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Zhang C, Huang Y, Liang M, Wu J, Wang G. Characterization of m6A RNA methylation mediated immune heterogeneity and functional validation in hepatocellular carcinoma. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38409934 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) mediates RNA modification in various biological processes. It plays a key role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through regulating methyltransferase. The present study aims to analyze the correlation between the m6 A and the immune status of HCC, and to construct an m6 A-related prognostic signature for HCC. METHODS HCC subtypes with different m6 A modification activities were identified based on the m6 A-related genes. Lasso Cox regression was applied to construct an m6 A-related prognostic model for HCC. Then, the prognostic potential of the constructed signature was evaluated and validated in the external validation dataset. Small interfering RNAs were designed to knockdown FBXO5. CCK-8 assay, Edu staining, wound healing assay, and Transwell cell invasion assay were used to detect cell proliferation, migration, and invasion ability. RESULTS Two m6 A-related HCC subtypes were identified. The m6 A modification active group showed an immune suppressive microenvironment compared to the m6 A modification inactive group. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the HCC subtypes were screened. Enrichment analysis was performed using the DEGs. Subsequently, an m6 A-related prognostic model was established. The prognostic model performed well in both training and validation datasets. Moreover, knockdown of FBXO5, one of the genes in the prognostic model, inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HepG2 cells. CONCLUSIONS The heterogeneity of m6 A RNA methylation is associated with immune status in HCC. The constructed m6 A-related gene-based signature can predict the prognosis of HCC patients. The genes in the prognostic model also have therapeutic potential for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyou Zhang
- Department of neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Department of gastroenterology, Heilongjiang red cross sengong general hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Liang
- Department of infectious, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinrong Wu
- Department of anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangyou Wang
- Department of neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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von Bülow V, Schneider M, Dreizler D, Russ L, Baier A, Buss N, Lichtenberger J, Härle L, Müller H, Tschuschner A, Schramm G, Pons-Kühnemann J, Grevelding CG, Roeb E, Roderfeld M. Schistosoma mansoni-Induced Oxidative Stress Triggers Hepatocellular Proliferation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:107-117. [PMID: 37696392 PMCID: PMC10665951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Schistosomiasis is one of the most prominent parasite-induced infectious diseases, affecting more than 250 million people. Schistosoma mansoni causes metabolic exhaustion and a strong redox imbalance in the liver, causing parenchymal damage, and may predispose for cancer. We investigated whether oxidative stress provokes hepatocellular proliferation upon S. mansoni infection. METHODS The cell cycle, replication stress response, and proliferation were analyzed on transcriptional and protein levels in the livers of S. mansoni-infected hamsters and by mechanistic gain- and loss-of-function experiments in human hepatoma cells. Major results were validated in human biopsy specimens of S. mansoni-infected patients. RESULTS S. mansoni infection induced licensing factors of DNA replication and cell-cycle checkpoint cyclins in parallel with a DNA damage response in hamster hepatocytes. Moreover, even unisexual infection without egg effects, as a reflection of a chronic inflammatory process, resulted in a moderate activation of several cell-cycle markers. S. mansoni soluble egg antigens induced proliferation of human hepatoma cells that could be abolished by reduced glutathione. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that hepatocellular proliferation is triggered by S. mansoni egg-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena von Bülow
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Maryam Schneider
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Dreizler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lena Russ
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anne Baier
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nicola Buss
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jakob Lichtenberger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lukas Härle
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Heike Müller
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Annette Tschuschner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schramm
- Early Life Origin of Chronic Lung Diseases, Priority Research Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Jörn Pons-Kühnemann
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph G Grevelding
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elke Roeb
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Roderfeld
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Li C, Gao Y, Lu C, Guo M. Identification of potential biomarkers for colorectal cancer by clinical database analysis and Kaplan-Meier curves analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e32877. [PMID: 36820595 PMCID: PMC9907961 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore critical genes as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) for clinical utility. To identify and screen candidate genes involved in CRC carcinogenesis and disease progression, we downloaded microarray datasets GSE89076, GSE73360, and GSE32323 from the GEO database identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and performed a functional enrichment analysis. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed, and correlated module analysis was performed using STRING and Cytoscape. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve shows the survival of the hub genes. The expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK1), cyclin B1 (CCNB1), and PCNA in tissues and changes in tumor grade were analyzed. A total of 329 DEGs were identified, including 264 upregulated and 65 downregulated genes. The functions and pathways of DEGs include the mitotic cell cycle, poly(A) RNA binding replication, ATP binding, DNA replication, ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes, and RNA transport. Forty-seven Hub genes were identified, and biological process analysis showed that these genes were mainly enriched in cell cycle and DNA replication. Patients with mutations in CDK1, PCNA, and CCNB1 had poorer survival rates. CDK1, PCNA, and CCNB1 were significantly overexpressed in the tumor tissues. The expression of CDK1 and CCNB1 gradually decreased with increasing tumor grade. CDK1, CCNB1, and PCNA can be used as potential markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of CRC. These genes are overexpressed in colon cancer tissues and are associated with low survival rates in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Li
- Second Clinical Medical College, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Department of General Surgery Center, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of General Surgery Center, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Chunlei Lu
- Department of General Surgery Center, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Mingxiao Guo
- Department of General Surgery Center, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, China
- * Correspondence: Mingxiao Guo, Department of General Surgery Center, Linyi People’s Hospital, 27 East Jiefang Road, Linyi 276000, China (e-mail: )
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Song HY, Shen R, Mahasin H, Guo YN, Wang DG. DNA replication: Mechanisms and therapeutic interventions for diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e210. [PMID: 36776764 PMCID: PMC9899494 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate and integral cellular DNA replication is modulated by multiple replication-associated proteins, which is fundamental to preserve genome stability. Furthermore, replication proteins cooperate with multiple DNA damage factors to deal with replication stress through mechanisms beyond their role in replication. Cancer cells with chronic replication stress exhibit aberrant DNA replication and DNA damage response, providing an exploitable therapeutic target in tumors. Numerous evidence has indicated that posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of replication proteins present distinct functions in DNA replication and respond to replication stress. In addition, abundant replication proteins are involved in tumorigenesis and development, which act as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in some tumors, implying these proteins act as therapeutic targets in clinical. Replication-target cancer therapy emerges as the times require. In this context, we outline the current investigation of the DNA replication mechanism, and simultaneously enumerate the aberrant expression of replication proteins as hallmark for various diseases, revealing their therapeutic potential for target therapy. Meanwhile, we also discuss current observations that the novel PTM of replication proteins in response to replication stress, which seems to be a promising strategy to eliminate diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yun Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Rong Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Hamid Mahasin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Ya-Nan Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - De-Gui Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
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Jin S, Park JH, Yun HJ, Oh YN, Oh S, Choi YH, Kim BW, Kwon HJ. Cedrol, a Sesquiterpene Isolated from Juniperus chinensis, Inhibits Human Colorectal Tumor Growth associated through Downregulation of Minichromosome Maintenance Proteins. J Cancer Prev 2022; 27:221-228. [PMID: 36713942 PMCID: PMC9836914 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2022.27.4.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cedrol, a sesquiterpene alcohol, isolated from Juniperus chinensis has been reported to inhibit minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins as cancer biomarkers in human lung cancer in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the anti-cancer activity of cedrol in vitro and in vivo using human colorectal cancer HT29 cells and a human colorectal tumor xenograft model. Cedrol inhibited MCM protein expression and cell growth in HT29 cells, which are associated with G1 arrest and the induction of apoptosis. We demonstrated that cedrol effectively reduced HT29 tumor growth without apparent weight loss in a human tumor xenograft model. Compared with vehicle- and adriamycin-treated tumor tissues, cedrol induced changes in the tumor tissue structure, resulting in a reduced cell density within the tumor parenchyma and reduced vascularization. Moreover, the expression of MCM7, an important subunit of MCM helicase, was significantly suppressed by cedrol in tumor tissue. Collectively, these results suggest that cedrol may act as a potential anti-cancer agent for colorectal cancer by inhibiting MCM protein expression and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojung Jin
- Core-Facility Center for Tissue Regeneration, Dong-eui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jung-ha Park
- Core-Facility Center for Tissue Regeneration, Dong-eui University, Busan, Korea,Biopharmaceutical Engineering Major, Division of Applied Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Dong-eui University, Busan, Korea,Department of Biopharmaceutics, Dong-eui University Graduate School, Busan, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Yun
- Biopharmaceutical Engineering Major, Division of Applied Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Dong-eui University, Busan, Korea,Department of Biopharmaceutics, Dong-eui University Graduate School, Busan, Korea
| | - You Na Oh
- Core-Facility Center for Tissue Regeneration, Dong-eui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Seunghye Oh
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Dong-eui University Graduate School, Busan, Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Core-Facility Center for Tissue Regeneration, Dong-eui University, Busan, Korea,Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Byung Woo Kim
