe Schedule of Recent Events (SSRS), Folkman and Lazarus Ways of Coping Questionnaire and questionnaire with social-demographic and obstetric data. INCLUSION CRITERIA women with no past history of depression, psychiatric treatment, alcohol or drug abuse and no clinical-obstetrical complications. Odds ratios and 95% CI were used to examine the association between AD (according to BDI) and exposures variables. Hypothesis testing was done with Chi2 tests and ap value < .05. RESULTS AD occurred in 21.1% of pregnant women. By the univariate analyses, education, number of pregnancies, previous abortion, husband income, situation of marriage and score of SSRS were associated with AD. All coping styles were associated with AD, except seeking support and positive reappraisal. By the multivariate analyses, four coping styles were kept in the final model: confront (p = .039), accepting responsibility (p < .001), escape-avoidance (p = .002), problem-solving (p = .005). CONCLUSIONS AD was highly prevalent and was associated with maladaptive coping styles.
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25
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Salinero-Fort MÁ, del Otero-Sanz L, Martín-Madrazo C, de Burgos-Lunar C, Chico-Moraleja RM, Rodés-Soldevila B, Jiménez-García R, Gómez-Campelo P. The relationship between social support and self-reported health status in immigrants: an adjusted analysis in the Madrid Cross Sectional Study. BMC FAMILY PRACTICE 2011; 12:46. [PMID: 21651759 PMCID: PMC3129304 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2296-12-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Social support is an important factor in the adaptation process of immigrants, helping for their integration in a new environment. The lack of social support may influence on well-being and health status. The aim of this study is to describe the social support of immigrant and native population and study the possible association between immigration and lack social support after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, income, stress and self-reported health status. Methods Cross-sectional population based study of immigrants and national patients without mental disorders of 15 urban primary health centers in the north-eastern area of Madrid. Participants provided information on social support, stress level, perceived health status and socio-economic characteristics. Descriptive and multiple logistic regression were conducted. Results The proportion of the global perception of social support among immigrants and natives was 79.2% and 94.2%, respectively. The lack of global social support adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) of immigrant was 2.72 (95% Confidence Interval = 1.81-4.09), showing a significant association with being male (PR = 2.26), having monthly income below 500 euros (PR = 3.81) and suffering stress (PR = 1.94). For the dimensions of lack of social support the higher association was being an immigrant and suffering stress. Conclusions We conclude that with regardless of the level of monthly income, stress level, self-reported health status, and gender, immigrant status is directly associated with lack social support. The variable most strongly associated with lack social support has been monthly income below 500 euros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Á Salinero-Fort
- Fundación de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Carlos III, and Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, (Avda. de Atenas, s/n.), Alcorcón, C/Sinesio Delgado, 10, Madrid (28029), Spain.
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