- Biopharmaceutical Engineering Major, Division of Applied Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Dong-eui University, Busan, Korea,Department of Biopharmaceutics, Dong-eui University Graduate School, Busan, Korea,Blue-Bio Industry Regional Innovation Center, Dong-eui University, Busan, Korea,Byung Woo Kim, E-mail: , https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7940-1074
| | - Hyun Ju Kwon
- Core-Facility Center for Tissue Regeneration, Dong-eui University, Busan, Korea,Biopharmaceutical Engineering Major, Division of Applied Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Dong-eui University, Busan, Korea,Department of Biopharmaceutics, Dong-eui University Graduate School, Busan, Korea,Blue-Bio Industry Regional Innovation Center, Dong-eui University, Busan, Korea,Correspondence to Hyun Ju Kwon, E-mail: , https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1375-0906
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A novel epithelial-mesenchymal transition gene signature for the immune status and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int 2022; 16:906-917. [PMID: 35699863 PMCID: PMC9349121 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-022-10354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background This study clarified whether EMT-related genes can predict immunotherapy efficacy and overall survival in patients with HCC. Methods The RNA-sequencing profiles and patient information of 370 samples were derived from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset, and EMT-related genes were obtained from the Molecular Signatures database. The signature model was constructed using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression analysis in TCGA cohort. Validation data were obtained from the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) dataset of patients with HCC. Kaplan–Meier analysis and multivariate Cox analyses were employed to estimate the prognostic value. Immune status and tumor microenvironment were estimated using a single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). The expression of prognostic genes was verified using qRT-PCR analysis of HCC cell lines. Results A signature model was constructed using EMT-related genes to determine HCC prognosis, based on which patients were divided into high-risk and low-risk groups. The risk score, as an independent factor, was related to tumor stage, grade, and immune cells infiltration. The results indicated that the most prognostic genes were highly expressed in the HCC cell lines, but GADD45B was down-regulated. Enrichment analysis suggested that immunoglobulin receptor binding and material metabolism were essential in the prognostic signature. Conclusion Our novel prognostic signature model has a vital impact on immune status and prognosis, significantly helping the decision-making related to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with HCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12072-022-10354-3.
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Boldrini L, Faviana P, Galli L, Paolieri F, Erba PA, Bardi M. Multi-Dimensional Scaling Analysis of Key Regulatory Genes in Prostate Cancer Using the TCGA Database. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1350. [PMID: 34573332 PMCID: PMC8468120 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is a polygenic disease with multiple gene interactions. Therefore, a detailed analysis of its epidemiology and evaluation of risk factors can help to identify more accurate predictors of aggressive disease. We used the transcriptome data from a cohort of 243 patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Key regulatory genes involved in proliferation activity, in the regulation of stress, and in the regulation of inflammation processes of the tumor microenvironment were selected to test a priori multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) models and create a combined score to better predict the patients' survival and disease-free intervals. Survival was positively correlated with cortisol expression and negatively with Mini-Chromosome Maintenance 7 (MCM7) and Breast-Related Cancer Antigen2 (BRCA2) expression. The disease-free interval was negatively related to the expression of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), MCM7, BRCA2, and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1). MDS suggested two separate pathways of activation in PC. Within these two dimensions three separate clusters emerged: (1) cortisol and brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF, (2) PD-L1 and cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTL4); (3) and finally EZH2, MCM7, BRCA2, and c-Myc. We entered the three clusters of association shown in the MDS in several Kaplan-Meier analyses. It was found that only Cluster 3 was significantly related to the interval-disease free, indicating that patients with an overall higher activity of regulatory genes of proliferation and DNA repair had a lower probability to have a longer disease-free time. In conclusion, our data study provided initial evidence that selecting patients with a high grade of proliferation and DNA repair activity could lead to an early identification of an aggressive PC with a potentials for metastatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Boldrini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Pinuccia Faviana
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Luca Galli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (F.P.); (P.A.E.)
| | - Federico Paolieri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (F.P.); (P.A.E.)
| | - Paola Anna Erba
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (F.P.); (P.A.E.)
| | - Massimo Bardi
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005, USA;
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Zhao M, Wang Y, Jiang C, Wang Q, Mi J, Zhang Y, Zuo L, Geng Z, Song X, Ge S, Li J, Wen H, Wang J, Wang Z, Su F. miR-107 regulates the effect of MCM7 on the proliferation and apoptosis of colorectal cancer via the PAK2 pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114610. [PMID: 34010598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Microchromosome maintenance protein 7 (MCM7), a DNA replication permitting factor, plays an essential role in initiating DNA replication. MCM7 is reported to be involved in tumor formation and progression, whereas the expression profile and molecular function of MCM7 in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical significance and biological function of MCM7 in CRC and investigated whether MCM7 can be used for a differential diagnosis in CRC and whether it may serve as a more sensitive proliferation marker for CRC evaluation. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis of MCM7 was performed in a total of 89 specimens, and high MCM7 expression levels were associated with worse overall survival (OS) in CRC patients. Furthermore, the cell functional test suggested that lentivirus-mediated silencing of MCM7 with shRNA in CRC cells significantly inhibited cellular proliferation and promoted apoptosis in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Additionally, mechanistic studies further demonstrated that P21-activated protein kinase 2 (PAK2) was regulated by MCM7 via microarray analysis and cell functional recovery tests, and miR-107 played a role in regulating expression MCM7 via miRNA microarray analysis and 3'UTR reporter assays. Taken together, our results suggest that the miR-107/MCM7/PAK2 pathway may participate in cancer progression and that MCM7 may serve as a prognostic biomarker in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, Anhui, PR China
| | - Chenchen Jiang
- Cancer Neurobiology Group, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; School of Medicine & Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Network Information Center, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Mi
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, Anhui, PR China
| | - Lugen Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, Anhui, PR China
| | - Zhijun Geng
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xue Song
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, Anhui, PR China
| | - Sitang Ge
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hexin Wen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, Anhui, PR China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, Anhui, PR China
| | - Zishu Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Fang Su
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233004, Anhui, PR China.
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Zheng R, Lai G, Li R, Hao Y, Cai L, Jia J. Increased expression of MCM4 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:153-173. [PMID: 33708433 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-20-574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The minichromosome maintenance (MCM) protein complex is important for DNA replication. Moreover, the expression of specific MCM complex components has been associated with the survival of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. However, the expression and functional roles of minichromosome maintenance complex component 4 (MCM4) in HCC development and progression have not yet been explored. We analyzed the expression and clinical significance of MCM4, including its association with liver cancer patient survival. Methods Oncomine, UALCAN, and HCCDB (a database of HCC expression atlas) were used to characterize the expression of MCM4 in tumor and normal tissues. The expression of MCM4 at the protein level was confirmed based on immunohistochemistry (IHC) data obtained from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database. The level of MCM4 was measured in tumor and adjacent normal tissues by RT-qPCR, western blot and IHC staining. The copy number alterations (CNAs) and mutations in MCM4 were analyzed by cBioPortal, whereas the co-expression genes of MCM4 in HCC were obtained from Oncomine, and used for gene ontology and pathway analysis via the NetworkAnalyst 3.0 tool, to explore the predictive signaling pathway in HCC. Results The levels of MCM4 messenger (m)RNA and protein were found to be significantly higher in liver cancer tissues than in normal liver tissues. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the upregulation of MCM4 was significantly negatively correlated with the survival of HCC patients. Conclusions Our data suggest that MCM4 may be used as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruinian Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Dongguan Institute of Clinical Cancer Research, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Guowei Lai
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Rongfa Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yanyan Hao
- Department of Oncology, Dongguan Institute of Clinical Cancer Research, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Limin Cai
- Dongguan Institute of Clinical Cancer Research, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jun Jia
- Department of Oncology, Dongguan Institute of Clinical Cancer Research, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
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MCM family in gastrointestinal cancer and other malignancies: From functional characterization to clinical implication. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188415. [PMID: 32822825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent advances in cancer research and treatment, gastrointestinal (GI) cancers remain the most common deadly disease worldwide. The aberrant DNA replication serves as a major source of genomic instability and enhances cell proliferation that contributes to tumor initiation and progression. Minichromosome maintenance family (MCMs) is a well-recognized group of proteins responsible for DNA synthesis. Recent studies suggested that dysregulated MCMs lead to tumor initiation, progression, and chemoresistance via modulating cell cycle and DNA replication stress. Their underlying mechanisms in various cancer types have been gradually identified. Furthermore, multiple studies have investigated the association between MCMs expression and clinicopathological features of cancer patients, implying that MCMs might serve as prominent prognostic biomarkers for GI cancers. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the oncogenic role of MCM proteins and highlights their clinical implications in various malignancies, especially in GI cancers. Targeting MCMs might shed light on the potential for identifying novel therapeutic strategies.
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Zhang Y, Ma C, Wang Z, Zhou Q, Sun S, Ma P, Lv L, Jiang X, Wang X, Zhan L. Large-sized graphene oxide synergistically enhances parenchymal hepatocyte IL-6 expression monitored by dynamic imaging. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:8147-8158. [PMID: 32236244 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10713d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxides (GOs) have received significant attention as emerging biomedical materials due to their special properties. The application of GOs in biological systems has raised considerable concern about their hepatotoxicity, however their biological effects on parenchymal hepatocytes remain unclear, despite the fact that GOs have shown size-dependent interactions with immunocytes in the liver. Herein we chose pleiotropic cytokine IL-6 as the model parameter to investigate inflammation responses upon exposure to GOs. An early and sensitive reporter mouse model was constructed, allowing non-invasive and longitudinal imaging of parenchymal hepatocyte IL-6 expressions. GOs of various lateral dimensions were assessed by using the reporter mice. The results demonstrated that large-sized GOs (L-GO) induced much stronger IL-6 activation. A detailed analysis uncovered that L-GO induced ROS production and TLR-4 activation promoted macrophage polarization and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, activated via> the NF-κB signaling pathway, which in turn initiated the expression of IL-6 in hepatocytes. These in-depth investigations are expected to help modulate the inflammatory responses involved in hepatotoxicity and provide extended information to design sub-hepatic distribution and cell subset targeting by controlling the nanoparticle sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zhang
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China.
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12
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Zhu HR, Yu XN, Zhang GC, Shi X, Bilegsaikhan E, Guo HY, Liu LL, Cai Y, Song GQ, Liu TT, Dong L, Janssen HLA, Weng SQ, Wu J, Shen XZ, Zhu JM. Comprehensive analysis of long non‑coding RNA‑messenger RNA‑microRNA co‑expression network identifies cell cycle‑related lncRNA in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:1844-1854. [PMID: 31485608 PMCID: PMC6777664 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to contribute to progression and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, expression profiling and interaction of lncRNAs with messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) remain largely unknown in HCC. The expression profiling of lncRNAs, mRNA and miRNAs was obtained using microarray. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis were used to characterize potential functions of differentially expressed mRNAs. Cytoscape was applied to construct an lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA co-expression network and candidate lncRNAs were validated via quantitative PCR in 30 pairs of HCC and adjacent tumor-free tissues. In this study, 1,056 upregulated and 1,288 downregulated lncRNAs were identified, while 2,687 mRNAs and 6 miRNAs were aberrantly expressed in HCC compared with adjacent tumor-free tissues. Potential functions of differentially expressed mRNAs were demonstrated to significantly participate in modulating critical genes in the cell cycle, such as cyclin E1 and cyclin B2. After screening, 95 lncRNAs, 5 miRNAs and 36 mRNAs were recruited for construction of lncRNA-mRNA-miRNA co-expression network in the cell cycle pathway. Subsequently, the top 5 lncRNAs that potentially modulate critical genes in the cell cycle were selected as the candidates for further verification. Kaplan-Meier curves using the Cancer Genome Atlas database showed that 13 targeted mRNAs were associated with overall survival of HCC patients. Finally, three lncRNAs, including ENST00000522221, lnc-HACE1-6:1 and lnc-ICOSLG-11:1, are significantly upregulated in HCC tissues compared with adjacent tumor-free tissues. These findings suggest that lncRNAs play essential roles in the pathogenesis of HCC via regulating coding genes and miRNAs, and may be important targets for diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Rong Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Nan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Cong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Enkhnaran Bilegsaikhan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Ying Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Qi Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Tao-Tao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ling Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Harry L A Janssen
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Toronto and University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Shu-Qiang Weng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Zhong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Min Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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13
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Wang HY, Zhang B, Zhou JN, Wang DX, Xu YC, Zeng Q, Jia YL, Xi JF, Nan X, He LJ, Yue W, Pei XT. Arsenic trioxide inhibits liver cancer stem cells and metastasis by targeting SRF/MCM7 complex. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:453. [PMID: 31186405 PMCID: PMC6560089 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high mortality rate due to the lack of effective treatments and drugs. Arsenic trioxide (ATO), which has been proved to successfully treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), was recently reported to show therapeutic potential in solid tumors including HCC. However, its anticancer mechanisms in HCC still need further investigation. In this study, we demonstrated that ATO inhibits tumorigenesis and distant metastasis in mouse models, corresponding with a prolonged mice survival time. Also, ATO was found to significantly decrease the cancer stem cell (CSC)-associated traits. Minichromosome maintenance protein (MCM) 7 was further identified to be a potential target suppressed dramatically by ATO, of which protein expression is increased in patients and significantly correlated with tumor size, cellular differentiation, portal venous emboli, and poor patient survival. Moreover, MCM7 knockdown recapitulates the effects of ATO on CSCs and metastasis, while ectopic expression of MCM7 abolishes them. Mechanistically, our results suggested that ATO suppresses MCM7 transcription by targeting serum response factor (SRF)/MCM7 complex, which functions as an important transcriptional regulator modulating MCM7 expression. Taken together, our findings highlight the importance of ATO in the treatment of solid tumors. The identification of SRF/MCM7 complex as a target of ATO provides new insights into ATO’s mechanism, which may benefit the appropriate use of this agent in the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Wang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, 510005, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, 510005, China
| | - Jun-Nian Zhou
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China. .,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, 510005, China. .,Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Dong-Xing Wang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, 510005, China
| | - Ying-Chen Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Quan Zeng
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, 510005, China
| | - Ya-Li Jia
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, 510005, China.,Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jia-Fei Xi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, 510005, China
| | - Xue Nan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, 510005, China
| | - Li-Juan He
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, 510005, China
| | - Wen Yue
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China. .,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
| | - Xue-Tao Pei
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China. .,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
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14
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Xiang XH, Yang L, Zhang X, Ma XH, Miao RC, Gu JX, Fu YN, Yao Q, Zhang JY, Liu C, Lin T, Qu K. Seven-senescence-associated gene signature predicts overall survival for Asian patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:1715-1728. [PMID: 31011256 PMCID: PMC6465944 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i14.1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular senescence is a recognized barrier for progression of chronic liver diseases to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The expression of a cluster of genes is altered in response to environmental factors during senescence. However, it is questionable whether these genes could serve as biomarkers for HCC patients.
AIM To develop a signature of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) that predicts patients’ overall survival (OS) to improve prognosis prediction of HCC.
METHODS SAGs were identified using two senescent cell models. Univariate COX regression analysis was performed to screen the candidate genes significantly associated with OS of HCC in a discovery cohort (GSE14520) for the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator modelling. Prognostic value of this seven-gene signature was evaluated using two independent cohorts retrieved from the GEO (GSE14520) and the Cancer Genome Atlas datasets, respectively. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to compare the predictive accuracy of the seven-SAG signature and serum α-fetoprotein (AFP).
RESULTS A total of 42 SAGs were screened and seven of them, including KIF18B, CEP55, CIT, MCM7, CDC45, EZH2, and MCM5, were used to construct a prognostic formula. All seven genes were significantly downregulated in senescent cells and upregulated in HCC tissues. Survival analysis indicated that our seven-SAG signature was strongly associated with OS, especially in Asian populations, both in discovery and validation cohorts. Moreover, time-dependent ROC curve analysis suggested the seven-gene signature had a better predictive accuracy than serum AFP in predicting HCC patients’ 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS.
CONCLUSION We developed a seven-SAG signature, which could predict OS of Asian HCC patients. This risk model provides new clinical evidence for the accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Taishan Medical College, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Run-Chen Miao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing-Xian Gu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yu-Nong Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing-Yao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kai Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
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15
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Mughal MJ, Mahadevappa R, Kwok HF. DNA replication licensing proteins: Saints and sinners in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 58:11-21. [PMID: 30502375 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA replication is all-or-none process in the cell, meaning, once the DNA replication begins it proceeds to completion. Hence, to achieve maximum control of DNA replication, eukaryotic cells employ a multi-subunit initiator protein complex known as "pre-replication complex or DNA replication licensing complex (DNA replication LC). This complex involves multiple proteins which are origin-recognition complex family proteins, cell division cycle-6, chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1, and minichromosome maintenance family proteins. Higher-expression of DNA replication LC proteins appears to be an early event during development of cancer since it has been a common hallmark observed in a wide variety of cancers such as oesophageal, laryngeal, pulmonary, mammary, colorectal, renal, urothelial etc. However, the exact mechanisms leading to the abnormally high expression of DNA replication LC have not been clearly deciphered. Increased expression of DNA replication LC leads to licensing and/or firing of multiple origins thereby inducing replication stress and genomic instability. Therapeutic approaches where the reduction in the activity of DNA replication LC was achieved either by siRNA or shRNA techniques, have shown increased sensitivity of cancer cell lines towards the anti-cancer drugs such as cisplatin, 5-Fluorouracil, hydroxyurea etc. Thus, the expression level of DNA replication LC within the cell determines a cell's fate thereby creating a paradox where DNA replication LC acts as both "Saint" and "Sinner". With a potential to increase sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs, DNA replication LC proteins have prospective clinical importance in fighting cancer. Hence, in this review, we will shed light on importance of DNA replication LC with an aim to use DNA replication LC in diagnosis and prognosis of cancer in patients as well as possible therapeutic targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jameel Mughal
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau
| | - Ravikiran Mahadevappa
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau.
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16
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Liao X, Han C, Wang X, Huang K, Yu T, Yang C, Huang R, Liu Z, Han Q, Peng T. Prognostic value of minichromosome maintenance mRNA expression in early-stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:3255-3271. [PMID: 30233242 PMCID: PMC6130532 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s171293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the current study was to investigate the potential prognostic value of minichromosome maintenance (MCM) genes in patients with early-stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) after pancreaticoduodenectomy by using the RNA-sequencing dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Methods An RNA-sequencing dataset of 112 early-stage PDAC patients who received a pancreaticoduodenectomy was obtained from TCGA. Survival analysis was used to identify potential prognostic values of MCM genes in PDAC overall survival (OS). Results Through mining public databases, we observed that MCM genes (MCM2, MCM3, MCM4, MCM5, MCM6, and MCM7) were upregulated in pancreatic cancer tumor tissue and have a strong positive coexpression with each other. Multivariate survival analysis indicated that a high expression of MCM4 significantly increased the risk of death in patients with PDAC, and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.655, 0.587, and 0.509 for a 1-, 2-, and 3-year PDAC OS prediction, respectively. Comprehensive survival analysis of MCM4 using stratified and joint effects survival analysis suggests that MCM4 may be an independent prognostic indicator for PDAC OS. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that MCM4 may participate in multiple biologic processes and pathways, including DNA replication, cell cycle, tumor protein p53, and Notch signaling pathways, thereby affecting prognosis of PDAC patients. Conclusions Our study indicates that MCM2–7 were upregulated in pancreatic cancer tumor tissues, and mRNA expression of MCM4 may serve as an independent prognostic indicator for PDAC OS prediction after pancreaticoduodenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Chuangye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiangkun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Ketuan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Tingdong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Chengkun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengqian Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Quanfa Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
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17
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Liao X, Liu X, Yang C, Wang X, Yu T, Han C, Huang K, Zhu G, Su H, Qin W, Huang R, Yu L, Deng J, Zeng X, Ye X, Peng T. Distinct Diagnostic and Prognostic Values of Minichromosome Maintenance Gene Expression in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Cancer 2018; 9:2357-2373. [PMID: 30026832 PMCID: PMC6036720 DOI: 10.7150/jca.25221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of the present study was to identify diagnostic and prognostic values of minichromosome maintenance (MCM) gene expression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: The biological function of the MCM genes were investigated by bioinformatics analysis. The diagnostic and prognostic values of the MCM genes were investigated by using the data of HCC patients from the GSE14520 and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. Results: Bioinformatics analysis of the MCM genes substantiated that MCM2-7 genes were significantly enriched in DNA replication and cell cycle, and co-expressed with each other. These genes also co-expressed in HCC tumor tissue in both the GSE14520 and TCGA cohort. We also observed that the expression of the MCM2-7 genes was increased in tumor tissue, and diagnostic receiver operating characteristic analysis of MCM2-7 indicated that these genes could serve as sensitive diagnostic markers in HCC. Survival analysis in the GSE14520 cohort suggested that expression of MCM2, MCM4, MCM5, and MCM6 were significantly associated with hepatitis B virus-related HCC overall survival (OS). However, none of the MCM genes were associated with recurrence-free survival in the GSE14520 cohort. The validation cohort of TCGA suggested that the expression of MCM2, MCM6, and MCM7 were significantly correlated with HCC OS. Conclusion: Our study indicated that MCM2-7 genes may be potential diagnostic biomarkers in patients with HCC. Among them, MCM2 and MCM6 may serve as potential prognostic biomarkers for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengkun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiangkun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Tingdong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Chuangye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Ketuan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Long Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Jianlong Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Yulin, 537000, Guangxi, China
| | - Xianmin Zeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xinping Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
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18
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Yang J, Xie Q, Zhou H, Chang L, Wei W, Wang Y, Li H, Deng Z, Xiao Y, Wu J, Xu P, Hong X. Proteomic Analysis and NIR-II Imaging of MCM2 Protein in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2428-2439. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
- Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hong Li
- Pathology Department, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuling Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Junzhu Wu
- Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xuechuan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE) and Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Medical College, Tibet University, Lasa 850000, China
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19
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Gou K, Liu J, Feng X, Li H, Yuan Y, Xing C. Expression of Minichromosome Maintenance Proteins (MCM) and Cancer Prognosis: A meta-analysis. J Cancer 2018; 9:1518-1526. [PMID: 29721062 PMCID: PMC5929097 DOI: 10.7150/jca.22691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Minichromosome maintenance proteins (MCM) played a critical role in replication and cell cycle progression. However, their prognostic roles in cancer remain controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate the prognostic value of MCMs in cancers. Totally 31 eligible articles with 7653 cancer patients were included in this meta-analysis. We evaluated the relationship between MCMs expression and overall survival (OS) in various cancer patients by using pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The meta-analysis showed that carriers with high expression of MCM5 and MCM7 were significantly associated with short OS for pooled HR (HR=1.04, 95% CI=1.01-1.08, P=0.020, HR=1.78, 95% CI=1.04-3.02, P=0.035, respectively). For pooled RR, individuals with increased MCM2 and MCM7 expression were significantly correlated with poor OS (RR=2.30, 95% CI=1.14-4.63, P=0.019; RR=3.52, 95% CI=2.01-6.18, P<0.001, respectively). The findings suggest that high expression of MCM2, MCM5 and MCM7 might serve as predictive biomarkers for poor prognosis in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihua Gou
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Hao Li
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Chengzhong Xing
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang 110001, China
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Liu Z, Li J, Chen J, Shan Q, Dai H, Xie H, Zhou L, Xu X, Zheng S. MCM family in HCC: MCM6 indicates adverse tumor features and poor outcomes and promotes S/G2 cell cycle progression. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:200. [PMID: 29463213 PMCID: PMC5819696 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Minichromosome Maintenance family (MCMs), as replication licensing factors, is involved in the pathogenesis of tumors. Here, we investigated the expression of MCMs and their values in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods MCMs were analyzed in 105 samples including normal livers (n = 15), cirrhotic livers (n = 40), HCC (n = 50) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (Cohort 1). Significantly up-regulated MCMs were verified in 102 HCC and matched peritumoral livers using PCR (Cohort 2), and the correlations with clinical features and outcomes were determined. In addition, the focused MCMs were analyzed in parallel immunohistochemistry of 345 samples on spectrum of hepatocarcinogenesis (Cohort 3) and queried for the potential specific role in cell cycle. Results MCM2–7, MCM8 and MCM10 was significantly up-regulated in HCC in Cohort 1. In Cohort 2, overexpression of MCM2–7, MCM8 and MCM10 was verified and significantly correlated with each other. Elevated MCM2, MCM6 and MCM7 were associated with adverse tumor features and poorer outcomes. In Cohort 3, MCM6 exhibited superior HCC diagnostic performance compared with MCM2 and MCM7 (AUC: 0.896 vs. 0.675 and 0.771, P < 0.01). Additionally, MCM6 other than MCM2 and MCM7 independently predicted poorer survival in 175 HCC patients. Furthermore, knockdown of MCM6 caused a delay in S/G2-phase progression as evidenced by down-regulation of CDK2, CDK4, CyclinA, CyclinB1, CyclinD1, and CyclinE in HCC cells. Conclusions We analyze MCMs mRNA and protein levels in tissue samples during hepatocarcinogenesis. MCM6 is identified as a driver of S/G2 cell cycle progression and a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker in HCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4056-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Liu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaonan Shan
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Haojiang Dai
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China. .,Collaborative innovation center for diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China. .,Collaborative innovation center for diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, Hangzhou, China.
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21
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Liu M, Hu Q, Tu M, Wang X, Yang Z, Yang G, Luo R. MCM6 promotes metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma via MEK/ERK pathway and serves as a novel serum biomarker for early recurrence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:10. [PMID: 29357919 PMCID: PMC5778693 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The high incidence of recurrence and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) necessitate the discovery of new predictive biomarkers of invasion and prognosis. Minichromosome maintenance complex component 6 (MCM6), which has been reported to up-regulate in multiple malignancies, was considered to be a novel diagnoses biomarker in HCC. However, its functional contributions and prognostic value remain unclear. Methods The expression of MCM6 was analyzed in 70 HCC tissues and 5 HCC cell lines by immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR. The roles of MCM6 in HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion were explored by CCK8, Wound healing and Transwell assays, respectively. Western blotting and Immunofluorescence staining were conducted to detect the protein expressions of ERK signaling pathway and EMT-related markers. To verify the above findings in vivo, we established subcutaneous xenograft tumor and orthotopic xenograft tumor models in nude mice. Finally, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to evaluate the serum MCM6 level. Results MCM6 was significantly up-regulated in HCC tissues. Increased MCM6 expression was associated with aggressive clinicopathological features and worse prognosis in HCC patients. These results were consistent with our analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA). Furthermore, knockdown of MCM6 significantly decreased proliferative and migratory/invasive capability of HCC cells in vitro, as well as decreased tumor volume, weight and the number of pulmonary metastases in vivo. Mechanistic analyses indicated that MCM6 promoted EMT and activated MEK/ERK signaling. More importantly, serum MCM6 levels in HCC patients were significantly higher than those in cirrhosis and healthy controls (P < 0.0001), and allowed distinguishing early recurrence with high accuracy (AUC = 0.773). Conclusions Our findings indicate that MCM6 predicts poor prognosis and promotes metastasis in HCC. Postoperative serum MCM6 level could be valuable to detect preclinical early recurrence, indicative of a need for more careful surveillance and aggressive therapeutic intervention. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-017-0669-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Liu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510315, China.,Cancer center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510315, China
| | - Qiaoting Hu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510315, China.,Cancer center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510315, China
| | - Mengxian Tu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510315, China.,Cancer center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510315, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510095, China
| | - Zike Yang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510315, China.,Cancer center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510315, China
| | - Guoxiong Yang
- Medical Imaging Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518100, China
| | - Rongcheng Luo
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510315, China. .,Cancer center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510315, China.
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22
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Neves H, Kwok HF. In sickness and in health: The many roles of the minichromosome maintenance proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:295-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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Yang JY, Li D, Zhang Y, Guan BX, Gao P, Zhou XC, Zhou CJ. The Expression of MCM7 is a Useful Biomarker in the Early Diagnostic of Gastric Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2017; 24:367-372. [PMID: 28540486 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-017-0251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (MCM7) in gastric mucosal lesions, further to find its potential effect as a biomarker to distinguish intraepithelial neoplasia from gastric mucosal lesions. MCM7 and Ki67 were detected in 93 cases of gastric mucosal lesions by immunohistochemistry. MCM7 and Ki67 expression in GT were lowest compared with other groups (P<0.001), meanwhile there were significant differences compared with Group IM and other groups in MCM7 and Ki67 expression (P<0.001). MCM7 and Ki67 expression in GSC were highest (P<0.05). Groups of LGN, HGN and GIC had no significant differences in MCM7 expression (P>0.05), but there was significant difference compared with Group LGN and Group GIC in Ki67 expression (P<0.05). MCM7 expression elevated with tumor grade increasing and had positive correlation with Ki67 significantly (r=0.940, P<0.001). Furthermore, in some cases, some tumor cells were immunoreactive to MCM7 but negative to Ki67. So we concluded that MCM7 is helpful for us to make differential diagnosis in pathological grade, MCM7 combination of Ki67 may serve as more sensitive proliferation markers for evaluation of gastric carcinoma and precancerous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yan Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247#, BeiYuan Street, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 324#, Jing 5 Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Center of Evidence-based Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247#, BeiYuan Street, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Xin Guan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247#, BeiYuan Street, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Gao
- Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, 717#, Jinbu Road, Muping District, Yantai, Shandong, 264100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Chen Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247#, BeiYuan Street, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Jun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247#, BeiYuan Street, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, People's Republic of China.
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Oncogenic activity of amplified miniature chromosome maintenance 8 in human malignancies. Oncogene 2017; 36:3629-3639. [PMID: 28481876 PMCID: PMC5481462 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Miniature chromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins play critical roles in DNA replication licensing, initiation and elongation. MCM8, one of the MCM proteins playing a critical role in DNA repairing and recombination, was found to have over-expression and increased DNA copy number in a variety of human malignancies. The gain of MCM8 is associated with aggressive clinical features of several human cancers. Increased expression of MCM8 in prostate cancer is associated with cancer recurrence. Forced expression of MCM8 in RWPE1 cells, the immortalized but non-transformed prostate epithelial cell line, exhibited fast cell growth and transformation, while knocked down of MCM8 in PC3, DU145 and LNCaP cells induced cell growth arrest, and decreased tumor volumes and mortality of severe combined immunodeficiency mice xenografted with PC3 and DU145 cells. MCM8 bound cyclin D1 and activated Rb protein phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase 4 in vitro and in vivo. The cyclin D1/MCM8 interaction is required for Rb phosphorylation and S phase entry in cancer cells. As a result, our study showed that copy number increase and overexpression of MCM8 may play critical roles in human cancer development.
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25
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Qiu YT, Wang WJ, Zhang B, Mei LL, Shi ZZ. MCM7 amplification and overexpression promote cell proliferation, colony formation and migration in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by activating the AKT1/mTOR signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3590-3596. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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26
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MCM7 promotes cancer progression through cyclin D1-dependent signaling and serves as a prognostic marker for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2603. [PMID: 28182015 PMCID: PMC5386449 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA replication is a central procedure of cell proliferation, whereas aberrant DNA replication is indicated to be a driving force of oncogenesis. Minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (MCM7) plays an essential role in initiating DNA replication. To investigate the potential oncogenic properties and prognostic value of MCM7 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we conducted immunohistochemistry staining of MCM7 in 153 HCC samples and found that MCM7 high expression level was associated with worse overall survival (OS) of HCC patients. Mechanistically, knockdown of MCM7 significantly inhibited cellular proliferation in vitro and HCC tumorigenicity in vivo. Cyclin D1 was proved to be regulated by MCM7–MAPK signaling pathway. Clinically, high expression of both MCM7 and cyclin D1 exhibited a relatively high sensitivity and specificity to predict worse outcome of HCC patients. Taken together, our results suggest that MCM7–cyclin D1 pathway may participate in cancer progression and serve as a biomarker for prognosis in HCC.
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Lee JS, Cheong HS, Koh Y, Ahn KS, Shin HD, Yoon SS. MCM7 polymorphisms associated with the AML relapse and overall survival. Ann Hematol 2016; 96:93-98. [PMID: 27837251 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-016-2844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (MCM7) encodes a member of MCM complex, which plays a critical role in the initiation of gene replication. Due to the importance of MCM complex, MCM7 gene has been regarded as a candidate gene for cancer development. In the present study, seven MCM7 polymorphisms were genotyped in 344 subjects composed of 103 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and 241 normal controls to examine the possible associations between MCM7 polymorphisms and the risk of AML. MCM7 polymorphisms were not associated with the risk of AML (P > 0.05). However, MCM7 polymorphisms were significantly related to the relapse of AML and overall survival. The rs2070215 (N144S) showed a protective effect to the risk of AML relapse (OR = 0.37; P corr = 0.02). In haplotype analyses, the ht1 and ht2 showed significant associations with the risk of AML relapse (P corr = 0.02-0.03). In addition, rs1534309 showed an association with the overall survival of AML patients. Patients with major homozygote genotype (CC) of rs1534309 showed a higher survival rate than the patients with other genotypes (CG and GG). The results of the present study indicate that MCM7 polymorphisms may be able to predict the prognosis of AML patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 7/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/diagnosis
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/mortality
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Survival Rate/trends
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sol Lee
- Research Institute for Basic Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sub Cheong
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngil Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehang-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Sung Ahn
- Functional Genome Institute, PDXen Biosystem Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyoung Doo Shin
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Republic of Korea
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Yoon
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehang-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea.
- Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
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Li W, Cao F, Li J, Wang Z, Ren Y, Liang Z, Liu P. Simvastatin exerts anti-hepatitis B virus activity by inhibiting expression of minichromosome maintenance protein 7 in HepG2.2.15 cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5334-5342. [PMID: 27779671 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin (SIM), a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, has been reported to inhibit the activity of hepatitis B virus (HBV), however, the mechanism underlying its antiviral function remains unknown. Minichromosome maintenance (MCM) 7, a component of the MCM complex, has been reported to act as an important host factor aiding virus genome replication in host cells. The present study demonstrated that downregulation of MCM7 inhibited the expression of proteins transferred by adenoviral vectors. This suggests an association between MCM7 and viral DNA expression. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate whether SIM affected MCM7 expression. Notably, the results of the present study indicated that following exposure to SIM the protein expression levels of MCM7 in HepG2.2.15, a human HBV‑transfected liver cell line, was decreased. In addition, the HBV DNA replication in the cell line was suppressed. As quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments demonstrated that SIM did not downregulate the mRNA expression level of MCM7, the current study further investigated whether SIM affects the translation of MCM7. Western blot experiments indicated that SIM improved the activation of eukaryotic initiation factor‑2α (eIF2α), a protein synthesis initiation factor, and upregulated the upstream factors of eIF2α, protein kinase RNA‑like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, which is regulated by the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)‑AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. These results indicated that SIM induced HBV downregulation via an MCM‑dependent mechanism, and SIM may inhibit MCM7 expression by increasing the phosphorylation of eIF2α, which is mediated by the LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Li
- Translational Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Fei Cao
- Department of Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Translational Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Zhixin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Zheyong Liang
- Translational Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Peijun Liu
- Translational Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Choy B, LaLonde A, Que J, Wu T, Zhou Z. MCM4 and MCM7, potential novel proliferation markers, significantly correlated with Ki-67, Bmi1, and cyclin E expression in esophageal adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and precancerous lesions. Hum Pathol 2016; 57:126-135. [PMID: 27476776 PMCID: PMC5250507 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Minichromosomal maintenance (MCM) proteins are participants of DNA replication and may represent more accurate markers in determining the proliferative fraction within a tumor than proliferative marker Ki-67. Our study investigated the correlation between MCM4 and MCM7 expression and Ki-67, Bmi1, and cyclin E expression in esophageal adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and precancerous lesions. MCM4 and MCM7 expression had similar distribution as Ki-67 and Bmi1 expression in esophageal carcinoma and pre-cancerous lesions. The mean percentage of MCM4, MCM7, and Ki-67 expression increased from squamous epithelium (5.5%, 7.3%, and 5.9%, respectively), to columnar cell metaplasia (11.2, 13.5%, and 3.4%), Barrett's esophagus (27.7%, 35.3%, and 8.3%), low-grade dysplasia (42.6%, 52.2%, and 12.9%), high-grade dysplasia (63.2%, 77.7%, and 29.6%), adenocarcinoma (61.3%, 75.5%, and 24.5%), and squamous cell carcinoma (74.1, 85.4%, and 36.3%). The percentages of MCM4 and MCM7 expression were significantly higher than Ki-67 expression. Using univariate analysis we found a high percentage of MCM4 expression (>70%) to be significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and shorter survival in the adenocarcinoma group. We also demonstrated the percentage of MCM4 and MCM7 expression to be significantly correlated with Ki-67, Bmi1, and cyclin E expression in esophageal carcinoma and precancerous lesions. MCM4 and MCM7 may serve as more sensitive proliferative markers for the evaluation of esophageal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Choy
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Amy LaLonde
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Jianwen Que
- Center for Human Development & Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, NY 10032
| | - Tongtong Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Zhongren Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642.
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Yen CS, Su ZR, Lee YP, Liu IT, Yen CJ. miR-106b promotes cancer progression in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5183-5192. [PMID: 27298561 PMCID: PMC4893465 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i22.5183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of miR-106b on tumor progression in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: A total of 120 patients who underwent liver resection for HCC at National Cheng Kung University Hospital were enrolled in the present study. MicroRNA (miRNA) array was first used to screen the miRNA expression profiles in HCC patients. The clinical records were retrospectively analyzed, and correlations with the miRNA expression profiles were evaluated. The mRNA expression levels of the miR-106b-25 cluster (miR-106b, miR-93 and miR-25), and MCM7 in tumor and non-tumor samples were quantitated using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (q-RT-PCR) analysis, and correlations in the levels of miR-106b, miR-93 and miR-25 expression were calculated. Kaplan-Meier overall and disease-free survival rates of HBV-associated HCC patients were analyzed using the log-rank test based on miR-106b expression. The comparison of the miR-106b expression levels in patients with different clinical outcomes was analyzed using Mann-Whitney U tests. Furthermore, a hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) expression plasmid was transfected into Huh7 and Hep 3B cells. The expression levels of the miR-106b-25 cluster and MCM7 in HBx-expressing Huh7 and Hep 3B cells were detected using q-RT-PCR.
RESULTS: miRNA array screening showed that miR-106b and its cluster, miR-93 and miR-25 were up-regulated in HCC patients (P < 0.01). The value of miR-106b expression in HBV-associated HCC patients was significantly higher than that in HCV- (P < 0.05) or non-B/non-C- (P < 0.001) associated HCC patients. The expression of the miR-106b-25 cluster was significantly higher in tumor tissue (P < 0.001) and associated with the host gene, MCM7, in clinical specimens from HBV-associated HCC patients. Furthermore, the expression levels of miR-106b, miR-93 and miR-25 were positively correlated in HBV-associated HCC tissues (miR-106 vs miR-93, r = 0.75; miR-93 vs miR-25, r = 0.69; miR-106b vs miR-25, r = 0.33). The overall and disease-free survival curves showed that high-miR-106b expression was correlated with the poor prognosis of HBV-associated HCC. HCC differentiation was significantly correlated with miR-106b expression (P < 0.05). Lower miR-106b expression levels resulted in the well differentiation of HCC. Moreover, the expression of the miR106b-25 cluster and MCM7 was up-regulated in Huh7 and Hep 3B cells after transfection with the HBx expression plasmid.
CONCLUSION: The data obtained in the present study suggests that HBx enhances miR-106b transcription to promote tumor progression in HBV-associated HCC.
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Reichl P, Mikulits W. Accuracy of novel diagnostic biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma: An update for clinicians (Review). Oncol Rep 2016; 36:613-25. [PMID: 27278244 PMCID: PMC4930874 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver malignancy and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Accurate detection and differential diagnosis of early HCC can significantly improve patient survival. Currently, detection of HCC in clinical practice is performed by diagnostic imaging techniques and determination of serum biomarkers, most notably α-fetoprotein (AFP), fucosylated AFP and des-γ-carboxyprothrombin. However, these methods display limitations in sensitivity and specificity, especially with respect to early stages of HCC. Recently, high-throughput technologies have elucidated many new pathways involved in hepatocarcinogenesis and have led to the discovery of a plethora of novel, non-invasive serum biomarkers. In particular, the combination of AFP with these new candidate molecules has yielded promising results. In this review, we aimed at recapitulating the most recent (2013–2015) developments in HCC biomarker research. We compared promising novel diagnostic serum protein biomarkers, such as annexin A2, the soluble form of the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl and thioredoxin, as well as their combinations with AFP. High diagnostic performance (area under the curve >0.75) as shown by threshold-independent receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was a prerequisite for inclusion in this review. In addition, we discuss the role and potential of microRNAs in HCC diagnosis and associated methodological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Reichl
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Mikulits
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Karavias D, Maroulis I, Papadaki H, Gogos C, Kakkos S, Karavias D, Bravou V. Overexpression of CDT1 Is a Predictor of Poor Survival in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2016; 20:568-79. [PMID: 26408331 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-015-2960-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic instability is a common feature in hepatocellular carcinoma. Deregulation of replication licensing factors has been shown to trigger DNA damage response contributing to genomic instability. Overexpression of DNA replication licensing factors chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1 (CDT1) and minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (MCM7) has been previously reported in several human cancers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression and prognostic significance of CDT1 and MCM7 in association with DNA damage response markers and p53 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS Expression of CDT1, MCM7, p-H2A histone family member X (H2AX), phospho-ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM)/ataxia telangiectasia rad3-related (ATR) substrate, and p53 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded surgical specimens from 111 patients who underwent hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate associations between the studied proteins, clinicopathological parameters, and patient survival. RESULTS CDT1 expression correlated with p-H2AX (p = 0.038), while MCM7 correlated with p-H2AX and phospho-ATM/ATR substrate (p < 0.001). Increased CDT1 expression was associated with higher tumor grade (p = 0.006) and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (p = 0.033). High CDT1 expression correlated significantly with reduced overall survival (60.8 and 26.5 % vs 82.8 and 53.0 %, for low CDT1 expression, at 2 and 5 years, respectively, p = 0.012) and was identified by multivariate analysis as an independent predictor of poor overall survival (p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of CDT1 and MCM7 in hepatocellular carcinoma correlates with DNA damage response, and CDT1 overexpression is a significant prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Karavias
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Patras, Rio, 26500, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Maroulis
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Patras, Rio, 26500, Greece
| | - Helen Papadaki
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Charalambos Gogos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Stavros Kakkos
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | | | - Vasiliki Bravou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
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Nishida N, Kitano M, Sakurai T, Kudo M. Molecular Mechanism and Prediction of Sorafenib Chemoresistance in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Dig Dis 2015; 33:771-9. [PMID: 26488287 DOI: 10.1159/000439102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and prognosis remains unsatisfactory when the disease is diagnosed at an advanced stage. Many molecular targeted agents are being developed for the treatment of advanced HCC; however, the only promising drug to have been developed is sorafenib, which acts as a multi-kinase inhibitor. Unfortunately, a subgroup of HCC is resistant to sorafenib, and the majority of these HCC patients show disease progression even after an initial satisfactory response. To date, a number of studies have examined the underlying mechanisms involved in the response to sorafenib, and trials have been performed to overcome the acquisition of drug resistance. The anti-tumor activity of sorafenib is largely attributed to the blockade of the signals from growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and the downstream RAF/mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)/ERK cascade. The activation of an escape pathway from RAF/MEK/ERK possibly results in chemoresistance. In addition, there are several features of HCCs indicating sorafenib resistance, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition and positive stem cell markers. Here, we review the recent reports and focus on the mechanism and prediction of chemoresistance to sorafenib in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoshi Nishida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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Huber AR, Tan D, Sun J, Dean D, Wu T, Zhou Z. High expression of carbonic anhydrase IX is significantly associated with glandular lesions in gastroesophageal junction and with tumorigenesis markers BMI1, MCM4 and MCM7. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:80. [PMID: 26156831 PMCID: PMC4495619 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) is a transmembrane glycoprotein related to hypoxia. Increased CA9 expression has been associated with decreased survival and cancer progression and has been targeted as a potential therapy for several cancers, including esophageal cancer. The reported percentages of expression of CA9 in esophageal adenocarcinoma vary, and CA9 expression in precancerous esophageal lesions has not been well studied. Methods In this study, we investigated CA9 expression in esophageal cancers and in precancerous lesions and explored the association of CA9 expression with prognostic factors and with stem cell and tumorigenesis-related markers including BMI1, cyclin E, ki67, MCM4 and MCM7 expression. Previously constructed tissue microarrays consisting of samples of 7 tissue types (columnar cell metaplasia, Barrett esophagus, low- and high-grade dysplasia, esophageal adenocarcinoma, squamous epithelium, and squamous cell carcinoma) were used for the immunostaining of CA9, BMI1, cyclin E, Ki67, MCM4 and MCM7. Results and discussion CA9 high expression occurred more frequently in glandular mucosa with or without dysplasia than in squamous epithelium or squamous cell carcinoma. Survival duration of esophageal adenocarcinoma did not significantly differ between patients with high CA9 expression and those with low expression. High CA9 expression is significantly associated with BMI1, cyclin E, Ki67, MCM4 and MCM7 expression. Conclusions High CA9 expression may be related to the acidic environment caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease in the gastroesophageal junction and associated with tumorigenesis through BMI1, MCM4 and MCM7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Huber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 626, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Dongfeng Tan
- Department of Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Jun Sun
- Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - David Dean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Tongtong Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Zhongren Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 626, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Zheng T, Chen M, Han S, Zhang L, Bai Y, Fang X, Ding SZ, Yang Y. Plasma minichromosome maintenance complex component 6 is a novel biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:1347-56. [PMID: 24451028 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate the presence of plasma minichromosome maintenance complex component 6 (MCM6) mRNA and protein levels in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and evaluate their diagnostic value for HCC. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 61 HCC and 29 cirrhotic patients, and 30 healthy individuals. Circulating RNA was extracted from plasma of all samples. The mRNA for MCM6 were amplified and quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Plasma MCM6 and α-fetoprotein (AFP) protein levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In HCC patients, MCM6 mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased over the cirrhotic and healthy controls. The levels of MCM6 mRNA and protein in the plasma of HCC patients correlated to vascular invasion (P < 0.01). Higher MCM6 protein levels also correlated with tumor stage progression and lymph node metastasis. The MCM6 protein has sensitivity of 67.2% and specificity of 89.8% in differentiating total HCC from non-HCC individuals. In the AFP negative HCC group, MCM6 mRNA and protein could both detect 76.9% of HCC patients; combining the two of them increased the detection rate to 84.6%. In small HCC patients, MCM6 mRNA and protein could detect 64.3% and 71.4% of patients, respectively; combining AFP, MCM6 mRNA and MCM6 protein could detect 85.7% of small HCC patients. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that MCM6 mRNA and protein levels in plasma can be promising independent biomarkers for HCC, especially in AFP negative and small HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenghao Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Kang W, Tong JHM, Chan AWH, Cheng ASL, Yu J, To K. MCM7 serves as a prognostic marker in diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma and siRNA-mediated knockdown suppresses its oncogenic function. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:2071-8. [PMID: 24647462 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MCM7 (mini-chromosome maintenance protein 7) is essential for the initiation of genomic replication as a component of the pre-replication complex. The present study aimed to analyze its expression, clinical significance and biological functions in gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). The MCM7 protein was upregulated in all 9 GAC cell lines. In 6 paired primary GACs, MCM7 was upregulated in tumor compared with the corresponding non-tumorous gastric tissues. In normal gastric epithelium tissue, MCM7 was strictly expressed in the proliferative compartment. MCM7 knockdown by siRNA in gastric cancer cell line AGS and NCI-N87 significantly suppressed cell proliferation, inhibited monolayer colony formation, reduced cell invasion and induced late apoptosis. Its nuclear expression correlated with advanced age and poorer disease specific survival in diffuse-type GACs. All the findings supported that MCM7 might play an oncogenic role in gastric tumorigenesis. It serves as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target in diffuse-type GACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Joanna H M Tong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Anthony W H Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Alfred S L Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Kafai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
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Sun W, Cao J, Lu XX, Zhu LQ, Yang C, Ou C, Luo CP, Li Y, Su JJ. Effects of RNA interference-mediated MCM7 knockdown on biological behavior of human liver cancer SMMC-7721 cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:553-562. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i4.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of mini-chromosome maintenance protein7 (MCM7) gene silencing on the proliferation and apoptosis of human liver cancer SMMC-7721 cells and the possible mechanisms involved.
METHODS: Four vectors carrying shRNAs targeting the MCM7 gene (MCM7-shRNA expression vector) were constructed and were selected for effective targets. SMMC-7721 cells were divided into three groups: an experimental group, a normal control group and a negative control group. The experimental group was transfected with the recombinant lentivirirus vector (LV-shRNA-MCM7), the negative control was transfected with an control lentiviral vector (LV-shRNA-NC), and the normal control received no treatment. The mRNA and protein levels of MCM7 were analyzed by RT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and Western blot. Cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay, and cell colony formation was detected by Giemsa staining. Cell cycle progression and apoptosis were observed by flow cytometry (FCM).
RESULTS: MCM7-shRNA expression vectors were successfully constructed and verified by DNA sequencing. After transfecting SMMC-7721 cells with various vectors, cell fluorescence was observed in > 90% of cells. MCM7 mRNA and protein expression in the four MCM7-shRNA groups was down-regulated by > 50% compared with the negative control group and normal control group. The LV-shRNA-MCM7 vector had the highest efficiency and was used in subsequent experiments. MTT results showed that cell proliferation in the experimental group at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after transfection was significantly lower than that in the negative control group and normal control group (P < 0.05 for all). Giemsa staining results showed that the colony formation rate was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the two control groups (6.00% ± 0.50% vs 14.10% ± 0.36%, 13.73% ± 0.17%, P < 0.05 for both). FCM analysis showed that the percentage of cells in G1 phase increased in cells transfected with the MCM7-shRNA (P < 0.05 for both). The apoptosis rate was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the negative control group and blank control group (22.27% ± 1.22% vs 0.05% ± 0.07%, 0.03% ± 0.06%, P < 0.05 for both).
CONCLUSION: RNAi-induced MCM7 down-regulation could inhibit cell growth, suppress cell colony formation, block the cell cycle at G1 phase, and induce cell apoptosis in SMMC-7721 cells.
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Kedracka-Krok S, Jankowska U, Elas M, Sowa U, Swakon J, Cierniak A, Olko P, Romanowska-Dixon B, Urbanska K. Proteomic analysis of proton beam irradiated human melanoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84621. [PMID: 24392146 PMCID: PMC3879347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton beam irradiation is a form of advanced radiotherapy providing superior distributions of a low LET radiation dose relative to that of photon therapy for the treatment of cancer. Even though this clinical treatment has been developing for several decades, the proton radiobiology critical to the optimization of proton radiotherapy is far from being understood. Proteomic changes were analyzed in human melanoma cells treated with a sublethal dose (3 Gy) of proton beam irradiation. The results were compared with untreated cells. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was performed with mass spectrometry to identify the proteins. At the dose of 3 Gy a minimal slowdown in proliferation rate was seen, as well as some DNA damage. After allowing time for damage repair, the proteomic analysis was performed. In total 17 protein levels were found to significantly (more than 1.5 times) change: 4 downregulated and 13 upregulated. Functionally, they represent four categories: (i) DNA repair and RNA regulation (VCP, MVP, STRAP, FAB-2, Lamine A/C, GAPDH), (ii) cell survival and stress response (STRAP, MCM7, Annexin 7, MVP, Caprin-1, PDCD6, VCP, HSP70), (iii) cell metabolism (TIM, GAPDH, VCP), and (iv) cytoskeleton and motility (Moesin, Actinin 4, FAB-2, Vimentin, Annexin 7, Lamine A/C, Lamine B). A substantial decrease (2.3 x) was seen in the level of vimentin, a marker of epithelial to mesenchymal transition and the metastatic properties of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Kedracka-Krok
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Urszula Jankowska
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Martyna Elas
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Urszula Sowa
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, PAS, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Swakon
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, PAS, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cierniak
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Pawel Olko
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, PAS, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bozena Romanowska-Dixon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krystyna Urbanska
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Sun B, Zhang X, Cheng X, Zhang Y, Chen L, Shi L, Liu Z, Qian H, Wu M, Yin Z. Intratumoral hepatic stellate cells as a poor prognostic marker and a new treatment target for hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80212. [PMID: 24278260 PMCID: PMC3835887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), a specialized stromal cytotype in the liver, have been demonstrated to actively contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. However, the previous studies were performed using HSC cell lines, and the prognostic value of intratumoral HSCs (tHSCs) was unclear. Here we isolated tHSCs from fresh human HCC tissues, and analyzed the abilities of tHSCs to promote HCC progression by using in vitro assays for cell viability, migration and invasion as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. 252 HCC patients who underwent hepatectomy were enrolled for analysis of tHSCs and E-cadherin expression in tumor tissues, and 55 HCC patients for analysis of tHSCs in tumor tissues and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood. Prognostic factors were then identified. The results showed that coculture of tHSCs with HCC cells had a stronger effect on HCC cell viability, migration and invasion, accompanied with the acquisition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. In vivo cotransplantation of HCC cells with tHSCs into nude mice more efficiently promoted tumor formation and growth. Icaritin, a known apoptosis inducer of HSCs, was demonstrated to effectively inhibit tHSC proliferation in vitro and tHSC-induced HCC-promoting effects in vivo. Clinical evidence indicated that tHSCs were rich in 45% of the HCC specimens, tHSC-rich subtypes were negatively correlated either with E-cadherin expression in tumor tissues (r = -0.256, p < 0.001) or with preoperative CTCs in blood (r = -0.287, p = 0.033), and were significantly correlated with tumor size (p = 0.027), TNM staging (p = 0.018), and vascular invasion (p = 0.008). Overall and recurrence-free survival rates of tHSC-rich patients were significantly worse than those for tHSC-poor patients. Multivariate analysis revealed tHSC-rich as an independent factor for overall and recurrence-free survival. In conclusion, tHSCs provide a promising prognostic biomarker and a new treatment target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianshuo Cheng
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lehua Shi
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihua Qian
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengchao Wu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengfeng Yin
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Ozawa T, Yoshimura H, Kim SB. Advances in Fluorescence and Bioluminescence Imaging. Anal Chem 2012; 85:590-609. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3031724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yoshimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sung Bae Kim
- Research Institute for Environmental Management
Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba
305-8569, Japan
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Aarntzen EHJG, Srinivas M, Radu CG, Punt CJA, Boerman OC, Figdor CG, Oyen WJG, de Vries IJM. In vivo imaging of therapy-induced anti-cancer immune responses in humans. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:2237-57. [PMID: 23052208 PMCID: PMC3676735 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy aims to re-engage and revitalize the immune system in the fight against cancer. Research over the past decades has shown that the relationship between the immune system and human cancer is complex, highly dynamic, and variable between individuals. Considering the complexity, enormous effort and costs involved in optimizing immunotherapeutic approaches, clinically applicable tools to monitor therapy-induced immune responses in vivo are most warranted. However, the development of such tools is complicated by the fact that a developing immune response encompasses several body compartments, e.g., peripheral tissues, lymph nodes, lymphatic and vascular systems, as well as the tumor site itself. Moreover, the cells that comprise the immune system are not static but constantly circulate through the vascular and lymphatic system. Molecular imaging is considered the favorite candidate to fulfill this task. The progress in imaging technologies and modalities has provided a versatile toolbox to address these issues. This review focuses on the detection of therapy-induced anticancer immune responses in vivo and provides a comprehensive overview of clinically available imaging techniques as well as perspectives on future developments. In the discussion, we will focus on issues that specifically relate to imaging of the immune system and we will discuss the strengths and limitations of the current clinical imaging techniques. The last section provides future directions that we envision to be crucial for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik H J G Aarntzen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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